{"id":1587,"date":"2020-07-29T15:14:18","date_gmt":"2020-07-29T14:14:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/?p=1587"},"modified":"2023-12-18T15:10:38","modified_gmt":"2023-12-18T14:10:38","slug":"nje-pervijim-i-shkurter-historik-i-drejtesise-tranzicionale","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/analize\/nje-pervijim-i-shkurter-historik-i-drejtesise-tranzicionale\/","title":{"rendered":"Nj\u00eb p\u00ebrvijim i shkurt\u00ebr historik i Drejt\u00ebsis\u00eb Tranzicionale"},"content":{"rendered":"

Pjesa e par\u00eb \u2013 Deri n\u00eb Luft\u00ebn e Dyt\u00eb Bot\u00ebrore<\/em><\/p>\n

Termi “Drejt\u00ebsi Tranzicionale” u shfaq n\u00eb fillim t\u00eb viteve ’90 dhe Neil Kritz e Ruti Teitel njihen si “patentuesit” e tij. Deri n\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb krimet e luft\u00ebs dhe krimet kund\u00ebr njer\u00ebzimit quheshin “drejt\u00ebsi retroaktive<\/em>” apo edhe si “drejt\u00ebsi pas krimeve<\/em>“. Drejt\u00ebsia Tranzicionale p\u00ebrfshin\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha proceset dhe mekanizmat me t\u00eb cilat shoq\u00ebrit\u00eb p\u00ebrpiqen t\u00eb trajtojn\u00eb krimet n\u00eb shkall\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb, n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb jepet p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebsi, t\u00eb vendoset drejt\u00ebsi, t\u00eb zbardhet e v\u00ebrteta dhe t\u00eb arrihet pajtim. K\u00ebtu p\u00ebrfshihen mekanizma gjyq\u00ebsor\u00eb e jo-gjyq\u00ebsor\u00eb q\u00eb p\u00ebrmes nd\u00ebshkimeve, reparacioneve e vetingut b\u00ebjn\u00eb drejt\u00ebsi.<\/p>\n

Sidoqoft\u00eb, preokupimi me drejt\u00ebsin\u00eb pas tragjedive t\u00eb m\u00ebdha \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb m\u00eb i hersh\u00ebm. Qytet\u00ebrimet kan\u00eb shkruar e folur shum\u00eb rreth pyetjeve se kush duhet t\u00eb mbahet p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebs p\u00ebr krimet, si t\u00eb korrigjohen gabimet dhe si t\u00eb rind\u00ebrtohen shoq\u00ebrit\u00eb pas konfliktit. Qysh n\u00eb vitin 500 p.e.s n\u00eb librin e fundit “Eumenides<\/em><\/a>” t\u00eb trilogjis\u00eb s\u00eb tij “Oresteia<\/em><\/a>” Eskili u mor me pyetjet q\u00eb shoq\u00ebronin debatin rreth nd\u00ebshkimit q\u00eb duhet t\u00eb merr Oresti p\u00ebr kontributin e tij n\u00eb dhun\u00ebn ciklike q\u00eb po terrorizonte Athin\u00ebn. Kjo vep\u00ebr \u00ebsht\u00eb nd\u00ebr t\u00eb parat q\u00eb problematizoi natyr\u00ebn e koncepteve t\u00eb drejt\u00ebsis\u00eb –\u00a0dik\u0113<\/em>\u00a0– dhe institucioneve gjyq\u00ebsore.<\/p>\n

