Tash q\u00eb na ndajn\u00eb m\u00eb pak se dy muaj nga zgjedhjet presidenciale n\u00eb ShBA, \u00ebsht\u00eb rritur diskutimi p\u00ebr politik\u00ebn amerikane dhe p\u00ebr m\u00ebnyr\u00ebn se si funksionojn\u00eb partit\u00eb politike amerikane, se \u00e7\u2019platform\u00eb kan\u00eb, cila \u00ebsht\u00eb historia e zhvillimit sociologjik t\u00eb tyre, cili \u00ebsht\u00eb q\u00ebndrimi i tyre kundrejt aksh \u00e7\u00ebshtjeve e problemeve, e k\u00ebshtu me radh\u00eb.<\/p>\n
Ajo q\u00eb dim\u00eb dhe shohim sot \u00ebsht\u00eb se demokrat\u00ebt kan\u00eb kryesisht pozicione m\u00eb liberale n\u00eb shoq\u00ebri, jan\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb majt\u00eb n\u00eb ekonomi, jan\u00eb m\u00eb luftarak\u00eb kund\u00ebr racizmit, jan\u00eb n\u00eb favor t\u00eb kontrollimit t\u00eb mbajtjes s\u00eb arm\u00ebve, jan\u00eb n\u00eb favor t\u00eb abortit, si dhe jan\u00eb p\u00ebr rol m\u00eb t\u00eb madh t\u00eb qeveris\u00eb n\u00eb proceset socioekonomike. Po ashtu, demokrat\u00ebt votohen m\u00eb shum\u00eb nga komuniteti latinoamerikan dhe nga komuniteti afroamerikan.<\/p>\n
P\u00ebrball\u00eb tyre, republikan\u00ebt kan\u00eb kryesisht pozicione m\u00eb konservatore n\u00eb shoq\u00ebri, jan\u00eb m\u00eb religjioz\u00eb, jan\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb djatht\u00eb n\u00eb ekonomi, jan\u00eb n\u00eb favor t\u00eb liris\u00eb s\u00eb mbajtjes s\u00eb arm\u00ebve si mjet vet\u00ebmbrojtjeje, jan\u00eb m\u00eb konservator\u00eb p\u00ebr sa i p\u00ebrket abortit, si dhe jan\u00eb p\u00ebr rol minimal t\u00eb qeveris\u00eb n\u00eb proceset socioekonomike. Baz\u00ebn d\u00ebrrmuese t\u00eb korpusit electoral t\u00eb republikan\u00ebve e p\u00ebrb\u00ebjn\u00eb t\u00eb bardh\u00ebt.<\/p>\n
Natyrisht, kjo mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb edhe nj\u00eb tejthjeshtim sepse brenda dy kampeve ka pastaj n\u00ebndarje dhe larmi t\u00eb shumta, por n\u00eb vija t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjithshme kjo ndarje e karakterizon klas\u00ebn politike amerikane. Por, a ka qen\u00eb gjithmon\u00eb ndarja e k\u00ebtill\u00eb? Jo.<\/p>\n
Gjer n\u00eb fundvitet \u201960 t\u00eb shekullit t\u00eb kaluar platformat dhe q\u00ebndrimet e t\u00eb dy partive kan\u00eb qen\u00eb t\u00eb kund\u00ebrta. N\u00eb fakt, rr\u00ebshqitja n\u00eb pozicionet e nj\u00ebra-tjetr\u00ebs kishte filluar nja kat\u00ebr dhjet\u00ebvje\u00e7ar\u00eb m\u00eb her\u00ebt, por fundi i viteve \u201960 ka qen\u00eb kulmi i k\u00ebsaj p\u00ebrmbysjeje. \u00cbsht\u00eb mu koha e L\u00ebvizjes p\u00ebr t\u00eb Drejtat Civile e amerikan\u00ebve me ngjyr\u00eb dhe p\u00ebrkrahja q\u00eb ajo gjeti tek demokrat\u00ebt b\u00ebri q\u00eb votuesit amerikan\u00eb t\u00eb nd\u00ebrronin an\u00ebt.<\/p>\n
