{"id":1536,"date":"2020-10-01T14:18:57","date_gmt":"2020-10-01T13:18:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/?p=1536"},"modified":"2023-12-11T15:07:15","modified_gmt":"2023-12-11T14:07:15","slug":"pandemia-dhe-pandehmat-e-teorise-realiste-pjesa-i","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/analize\/pandemia-dhe-pandehmat-e-teorise-realiste-pjesa-i\/","title":{"rendered":"Pandemia dhe pandehmat e teoris\u00eb realiste – Pjesa I"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ilustrimi:\u00a0Big Eye<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

Tashm\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb i njohur fakti se pandemia globale, e shkaktuar nga virusi Covid-19, ka ndikuar n\u00eb sjelljen e shteteve n\u00eb sistemin nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar. Me q\u00ebllim t\u00eb identifikimit t\u00eb modeleve shpjeguese se si shtetet reagojn\u00eb kur ballafaqohen me sfida dhe kriza t\u00eb ndryshme n\u00eb politik\u00ebn nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare, shum\u00eb studiues u rreken t\u00eb analizojn\u00eb dhe interpretojn\u00eb ndryshimet e k\u00ebtyre sjelljeve n\u00ebn prizmin e teorive t\u00eb Marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnieve Nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare. Supozohet se pandehmat e teoris\u00eb realiste t\u00eb Marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnieve Nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare ofrojn\u00eb fuqi shpjeguese solide dhe logjik\u00eb interpretuese shteruese p\u00ebr t\u00eb dekonstruktuar, kuptuar dhe \u2013 n\u00eb disa raste \u2013 parashikuar sjelljen e shteteve n\u00eb politik\u00ebn nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb periudh\u00eb t\u00eb kriz\u00ebs epidemiologjike.<\/p>\n

Por, p\u00ebrse \u00ebsht\u00eb e nevojshme p\u00ebrdorimi i nj\u00eb teorie t\u00eb caktuar p\u00ebr t\u00eb kuptuar (mos)veprimet, pozicionimet, nd\u00ebrveprimet, rreshtimet, q\u00ebndrimet etj. t\u00eb shteteve n\u00eb marr\u00ebdh\u00ebniet nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare? Duhet qart\u00ebsuar fakti se marr\u00ebdh\u00ebniet q\u00eb shtetet zhvillojn\u00eb n\u00eb politik\u00ebn nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare jan\u00eb tejet t\u00eb nd\u00ebrlikuara. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb nd\u00ebrveprim permanent p\u00ebrfshihen shum\u00eb aktor\u00eb dhe faktor\u00eb. Shum\u00ebsia e ndryshoreve ekzistuese dhe raportet e var\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb nd\u00ebrsjell\u00eb mes tyre e b\u00ebjn\u00eb analizimin, shpjegimin dhe \u2013 n\u00eb raste t\u00eb rralla parashikimin \u2013 e sjelljeve t\u00eb shteteve tejet kompleks. Andaj, e vetmja m\u00ebnyr\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u2019i dh\u00ebn\u00eb kuptim realitetit nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar n\u00eb t\u00eb cilin shtetet operojn\u00eb, n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb k\u00ebto t\u00eb fundit t\u00eb formulojn\u00eb politika adekuate q\u00eb i p\u00ebrgjigjen sfidave e problemeve konkrete, \u00ebsht\u00eb domosdoja e aplikimit t\u00eb teorive t\u00eb Marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnieve Nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare \u2013 si\u00e7 jan\u00eb realizmi, liberalizmi, konstruktivizmi etj. \u2013 si \u201csyze teorike\u201d p\u00ebrmes t\u00eb cilave mund\u00ebsohet \u201cleximi\u201d i sjelljeve t\u00eb shteteve n\u00eb politik\u00ebn nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare. Me fjal\u00eb tjera, p\u00ebrmes k\u00ebtyre teorive \u2013 t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorura si instrumente pune \u2013 ne i reduktojm\u00eb dhe simplifikojm\u00eb k\u00ebto marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnie komplekse n\u00eb nj\u00eb grumbull pandehmash teorike p\u00ebrmes s\u00eb cilave studiuesit, n\u00eb raste t\u00eb caktuara edhe praktikuesit, e politik\u00ebs s\u00eb jashtme i \u201clexojn\u00eb\u201d dhe i interpretojn\u00eb (mos)veprimet e shteteve n\u00eb domenin e politik\u00ebs globale.<\/p>\n

Realizmi dhe s\u00ebmundjet infektive: nga Tukiditi tek Covidi<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Teoria realiste nuk i ka kushtuar ndonj\u00eb v\u00ebmendje t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb k\u00ebrc\u00ebnimeve potenciale q\u00eb mund t\u00eb vijn\u00eb nga s\u00ebmundjet infektive \u2013 si\u00e7 \u00ebsht\u00eb pandemia Covid-19 \u2013 andaj kjo qasje nuk ka shum\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb th\u00ebn\u00eb rreth epidemive, viruseve apo praktikave t\u00eb menaxhimit t\u00eb krizave t\u00eb sh\u00ebndetit publik. Megjithat\u00eb, \u00ebsht\u00eb me r\u00ebnd\u00ebsi t\u00eb theksohet se n\u00eb literatur\u00ebn dhe tradit\u00ebn e teoris\u00eb realiste ekzistojn\u00eb materiale, t\u00eb cilat theksojn\u00eb efektet q\u00eb s\u00ebmundjet infektive kan\u00eb n\u00eb rrjedhat e proceseve politike dhe ndryshimit t\u00eb raporteve t\u00eb fuqis\u00eb nd\u00ebrmjet shteteve. Nj\u00eb gj\u00eb e till\u00eb haset n\u00eb librin: \u201cHistoria e Luft\u00ebs s\u00eb Peleponezit<\/a>\u201d t\u00eb Tukiditit [Thucydides]. Ky lib\u00ebr konsiderohet si nj\u00eb nd\u00ebr tekstet themelore t\u00eb mendimit dhe tradit\u00ebs realiste, kurse autori i tij vler\u00ebsohet si nj\u00eb nd\u00ebr themeluesit m\u00eb t\u00eb shquar t\u00eb k\u00ebsaj tradite t\u00eb begat\u00eb intelektuale. Duke qen\u00eb edhe vet\u00eb pjes\u00ebmarr\u00ebs, Tukiditi n\u00eb\u00a0Historin\u00eb<\/em>\u00a0e tij e\u00a0shpjegon luft\u00ebn<\/a>\u00a0q\u00eb u zhvillua n\u00eb Greqin\u00eb Antike n\u00eb mes t\u00eb Athin\u00ebs dhe Spart\u00ebs. K\u00ebto ishin dy qytet-shtetet m\u00eb t\u00eb zhvilluara dhe m\u00eb t\u00eb fuqishme t\u00eb koh\u00ebs. Athina ishte e orientuar m\u00eb shum\u00eb drejt zhvillimit t\u00eb tregtis\u00eb dhe n\u00eb intensifikimin e k\u00ebtyre raporteve me vendet tjera. Ky qytet-shtet kishte synime q\u00eb t\u00eb zhvillonte dhe konsolidonte fuqin\u00eb e vet detare. Kurse Sparta ishte e orientuar kryesisht n\u00eb zhvillimin e fuqis\u00eb tok\u00ebsore. Kjo luft\u00eb, e zhvilluar n\u00eb mes t\u00eb viteve 431-405 p. K., kishte si rezultat kryesor zhvendosjen e qendr\u00ebs s\u00eb pushtetit nga Athina tek Sparta, duke e shnd\u00ebrruar k\u00ebt\u00eb t\u00eb fundit n\u00eb qytet-shtetin m\u00eb t\u00eb fuqish\u00ebm n\u00eb rajon. Sipas Tukiditit, nd\u00ebr shkaqet kryesore, q\u00eb sh\u00ebrbeu edhe si shk\u00ebndij\u00eb e nisjes s\u00eb luft\u00ebs mes tyre, ishte rritja e fuqis\u00eb s\u00eb Athin\u00ebs. Kjo b\u00ebri q\u00eb Sparta t\u00eb ndjehej seriozisht e k\u00ebrc\u00ebnuar p\u00ebr sigurin\u00eb e vet dhe, si rezultat, t\u00eb dy k\u00ebto qytet-shtete u p\u00ebrfshin\u00eb n\u00eb luft\u00eb me nj\u00ebra tjetr\u00ebn.<\/p>\n