According to\u00a0Jon Elster<\/a>\u00a0Drejt\u00ebsia Tranzicionale \u00ebsht\u00eb e vjet\u00ebr po aq sa vet\u00eb demokracia. Ai gjurmon at\u00eb prapa n\u00eb vitet 411 dhe 403 p.e.s kur demokracia athinase u p\u00ebrmbys dy her\u00eb nga oligarkia, e pasuar me humbjen e oligark\u00ebve dhe rikthimin e demokracis\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Her\u00ebn e par\u00eb demokracia u rivendos me masa m\u00eb t\u00eb ashpra nd\u00ebshkimore p\u00ebr oligark\u00ebt, disa prej t\u00eb cil\u00ebve edhe u ekzekutuan. Nd\u00ebrkoh\u00eb q\u00eb her\u00ebn e dyt\u00eb q\u00ebllimi par\u00ebsor ishte pajtimi sepse besohej q\u00eb penalizimi i vrazhd\u00eb nuk eliminon shkaqet e konfliktit, por i ushqen ato. Prandaj edhe amnistia dhe ekzili ishin zbatuar n\u00eb shum\u00eb raste.<\/p>\n

Mes masave p\u00ebrfshihej edhe konfiskimi i pronave q\u00eb oligark\u00ebt kishin uzurpuar dhe rikthimi i tyre tek pronar\u00ebt e m\u00ebhersh\u00ebm. Trash\u00ebgimia kryesore e k\u00ebsaj periudhe ishte jet\u00ebsimi i koncepteve t\u00eb keqb\u00ebr\u00ebsve, viktimave, rezistuesve, neutral\u00ebve dhe p\u00ebrfituesve t\u00eb keqb\u00ebrjeve. P\u00ebr her\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb u vendos q\u00eb keqb\u00ebr\u00ebsit duhet t\u00eb sanksionohen, kurse viktimat t\u00eb kompenzohen. M\u00eb 403 u miratua nj\u00eb ligj – i cili m\u00eb von\u00eb u anulua – q\u00eb u jepte shtet\u00ebsi skllev\u00ebrve q\u00eb luftuan kund\u00ebr oligark\u00ebve. Nd\u00ebrkoh\u00eb q\u00eb ushtar\u00ebt q\u00eb nuk luftuan kund\u00ebr oligark\u00ebve humb\u00ebn disa t\u00eb drejta politike. N\u00eb an\u00ebn tjet\u00ebr ushtar\u00ebt q\u00eb pat\u00ebn guximin t\u00eb rezistojn\u00eb oligarkin\u00eb u shp\u00ebrblyen.<\/p>\n

Nga ajo koh\u00eb deri n\u00eb modernitet pati edhe disa episode q\u00eb mund t\u00eb kualifikohen si t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme p\u00ebr Drejt\u00ebsin\u00eb Tranzicionale. Nd\u00ebr to vlen t\u00eb p\u00ebrmenden rikthimi i Mbret\u00ebris\u00eb s\u00eb Stuart\u00ebve pas sundimit t\u00eb Cromwellit n\u00eb shekullin XVII dhe dy rikthimet e Bourbon\u00ebve pas sundimit t\u00eb Napoleonit n\u00eb fillim t\u00eb shekullit XIX.<\/p>\n

Sipas Elster, Revolucioni Francez nuk u p\u00ebrcoll me Drejt\u00ebsi Tranzicionale sepse nuk nd\u00ebshkoi elitat e\u00a0Ancien R\u00e9gime<\/em>\u00a0p\u00ebr b\u00ebmat e kaluara, e as nuk e kompenzoi fshatar\u00ebsin\u00eb p\u00ebr vuajtjet. Penalizimi i aristokrat\u00ebve bazohej vet\u00ebm n\u00eb veprimtarin\u00eb e tyre\u00a0pas<\/em>\u00a0Revolucionit, konkretisht p\u00ebr komplotin me shtetet tjera p\u00ebr pushtimin e Franc\u00ebs. Louis XVI ishte ekzekutuar sakt\u00ebsisht p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb arsye. Poashtu rr\u00ebnimi i hara\u00e7it q\u00eb duhej paguar feudal\u00ebve nuk ishte “reparacion<\/em>” p\u00ebr padrejt\u00ebsit\u00eb e s\u00eb kaluar\u00ebs, por mas\u00eb q\u00eb pamund\u00ebsonte padrejt\u00ebsit\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00eb ardhmen.<\/p>\n