N\u00eb fillet e tyre, demokrat\u00ebt ishin parti me q\u00ebndrime m\u00eb konservatore n\u00eb shoq\u00ebri, parti e cila kishte rr\u00ebnj\u00ebt n\u00eb \u201cJugun e thell\u00eb\u201d dhe kishte nj\u00eb trup votuesish m\u00eb racist, e cila n\u00eb fakt p\u00ebrb\u00ebnte edhe strumbullarin e Konfederat\u00ebs s\u00eb Shteteve t\u00eb Bashkuara, e cila luftoi p\u00ebrball\u00eb Unionit kund\u00ebr zhb\u00ebrjes s\u00eb skllav\u00ebris\u00eb n\u00eb Luft\u00ebn Civile Amerikane (1861-1865). N\u00eb an\u00ebn tjet\u00ebr, republikan\u00ebt kryesisht kishin baz\u00ebn votuese n\u00eb shtres\u00ebn e mesme dhe t\u00eb shkolluar t\u00eb shteteve t\u00eb Bregut Lindor t\u00eb ShBA-s\u00eb. Republikan\u00ebt kishin q\u00ebndrime m\u00eb progresive p\u00ebr shoq\u00ebrin\u00eb dhe p\u00ebrb\u00ebheshin kryesisht nga abolicionist\u00eb dhe t\u00eb tjer\u00eb q\u00eb k\u00ebrkonin t\u2019i jepej fund skllav\u00ebris\u00eb. N\u00eb fakt, republikan ka qen\u00eb vet\u00eb Presidenti Abraham Linkoln q\u00eb i dha fund k\u00ebtij fenomeni p\u00ebrmes \u201cProklamat\u00ebs s\u00eb Emancipimit\u201d m\u00eb 1863.<\/p>\n
Ndon\u00ebse Konfederata e humbi Luft\u00ebn Civile p\u00ebrball\u00eb Unionit, \u201cJugu i thell\u00eb\u201d gjat\u00eb epok\u00ebs s\u00eb Rekonstruksionit q\u00eb pasoi luft\u00ebn vazhdoi t\u00eb ishte nj\u00eb bastion i demokrat\u00ebve dhe p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb arsye quhej \u201cJugu solid\u201d p\u00ebr shkak se votonte n\u00eb mas\u00eb d\u00ebrrmuese p\u00ebr demokrat\u00ebt. Q\u00eb nga viti 1880 gjer m\u00eb 1940 demokrat\u00ebt fituan 182 nga 187 garat zgjedhore n\u00eb shtetet jugore, qoft\u00eb p\u00ebr senator\u00eb, qoft\u00eb p\u00ebr zgjedhje presidenciale, duke vendosur nj\u00eb monopol absolut n\u00eb jug. Ata fituan t\u00eb gjitha zgjedhjet presidenciale n\u00eb shtetet e \u201cJugut solid\u201d mes viteve 1876 dhe 1944. Demokrat\u00ebt ishin partia q\u00eb nxiste segregacionin racor, duke shtyr\u00eb p\u00ebrpara projektet p\u00ebr ndarjen mbi baza racore t\u00eb mjediseve publike \u2013 prej autobus\u00ebve dhe shkollave, gjer tek kafeterit\u00eb dhe parqet e loj\u00ebrave t\u00eb f\u00ebmij\u00ebve.<\/p>\n
N\u00eb an\u00ebn tjet\u00ebr, republikan\u00ebt vazhdonin t\u00eb fitonin n\u00eb shtetet lindore, n\u00eb mesin e klas\u00ebs s\u00eb mesme dhe n\u00eb mesin e t\u00eb arsimuarve. Po ashtu, pozicionet e tyre socioekonomike vazhdonin t\u00eb ishin tejet progresive. N\u00eb fakt, Presidenti republikan Teodor Ruzvelt i kushtoi shum\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsi politikave progresiste p\u00ebr pun\u00ebtor\u00ebt (gjat\u00eb presidenc\u00ebs s\u00eb tij, ShBA-ja u b\u00eb nd\u00ebr vendet e para n\u00eb bot\u00eb q\u00eb futi n\u00eb fuqi limitin e tet\u00eb or\u00ebve t\u00eb pun\u00ebs n\u00eb dit\u00eb p\u00ebr pun\u00ebtor\u00ebt e hekurudhave) dhe investimeve kapitale shtet\u00ebrore, sa q\u00eb ai u quajt si pararend\u00ebsi kryesor i \u201cNew Deal\u201d-it t\u00eb famsh\u00ebm t\u00eb demokrat\u00ebve q\u00eb do t\u00eb vinte tri dhjet\u00ebvje\u00e7ar\u00eb m\u00eb pas p\u00ebrmes kush\u00ebririt t\u00eb tij, Presidentit Frenklin Ruzvelt.<\/p>\n
N\u00eb fakt, shenjat e para t\u00eb nj\u00eb rr\u00ebshqitje t\u00eb mundshme mes votuesve u pan\u00eb q\u00eb pas fitores s\u00eb Presidentit demokrat Vudrou Uilson n\u00eb zgjedhjet e vitit 1912. Ndon\u00ebse as ai nuk p\u00ebrkrahu zbatimin e t\u00eb drejtave civile p\u00ebr afroamerikan\u00ebt, Vilsoni zbatoi politika ekonomike progresive, si p\u00ebr shembull uljen e tarifave dhe zbatimin e taks\u00ebs federale t\u00eb t\u00eb ardhurave p\u00ebrmes Aktit t\u00eb t\u00eb hyrave t\u00eb vitit 1913.<\/p>\n