Nj\u00eb ngjarje shum\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme q\u00eb ndodhi gjat\u00eb k\u00ebsaj lufte e cila nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb se theksohet edhe aq shpesh, por q\u00eb nd\u00ebrlidhet mjaft mir\u00eb me kontekstin e sot\u00ebm t\u00eb epidemis\u00eb globale dhe pasojave q\u00eb ka shkaktuar ajo n\u00eb sjelljen e shteteve, \u00ebsht\u00eb murtaja q\u00eb goditi Athin\u00ebn n\u00eb vitin 430 p. K. Kjo s\u00ebmundje ishte shfaqur n\u00eb vitin e dyt\u00eb t\u00eb Luft\u00ebs s\u00eb Peleponezit dhe kishte zgjatur p\u00ebr m\u00eb shum\u00eb se tri vjet. Sipas studiuesve t\u00eb historis\u00eb dhe ngjarjeve t\u00eb asaj periudhe, konsiderohet se kjo epidemi kishte vrar\u00eb rreth nj\u00eb t\u00eb tret\u00ebn e popullsis\u00eb q\u00eb p\u00ebrb\u00ebhej nga\u00a0250,000-300,000<\/a>\u00a0banor\u00eb, duke p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb edhe lider\u00eb t\u00eb shquar politik\u00eb t\u00eb koh\u00ebs si gjeneralin dhe politikanin athinas, Perikliun [Pericles].\u00a0Konsiderohet<\/a>\u00a0se kjo s\u00ebmundje ndryshoi kat\u00ebr\u00e7ip\u00ebrisht rrjedh\u00ebn e luft\u00ebs. Studiuesit bien dakord se kjo ishte nj\u00eb nd\u00ebr arsyet me pesh\u00eb q\u00eb ndikoi q\u00eb Athina t\u00eb mposhtej nga Sparta. Nj\u00eb ngjarje e till\u00eb nuk do mend q\u00eb e d\u00ebmtonte mjaft shum\u00eb potencialin e fuqis\u00eb s\u00eb Athin\u00ebs dhe krijoi kushtet e nevojshme t\u00eb dob\u00ebsimit dhe m\u00eb pas tkat\u00ebrcip shkat\u00ebrrimit t\u00eb demokracis\u00eb athinase. P\u00ebrmes analizimit k\u00ebtij rasti historik \u2013 edhe pse fare shkurtazi \u2013 mund t\u00eb shohim qart\u00eb disa elemente q\u00eb nd\u00ebrlidhen realitetin politik aktual n\u00eb nivel global. E para ka t\u00eb b\u00ebj\u00eb me natyr\u00ebn garuese e konkurruese nd\u00ebrmjet shteteve, kurse e dyta lidhet me faktin se si nj\u00eb s\u00ebmundje infektive ka potencial q\u00eb ta ndryshoj\u00eb rrjedhjen e ngjarjeve duke pasur edhe efekte transformuese p\u00ebr struktur\u00ebn e sistemit politik global.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb kontekstin aktual, si mund t\u00eb na sh\u00ebrbej\u00eb nj\u00eb ngjarje e till\u00eb, e trajtuar n\u00eb nj\u00ebrin nga tekstet klasike t\u00eb realizmit, p\u00ebr t\u00eb analizuar efektet q\u00eb pandemia Covid-19 ka n\u00eb politik\u00ebn nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare? Duke theksuar natyr\u00ebn garuese dhe konkurruese, e jo rrall\u00eb edhe konfliktuale, t\u00eb politik\u00ebs nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare,\u00a0pandehmat kryesore<\/a>\u00a0e teoris\u00eb realiste mb\u00ebshtetet n\u00eb iden\u00eb se shteti \u00ebsht\u00eb aktori themelor n\u00eb sistemin nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar. Andaj, asnj\u00eb autoritet tjet\u00ebr potencial nuk mund t\u00eb konkurroj shtetin dhe, aq m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, t\u00eb jet\u00eb mbi t\u00eb. S\u00eb k\u00ebndejmi, n\u00eb munges\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00eb strukture hierarkike, sistemin nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar, sipas k\u00ebsaj teorie, e karakterizon anarkia \u2013 mungesa e nj\u00eb autoriteti qendror. Mir\u00ebpo, sipas\u00a0interpretimit realist<\/a>, kjo nuk do t\u00eb thot\u00eb se kaosi dhe dhuna dominojn\u00eb sistemin, por se shtetet jan\u00eb entitete politike sovrane.