Tutje n\u00eb shekullin e radh\u00ebs, pas Luft\u00ebs s\u00eb Par\u00eb Bot\u00ebrore, Gjermania gjykoi 45 oficer\u00eb p\u00ebr krime lufte, por me rezultate t\u00eb pakta. Nuk pati largime nga sektori publik, as reparacione e as kompenzime p\u00ebr viktimat individuale. P\u00ebr shembull, viktimat e krimeve t\u00eb gjerman\u00ebve n\u00eb Belgjik\u00eb nuk u kompenzuan. P\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb shkak, shum\u00ebkush beson q\u00eb nuk pati Drejt\u00ebsi Tranzicionale n\u00eb Republik\u00ebn e Weimarit.<\/p>\n

Historia moderne e Drejt\u00ebsis\u00eb Tranzicionale nis me humbjen e Gjermanis\u00eb, Italis\u00eb dhe Japonis\u00eb m\u00eb 1945. Italia qe e para q\u00eb nisi k\u00ebt\u00eb proces. Menj\u00ebher\u00eb pas r\u00ebnies s\u00eb Musolinit m\u00eb 1943, Qeveria e Badoglios aprovoi ligjin p\u00ebr largimin e fashist\u00ebve nga sektori publik. M\u00eb 1944 u miratua ligji p\u00ebr \u201cnd\u00ebshkimin e krimeve dhe sjelljeve fashiste<\/em>\u201d q\u00eb disave ua mori t\u00eb drejt\u00ebn p\u00ebr pun\u00eb n\u00eb profesione t\u00eb caktuara dhe n\u00eb raste tjera u nd\u00ebshkuan me pun\u00eb t\u00eb detyruar.<\/p>\n

\u201cTribunali Ushtrak Nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar\u201d i njohur edhe si Gjykata e Nurembergut u themelua m\u00eb 1942 nga ShBA-ja, Franca, Britania e Madhe dhe Bashkimi Sovjetik p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjykuar krimet e boshtit nazi-fashist n\u00eb Evrop\u00eb n\u00eb Luft\u00ebn e Dyt\u00eb Bot\u00ebrore (LDB). Secili vend ofroi gjykat\u00ebs dhe prokuror\u00eb q\u00eb akuzuan dhe gjykuan 22 zyrtar\u00eb nazist\u00eb. Prej tyre 3 u liruan, 7 u d\u00ebnuan me burg, kurse t\u00eb tjer\u00ebt me vdekje.<\/p>\n