Por, natyrisht, ngjarja m\u00eb markante q\u00eb sh\u00ebnjoi tendenc\u00ebn e nj\u00eb shk\u00ebmbimi t\u00eb platformave dhe korpuseve elektorale ishte fitorja e Presidentit demokrat Frenklin Ruzvelt m\u00eb 1928 dhe platfroma e tij e \u201cNew Deal\u201d-it t\u00eb famsh\u00ebm, nj\u00eb amalgam\u00eb reformash politike, ekonomike e sociale, e para nd\u00ebrmarrje aq e madhe e intervenimit t\u00eb shtetit amerikan n\u00eb shoq\u00ebri.<\/p>\n
Z\u00ebvend\u00ebspresidenti i Ruzveltit i cili pas vdekjes s\u00eb tij e zuri vendin e tij si President, Herri Trumani, vazhdoi politikat progresive t\u00eb tij. Por, p\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, ndon\u00ebse vinte nga qarqet e Diksit (em\u00ebr q\u00eb karakterizonte jugun racist dhe ish-familjet konfederatiste, por q\u00eb shpesh p\u00ebrdorej si term pezhorativ), p\u00ebr befasin\u00eb e t\u00eb gjith\u00ebve, ai, n\u00eb vitin 1948, p\u00ebrmes nj\u00eb urdh\u00ebri ekzekutiv, e ndaloi segregimin e Armat\u00ebs amerikane mbi baza racore. Shum\u00eb demokrat\u00eb jugor\u00eb u rebeluan dhe si pasoj\u00eb e formuan Parti Diksikrate dhe kandidati i tyre p\u00ebr president, Xhejms Tharm\u00ebnd, e mposhti Trumanin n\u00eb kat\u00ebr shtete t\u00eb \u201cJugut solid\u201d demokrat. P\u00ebr shembull, n\u00eb Alabama dhe Misisipi nuk kishte ndodhur asnj\u00ebher\u00eb q\u00eb n\u00eb zgjedhje presidenciale \u2013 q\u00eb prej vitit 1876 \u2013kandidati demokratik t\u00eb mos fitonte. K\u00ebto ishin shenjat e para t\u00eb dridhjes s\u00eb \u201cJugut solid\u201d.<\/p>\n
Natyrisht, \u201chataja\u201d e madhe do t\u00eb vinte vite m\u00eb von\u00eb. Ruzvelti e Trumani vet\u00ebm sa e kishin shtruar shtegun. L\u00ebvizja e t\u00eb Drejtave Civile e viteve \u201960 i dha goditjen p\u00ebrfundimtare k\u00ebtij fenomeni. Kjo l\u00ebvizje gjeti p\u00ebrkrahje t\u00eb gjer\u00eb n\u00eb mesin e politikan\u00ebve demokrat\u00eb, sidomos tek Presidenti Xhon Kenedi. Kulmi u arrit kur pasuesi i tij, Presidenti Lindon Xhonson, e n\u00ebnshkroi n\u00eb prill 1968 Aktin e t\u00eb Drejtave Civile q\u00eb i jepte fund segregacionit n\u00eb ShBA. P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, Xhonsoni filloi ta zbatonte edhe iden\u00eb e tij t\u00eb \u201cShoq\u00ebris\u00eb s\u00eb madhe\u201d, e cila parashihte vazhdimin dhe thellimin e politikave progresive t\u00eb \u201cNew Deal\u201d-it ruzveltian. Kjo ishte pik\u00ebprerja kur filloi shk\u00ebmbimi i madh i votuesve. Votuesit me ngjyr\u00eb, sidomos nga komuniteti afroamerikan, filluan t\u00eb votojn\u00eb demokrat\u00ebt, ndon\u00ebse nd\u00ebr dekada kishin votuar republikan\u00ebt. N\u00eb an\u00ebn tjet\u00ebr, t\u00eb bardh\u00ebt e jugut zun\u00eb t\u00eb votonin m\u00eb shum\u00eb p\u00ebr republikan\u00ebt, pas tet\u00eb dhjet\u00ebvje\u00e7ar\u00ebsh monopol t\u00eb demokrat\u00ebve.<\/p>\n