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ilustrimi:\u00a0Big Eye Tashm\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb i njohur fakti se pandemia globale, e shkaktuar nga virusi Covid-19, ka ndikuar n\u00eb sjelljen e shteteve n\u00eb sistemin nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar. Me q\u00ebllim t\u00eb identifikimit t\u00eb modeleve shpjeguese se si shtetet reagojn\u00eb kur ballafaqohen me sfida dhe kriza t\u00eb ndryshme n\u00eb politik\u00ebn nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare, shum\u00eb studiues u rreken t\u00eb analizojn\u00eb dhe interpretojn\u00eb ndryshimet […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":402,"featured_media":1537,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[13],"tags":[646,687,767],"ppma_author":[688],"class_list":["post-1536","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-analize","tag-covid-19","tag-foreign-policy","tag-pandemic"],"authors":[{"term_id":688,"user_id":402,"is_guest":0,"slug":"alfred-marleku","display_name":"Alfred Marleku","avatar_url":{"url":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_0067-min-scaled-1-e1725456797811.jpg","url2x":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_0067-min-scaled-1-e1725456797811.jpg"},"user_url":"","last_name":"Marleku","first_name":"Alfred","description":"Alfred Marleku ka p\u00ebrfunduar studimet bachelor, master dhe ato t\u00eb doktorat\u00ebs n\u00eb shkenca politike. Aktualisht \u00ebsht\u00eb ligj\u00ebrues n\u00eb Kolegjin \u201cUBT\u201d, Fakultetin e Shkencave Politike.\r\n\r\nP\u00ebr shum\u00eb vjet ka punuar si menaxher i projekteve t\u00eb ndryshme t\u00eb financuara nga Komisioni Evropian, USAID-i, Ambasada Amerikane etj., t\u00eb cilat fokusohen, kryesisht, n\u00eb reformat e arsimit t\u00eb lart\u00eb n\u00eb Kosov\u00eb, ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht n\u00eb k\u00ebrkim dhe zhvillim (R&D); kthimin e trurit; zhvillimin e plan-programeve n\u00eb harmoni me nevojat e tregut etj. P\u00ebrve\u00e7 k\u00ebsaj, p\u00ebr nj\u00eb koh\u00eb ka qen\u00eb i angazhuar edhe n\u00eb sektorin publik si k\u00ebshilltar politik n\u00eb fush\u00ebn e bashk\u00ebpunimit juridik nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar."}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1536","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/402"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1536"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1536\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1539,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1536\/revisions\/1539"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1537"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1536"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1536"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1536"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ppma_author?post=1536"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}