Gjyqet e formuara nga fuqit\u00eb q\u00eb okupuan Gjermanin\u00eb d\u00ebnuan edhe shum\u00eb tjer\u00eb. Tribunalet amerikane d\u00ebnuan 1814 persona (450 me vdekje); britanik\u00ebt d\u00ebnuan 1085 persona (240 me vdekje); francez\u00ebt 2107 persona (104 me vdekje). M\u00eb pas, gati gjysma e d\u00ebnimeve me vdekje u anuluan. M\u00eb von\u00eb, vet\u00eb gjerman\u00ebt filluan gjykimin e krimeve n\u00eb LDB. M\u00eb 1996 Ministri gjerman i Drejt\u00ebsis\u00eb deklaroi se 5570 persona jan\u00eb duke pritur ende vendimet mbi akuzat p\u00ebr krime.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb total n\u00eb Gjermani 106.178 individ\u00eb jan\u00eb hetuar p\u00ebr krime n\u00eb LDB. Mbi 11 milion\u00eb tjer\u00eb iu n\u00ebnshtruan pyet\u00ebsorit t\u00eb \u201cscreening<\/em>\u201d (Fragebogen<\/em>) p\u00ebr t\u00eb ekzaminuar rolin e tyre gjat\u00eb nazizmit, por vet\u00ebm 339 prej tyre u shpall\u00ebn \u201cshkel\u00ebs t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00eb<\/em>\u201d. P\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb problemeve praktike, denazifikimi prodhoi rezultate shum\u00eb t\u00eb kufizuara. Faktikisht, denazifikimi u shnd\u00ebrrua n\u00eb lavatri\u00e7e rehabilituese sepse Gjermania Per\u00ebndimore e trash\u00ebgoi n\u00eb t\u00ebr\u00ebsi sistemin gjyq\u00ebsor nazist.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb psikologjin\u00eb e gjerman\u00ebve u zhvillua ajo q\u00eb Carl Gustav Jung e quajti \u201cfaji kolektiv<\/em>\u201d (Kollektivschuld<\/em>), ku qytetar\u00ebt ndjehen fajtor\u00eb p\u00ebr krimet e kryera nga bashk\u00ebkombasit e tyre. Kjo u forcua edhe m\u00eb shum\u00eb nga fakti q\u00eb britanik\u00ebt dhe amerikan\u00ebt shp\u00ebrndanin postere t\u00eb kampeve t\u00eb p\u00ebrqendrimit me sllogane \u201cK\u00ebto krime: faji juaj!<\/em>\u201d. N\u00eb librin e tij\u00a0as a \u201c\u00c7\u00ebshtja e Fajit Gjerman<\/em>\u201d slogans<\/a>\u00a0Karl Jaspers flet p\u00ebr \u201cfajin metafizik<\/em>\u201d, q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebsi universale e atyre q\u00eb zgjedhin t\u00eb mbesin gjall\u00eb n\u00eb vend se t\u00eb vdesin duke protestuar kund\u00ebr regjimit nazist. Ishte pik\u00ebrisht ky faj q\u00eb e frym\u00ebzoi Martin Niem\u00f6ller t\u00eb shkruaj\u00eb poezin\u00eb e njohur\u00a0as a \u201cS\u00eb pari ata erdh\u00ebn \u2026<\/em>\u201d slogans<\/a>\u00a0q\u00eb i kushtohet moskok\u00eb\u00e7arjes s\u00eb intelektual\u00ebve gjerman\u00eb para, gjat\u00eb dhe pas ardhjes s\u00eb nazizmit n\u00eb pushtet.\u00a0Fukuyama<\/a>\u00a0tregon se gjerman\u00ebt p\u00ebr shum\u00eb vite me radh\u00eb m\u00ebsuan f\u00ebmij\u00ebt e tyre q\u00eb t\u00eb mos duartrokasin frenetikisht n\u00eb ngjarje sportive dhe t\u00eb mos valojn\u00eb flamurin gjerman me shum\u00eb emocione nga frika se mos po rr\u00ebmbehen nga irracionaliteti i turmave naziste.<\/p>\n