President\u00ebt republikan\u00eb si Niksoni dhe Regani e shfryt\u00ebzuan k\u00ebt\u00eb disbalancim dhe filluan t\u2019i drejtoheshin ish-votuesve tipik\u00eb demokrat\u00eb, sidomos atyre n\u00eb \u201cJugun solid\u201d. Edhe platforma republikane e \u201cuzurpoi\u201d platform\u00ebn demokrate q\u00eb ekzistonte para \u201cNew Deal\u201d-it dhe para \u201cShoq\u00ebris\u00eb s\u00eb madhe\u201d, duke p\u00ebrvet\u00ebsuar programin konservator. N\u00eb an\u00ebn tjet\u00ebr, president\u00ebt demokrat\u00eb si Karteri dhe Klintoni filluan t\u00eb p\u00ebrthithin vot\u00ebn e klas\u00ebs s\u00eb mesme dhe shteteve t\u00eb Bregut Lindor, t\u00eb fitonin \u00e7do her\u00eb e m\u00eb shum\u00eb vota afroamerikan\u00ebsh dhe latinoamerikan\u00ebsh, si dhe t\u00eb zbatonin politika m\u00eb t\u00eb majta e progresive, t\u00eb cilat ishin karakteristik\u00eb e republikan\u00ebve gjer n\u00eb presidenc\u00ebn e Ajzenhauerit (1953-1961).<\/p>\n
\u201cJugu solid\u201d ekziston akoma, por se tani \u00ebsht\u00eb solid pro republikan\u00ebve. Aktualisht, Partia Republikane kontrollon 20 prej 22 trupave legjislative t\u00eb ish-shteteve t\u00eb Konfederat\u00ebs. P\u00ebr shembull, Virxhinia ka votuar p\u00ebr kandidat\u00ebt republikan\u00eb n\u00eb 9 prej 12 zgjedhjeve presidenciale mes viteve 1952 dhe 1996 (shtetet e tjera jugore kan\u00eb votuar p\u00ebr kandidat\u00ebt republikan\u00eb gjer n\u00eb n\u00ebnt\u00eb syresh), gjersa \u00ebsht\u00eb qeverisur vet\u00ebm nga guvernator\u00eb republikan\u00eb prej vitit 1970 gjer m\u00eb 2002. Bushi i riu ka fituar zgjedhjet n\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha shtetet e \u201cJugut solid\u201d edhe m\u00eb 2000 edhe m\u00eb 2004, Mekejni i ka fituar n\u00eb 11 prej 14 syresh m\u00eb 2008, Romni n\u00eb 12 prej 14 syresh m\u00eb 2012 dhe Trampi n\u00eb 13 prej 14 syresh m\u00eb 2016. Q\u00eb prej vitit 1976 kur Karteri fitoi n\u00eb 12 prej 14 syresh, asnj\u00eb kandidat demokrat nuk ka fituar m\u00eb shum\u00eb se dy apo tri shtete jugore \u2013 p\u00ebrjashto Klintonin q\u00eb i fitoi 6 prej 14 syresh edhe m\u00eb 1992 edhe m\u00eb 1996.<\/p>\n
N\u00eb an\u00ebn tjet\u00ebr, Bregu Lindor q\u00eb dikur votonte p\u00ebr republikan\u00ebt, pas Niksonit, dhe sidomos pas Reganit, rr\u00ebshqiti kah Partia Demokratike dhe q\u00ebndrimet e saj progresive ekonomike dhe shoq\u00ebrore. S\u00eb bashku me shtetet e Bregut Per\u00ebndimor, sidomos me Kalifornin\u00eb, ato tanim\u00eb p\u00ebrb\u00ebjn\u00eb nj\u00eb bllok goxha homogjen prodemokrat dhe s\u00eb bashku njihen si \u201cMuri i kalt\u00ebr\u201d. N\u00eb 15 shtetet q\u00eb futen n\u00eb \u201cMurin e kalt\u00ebr\u201d, kandidat\u00ebt demokrat\u00eb kan\u00eb fituar bindsh\u00ebm q\u00eb nga viti 1992. Kandidat\u00ebt demokrat\u00eb Bill Klinton (m\u00eb 1992 dhe 1996), Al Gor (m\u00eb 2000), Xhon Kerri (m\u00eb 2004) dhe Barak Obama (m\u00eb 2008 dhe 2012) i kan\u00eb fituar q\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha k\u00ebto 15 shtete. Hillari Klinton i fitoi 13 prej 15 syresh n\u00eb zgjedhjet e vitit 2016. P\u00ebr shembull, shteti i Nju-Jorkut \u00ebsht\u00eb qeverisur q\u00eb nga viti 1974 vet\u00ebm nga guvernator\u00eb demokrat\u00eb \u2013 p\u00ebrjashto periudh\u00ebn 1995-2006 kur qeverisej nga guvernatori republikan Pataki. Kurse, n\u00eb Distriktin e Kolumbias (DC), demokrat\u00ebt i kan\u00eb fituar t\u00eb gjitha garat presidenciale q\u00eb nga viti 1964. Kalifornia \u00ebsht\u00eb qeverisur nga guvernator\u00ebt demokrat\u00eb n\u00eb 19 prej 22 viteve t\u00eb fundit dhe aty kan\u00eb fituar vet\u00ebm kanidat\u00ebt presidencial\u00eb demokrat\u00eb n\u00eb 28 vitet e fundit.<\/p>\n