Nd\u00ebrkoh\u00eb n\u00eb reparacione Gjermania ishte shum\u00eb aktive. M\u00eb 1952 n\u00ebnshkroi me Izraelin \u201cMarr\u00ebveshjen e Reparacioneve<\/em>\u201d, kurse m\u00eb 1956 legjislacioni p\u00ebr kompenzim u formua nga Parlamenti pas trysnis\u00eb nga jasht\u00eb. Gjermania pagoi koston e migrimit dhe rehabilitimit t\u00eb viktimave t\u00eb Holokaustit, si dhe mbuloi koston e proceseve gjyq\u00ebsore t\u00eb personave q\u00eb pretendonin se ishin viktima t\u00eb nazist\u00ebve. Deri m\u00eb tani Gjermania ka paguar rreth 85 miliard\u00eb dollar\u00eb d\u00ebmshp\u00ebrblim dhe shuma vazhdon t\u00eb rritet. N\u00eb kthim Izraeli pagoi pronat e luajtshme sekulare q\u00eb u zhvendos\u00ebn n\u00eb Izrael.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb pjes\u00ebn e kontrolluar nga Soviet\u00ebt u l\u00ebshua \u201cDirektiva 201<\/em>\u201d m\u00eb 1947 p\u00ebr t\u00eb akuzuar t\u00eb gjth\u00eb ata q\u00eb \u201cp\u00ebrmes agjitimit kan\u00eb rrezikuar paqen e popullit gjerman<\/em>\u201d. N\u00eb fakt kjo ishte ve\u00e7 nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb tjet\u00ebr p\u00ebr t\u00eb nd\u00ebshkuar t\u00eb gjith\u00eb anti-komunist\u00ebt. Gjermania Per\u00ebndimore n\u00eb revansh nuk kompenzoi komunist\u00ebt. Bazuar n\u00eb shifra zyrtare, 520 mij\u00eb ish-nazist\u00eb u larguan nga sektori publik n\u00eb Gjermanin\u00eb Lindore.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb Japoni u formua \u201cTribunali Ushtarak Nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar i Lindjes s\u00eb Larg\u00ebt n\u00eb Tokio\u201d. Personeli i tribunalit p\u00ebrb\u00ebhej nga 11 shtete aleate dhe gjykoi 28 zyrtar\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb japonez\u00eb. P\u00ebr dallim prej Nurembergut, ky tribunal nuk e fali asnj\u00eb t\u00eb gjykuar. P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, aleat\u00ebt formuan tribunalet e tyre p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjykuar krimet individuale t\u00eb kryera kund\u00ebr shteteve gjegj\u00ebse.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebrmes nj\u00eb dekreti, Gjenerali amerikan MacArthur formoi n\u00eb Yokohama \u201cDeg\u00ebn e Krimeve t\u00eb Luft\u00ebs n\u00eb Ushtrin\u00eb Amerikane\u201d q\u00eb gjykoi mbi 1000 t\u00eb dyshuar, prej t\u00eb cil\u00ebve 200 u liruan, 124 u d\u00ebnuan me vdekje dhe 622 tjer\u00eb me burg t\u00eb p\u00ebrjetsh\u00ebm. P\u00ebr shkak q\u00eb operonte si rubrik\u00eb e jurisdiksionit amerikan, vendimet e k\u00ebtij tribunali mund t\u00eb apeloheshin edhe n\u00eb Gjykat\u00ebn Supreme Amerikane. Af\u00ebr 200 mij\u00eb persona, kryesisht oficer\u00eb, ishin d\u00ebbuar nga sektori publik, por me ardhjen e Luft\u00ebs s\u00eb Ftoht\u00eb gradualisht ishin kthyer n\u00eb vendet e tyre t\u00eb pun\u00ebs.<\/p>\n

M\u00eb 1950 Izraeli miratoi Ligjin p\u00ebr Nd\u00ebshkimin e Nazist\u00ebve dhe Bashk\u00ebpun\u00ebtor\u00ebve t\u00eb tyre. Me k\u00ebt\u00eb ligj u d\u00ebnuan dhjet\u00ebra nazist\u00eb. Adolf Eichmann ishte m\u00eb i famshmi nd\u00ebr ta. Procesin gjyq\u00ebsor nga af\u00ebr e p\u00ebrcolli edhe Hannah Arendt dhe shkroi nj\u00eb librin \u201cEichmann n\u00eb Jerusalem<\/em><\/a>\u201d, ku shkruan p\u00ebr \u201cbanalitetin e s\u00eb lig\u00ebs<\/em>\u201d: kur krimet b\u00ebhen p\u00ebrditshm\u00ebri, ku viktimat pa rezistuar asgj\u00ebsohen sistematikisht dhe pa shkaktuar indinjat\u00eb tek ekzekutor\u00ebt si Eichmann.<\/p>\n

Sipas Arendt synimi i gjykatave q\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtetojn\u00eb se nazist\u00ebt q\u00ebllimsh\u00ebm kryen krimet ishte banal. Nazizmi ishte i lig pik\u00ebrisht p\u00ebr shkak q\u00eb gjymtonte kapacitetet autonome t\u00eb subjektit p\u00ebr t\u00eb menduar. Duke i pranuar nazist\u00ebt si njer\u00ebz me q\u00ebllime e vet\u00ebdije, Arendt argumenton se gjykatat amnistojn\u00eb nazizmin nga krimi i tij m\u00eb i madh: rr\u00ebnimi i liris\u00eb s\u00eb mendjes, ku p\u00ebr pasoj\u00eb njer\u00ebzit d\u00ebshtojn\u00eb t\u00eb mendojn\u00eb. Megjithat\u00eb, ashtu si\u00e7 do t\u00eb argumentonte Erich Fromm, nazist\u00ebt duhet t\u00eb d\u00ebnohen sakt\u00ebsisht se \u201cu arratis\u00ebn nga liria<\/em>\u201d, nuk ruajt\u00ebn distanc\u00ebn kritike me F\u00fchrerin dhe hap\u00ebn shtegun p\u00ebr shfarosje t\u00eb njer\u00ebzve n\u00eb mas\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Izraeli ishte n\u00ebnshkrues i Konvent\u00ebs s\u00eb OKB-s\u00eb p\u00ebr Gjenocid q\u00eb k\u00ebrkonte \u201cgjykimin e personave vet\u00ebm n\u00eb shtetet ku ata kan\u00eb kryer krimet<\/em>\u201d, por kjo nuk e pengoi Mossadin q\u00eb t\u2019ia vendos\u00eb nj\u00eb thes n\u00eb kok\u00eb dhe ta kindapoj\u00eb nga Argjentina e ta d\u00ebrgoj\u00eb n\u00eb Izrael p\u00ebr gjykim. Eichmann n\u00eb fund u d\u00ebnua me vdekje dhe u var m\u00eb 1962.<\/p>\n

Drejt\u00ebsi Tranzicionale pati edhe n\u00eb shtetet q\u00eb u okupuan nga Gjermania, si Belgjika, Danimarka, Franca, Holanda e Norvegjia dhe n\u00eb ato q\u00eb bashk\u00ebpunuan me Gjermanin\u00eb, si Austria dhe Hungaria. N\u00eb Belgjik\u00eb, Holand\u00eb e Norvegji p\u00ebrqindja e t\u00eb d\u00ebnuarve ishte m\u00eb e lart\u00eb sepse an\u00ebtar\u00ebt e organizatave naziste shpalleshin automatikisht fajtor\u00eb.\u00a0 N\u00eb Franc\u00eb rreth 2% e 1.5 milion funksionar\u00ebve publik\u00eb ishin sanksionuar, gjysma me p\u00ebrjashtim dhe 75% t\u00eb pronave t\u00eb konfiskuara ishin kthyer tek pronar\u00ebt e m\u00ebparsh\u00ebm. N\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha vendet burrat p\u00ebrb\u00ebnin numrin m\u00eb t\u00eb madh t\u00eb t\u00eb d\u00ebnuarve.<\/p>\n

Nga t\u00eb gjitha k\u00ebto, m\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishmet n\u00eb nivel historik mbesin Gjykata e Nurembergut dhe ajo e Tokios sepse jan\u00eb tribunalet e para q\u00eb burojn\u00eb nga jurisdiksioni nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar. Kritik\u00ebt argumentojn\u00eb se k\u00ebto tribunale jan\u00eb me t\u00eb meta serioze sepse drejt\u00ebsia ishte zbatuar retroaktivisht (ex post facto<\/em>) dhe se kan\u00eb nd\u00ebshkuar vet\u00ebm gjerman\u00ebt e japonez\u00ebt, nd\u00ebrkoh\u00eb q\u00eb Aleat\u00ebt nuk u p\u00ebrball\u00ebn fare me drejt\u00ebsi p\u00ebr krimet e tyre.<\/p>\n