Bashk\u00eb me shk\u00ebmbimin e zonave territoriale, me shk\u00ebmbimin e bastioneve, demokrat\u00ebt dhe republikan\u00ebt po ashtu i kan\u00eb shk\u00ebmbyer edhe pozicionet dhe platformat politike. Q\u00eb nga president\u00ebt Kenedi dhe Xhonson, demokrat\u00ebt jan\u00eb m\u00eb progresiv\u00eb n\u00eb ekonomi dhe shoq\u00ebri, kurse q\u00eb nga president\u00ebt Nikson dhe Regan, republikan\u00ebt jan\u00eb m\u00eb konservator\u00eb n\u00eb ekonomi dhe shoq\u00ebri.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Tash q\u00eb na ndajn\u00eb m\u00eb pak se dy muaj nga zgjedhjet presidenciale n\u00eb ShBA, \u00ebsht\u00eb rritur diskutimi p\u00ebr politik\u00ebn amerikane dhe p\u00ebr m\u00ebnyr\u00ebn se si funksionojn\u00eb partit\u00eb politike amerikane, se \u00e7\u2019platform\u00eb kan\u00eb, cila \u00ebsht\u00eb historia e zhvillimit sociologjik t\u00eb tyre, cili \u00ebsht\u00eb q\u00ebndrimi i tyre kundrejt aksh \u00e7\u00ebshtjeve e problemeve, e k\u00ebshtu me radh\u00eb. Ajo […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":411,"featured_media":2360,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[13],"tags":[687,548,656],"ppma_author":[768],"class_list":["post-1549","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-analize","tag-foreign-policy","tag-politics","tag-usa"],"authors":[{"term_id":768,"user_id":411,"is_guest":0,"slug":"fitim-salihu","display_name":"Fitim Salihu","avatar_url":{"url":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Fitim-Salihu-e1701268592693.png","url2x":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Fitim-Salihu-e1701268592693.png"},"user_url":"","last_name":"Salihu","first_name":"Fitim","description":"Fitim Salihu \u00ebsht\u00eb politolog dhe merret kryesisht me studime kulturore e me studime t\u00eb Marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnieve Nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare, me theks t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb p\u00ebr Lindjen e Mesme, ShBA-n\u00eb dhe Amerik\u00ebn Latine. P\u00ebr nj\u00eb koh\u00eb ka punuar si redaktor i kultur\u00ebs n\u00eb gazet\u00ebn \"Z\u00ebri\", shkruan si kolumnist p\u00ebr gazet\u00ebn kroate \"Bilten\" dhe punon si hulumtues shkencor p\u00ebr disa institute vendore e t\u00eb jashtme."}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1549","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/411"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1549"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1549\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2361,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1549\/revisions\/2361"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2360"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1549"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1549"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1549"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ppma_author?post=1549"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}