Derisa bota festonte fitoren mbi nazizmin, Lufta e Ftoht\u00eb ngriu entuziazmin q\u00eb shp\u00ebrtheu pas LDB-s\u00eb, por nuk e zhb\u00ebri themelin q\u00eb vendos\u00ebn konceptet e reja t\u00eb drejt\u00ebsis\u00eb, t\u00eb drejtave dhe lirive t\u00eb njeriut. P\u00ebr gati gjysm\u00eb shekulli bota bipolare paralizoi mekanizmat e drejt\u00ebsis\u00eb, q\u00eb iu n\u00ebnshtruan rivalitetit ideologjik. Mir\u00ebpo me r\u00ebnien e Bashkimit Sovjetik dhe disfat\u00ebn e komunizmit t\u00eb shekullit t\u00eb kaluar, u hap s\u00ebrish nj\u00eb dritare rasti p\u00ebr konsolidimin e Drejt\u00ebsis\u00eb Tranzicionale si fush\u00eb e specializuar.<\/p>\n

Me shum\u00eb koncepte t\u00eb reja q\u00eb diversifikojn\u00eb disiplin\u00ebn e drejt\u00ebsis\u00eb, si dhe me themelimin e shum\u00eb tribunaleve e gjykatave p\u00ebr krime lufte dhe krime kund\u00ebr njer\u00ebzimit, bota ka zhvilluar shum\u00eb vet\u00ebdijen e vet intelektuale dhe mekanizmat institucional\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u2019u ballafaquar me trash\u00ebgimin\u00eb kriminale. Kjo nj\u00ebher\u00ebsh \u00ebsht\u00eb edhe \u201cvala e fundit<\/em>\u00a0e Drejt\u00ebsis\u00eb Tranzicionale<\/em>\u201d, p\u00ebr t\u00eb cil\u00ebn do t\u00eb flasim n\u00eb pjes\u00ebn e dyt\u00eb t\u00eb shkrimit.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Pjesa e par\u00eb \u2013 Deri n\u00eb Luft\u00ebn e Dyt\u00eb Bot\u00ebrore Termi “Drejt\u00ebsi Tranzicionale” u shfaq n\u00eb fillim t\u00eb viteve ’90 dhe Neil Kritz e Ruti Teitel njihen si “patentuesit” e tij. Deri n\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb krimet e luft\u00ebs dhe krimet kund\u00ebr njer\u00ebzimit quheshin “drejt\u00ebsi retroaktive” apo edhe si “drejt\u00ebsi pas krimeve“. Drejt\u00ebsia Tranzicionale p\u00ebrfshin\u00eb t\u00eb […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":415,"featured_media":1584,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[13],"tags":[687,743,777],"ppma_author":[778],"class_list":["post-1587","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-analize","tag-foreign-policy","tag-human-rights","tag-transitional-justice"],"authors":[{"term_id":778,"user_id":415,"is_guest":0,"slug":"shkodran-ramadani","display_name":"Shkodran Ramadani","avatar_url":{"url":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/shkodran-e1729253403162.jpeg","url2x":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/shkodran-e1729253403162.jpeg"},"user_url":"","last_name":"Ramadani","first_name":"Shkodran","description":"Shkodran Ramadani \u00ebsht\u00eb hulumtues n\u00eb Institutin \u201cCompass\u201d n\u00eb Prishtin\u00eb. Ai ka p\u00ebrfunduar studimet Bachelor n\u00eb Shkenca Politike n\u00eb Universitetin e Evrop\u00ebs Juglindore n\u00eb Tetov\u00eb t\u00eb Maqedonis\u00eb dhe studimet Master n\u00eb Sociologji n\u00eb Universitetin e Prishtin\u00ebs. Shkodrani \u00ebsht\u00eb aktiv n\u00eb fush\u00ebn e hulumtimeve t\u00eb siguris\u00eb, drejt\u00ebsis\u00eb tranzicionale, marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnieve nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare, populizmit, sekularizmit, demokracis\u00eb konsociacionale dhe autonomis\u00eb."}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1587","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/415"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1587"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1587\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1588,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1587\/revisions\/1588"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1584"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1587"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1587"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1587"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ppma_author?post=1587"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}