Paramendojeni nj\u00eb situat\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn ekonomist\u00ebt shum\u00eb shpesh e p\u00ebrmendin: situat\u00ebn kur ekonomia \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb ekuilib\u00ebr. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb situat\u00eb, nuk ka mbiprodhim as munges\u00eb t\u00eb produkteve apo sh\u00ebrbimeve. T\u00eb gjith\u00eb njer\u00ebzit jan\u00eb t\u00eb pun\u00ebsuar \u2013 apo s\u00eb paku ata q\u00eb d\u00ebshirojn\u00eb t\u00eb punojn\u00eb \u2013 dhe t\u00eb gjith\u00eb marrin rrog\u00ebn sipas kontributit t\u00eb tyre. Me rrog\u00ebn e tyre, ata blejn\u00eb produkte, dhe k\u00ebsisoj paraja qarkullon tek prodhuesit. Mir\u00ebpo, p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb konkurrenc\u00ebs s\u00eb tregut, n\u00eb gjendje ekuilibri nuk ka profite. T\u00eb ardhurat e prodhuesve mund t\u00eb konsiderohen si rrog\u00eb p\u00ebr veprimtarin\u00eb e tyre. Nd\u00ebrsa investimet jan\u00eb vet\u00ebm mir\u00ebmbajtje \u2013 pra blihet nj\u00eb makin\u00eb e re prodhimi ve\u00e7 sa p\u00ebr ta z\u00ebvend\u00ebsuar t\u00eb vjetr\u00ebn, e jo p\u00ebr t\u00eb rritur prodhimtarin\u00eb sepse jemi n\u00eb gjendje ekuilibri.<\/p>\n
Kjo situat\u00eb nga fiziokrat\u00ebt ishte p\u00ebrshkruar si Rrjedha Qarkore e t\u00eb Ardhurave (Circular Flow of Income) e q\u00eb m\u00eb von\u00eb do t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorej edhe nga shkollat tjera t\u00eb mendimit ekonomik. Q\u00ebllimi i saj ishte t\u00eb shpjegoj\u00eb si\u00a0funksionon ekonomia dhe t\u00eb p\u00ebrshkruaj\u00eb\u00a0procesin e\u00a0pafund ekonomik t\u00eb qarkullimit t\u00eb paras\u00eb dhe t\u00eb prodhimit. N\u00eb versionin e tregut t\u00eb lir\u00eb, n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb ekuilib\u00ebr ka vet\u00ebm firma (biznese) dhe familje. Ky model mund t\u00eb komplikohet edhe m\u00eb tej n\u00ebse fusim bankat, qeverin\u00eb, ekonomin\u00eb e hapur nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare, etj. mir\u00ebpo esenca nuk ndryshon. Kjo n\u00eb esenc\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb ekonomia. N\u00ebse ka ndonj\u00eb ndryshim, po themi n\u00eb politikat shtet\u00ebrore apo n\u00eb stokun e kapitalit, at\u00ebher\u00eb gjendja par\u00ebsore ndryshohet dhe vjen tek ekuilibri i ri.<\/p>\n
Ekonomia k\u00ebsisoj funksionon si natyra inorganike. Ligjet e saj jan\u00eb si ato t\u00eb fizik\u00ebs. Nj\u00eb trup q\u00ebndron n\u00eb qet\u00ebsi apo n\u00eb l\u00ebvizje n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn shpejt\u00ebsi dhe drejtim, p\u00ebrve\u00e7 kur nj\u00eb forc\u00eb tjet\u00ebr ndikon n\u00eb t\u00eb; ashtu sikur rrjedha e paras\u00eb dhe e resurseve q\u00ebndron n\u00eb ekuilib\u00ebr, p\u00ebrve\u00e7se n\u00ebse nj\u00eb forc\u00eb e jashtme (qeveria, pushtuesit e jasht\u00ebm, tragjedit\u00eb natyrore, etj.) ndikojn\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00eb.<\/p>\n
Gjith\u00e7ka duket n\u00eb rregull n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb pik\u00ebpamje, derisa t\u00eb ngrihet pyetja e profiteve. Profitet jan\u00eb prezent\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha an\u00ebt kur shohim ekonomin\u00eb nga dritaret tona, por nuk jan\u00eb askund n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb situat\u00eb q\u00eb ve\u00e7 sa p\u00ebrshkrova. Pra, pse ekzistojn\u00eb profitet? Si mund t\u00eb shpjegohen profitet? K\u00ebto ishin pyetjet q\u00eb kishin brejtur Joseph Schumpeter-in e ri. N\u00eb koh\u00ebn e Schumpeter-it, ende nuk ishin zhvilluar idet\u00eb e tregut imperfekt (q\u00eb mund t\u00eb shpjegojn\u00eb nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb t\u00eb profiteve). Teori mbi profitin kishte shum\u00eb, por ato kishin tendenc\u00ebn t\u00eb binin n\u00eb dy kampe: kampin pro tregut dhe kund\u00ebr tregut. Ata q\u00eb ishin pro tregut mendonin q\u00eb profitet vijn\u00eb si rrjedhoj\u00eb e nd\u00ebrhyrjes s\u00eb shtetit n\u00eb ekonomi, e cila p\u00ebr pasoj\u00eb shkat\u00ebrron konkurrenc\u00ebn dhe si e till\u00eb prodhon situata ku disa kompani t\u00eb af\u00ebrta me shtetin p\u00ebrfitojn\u00eb nga situata monopolistike. Nga ana tjet\u00ebr ishin marksist\u00ebt t\u00eb cil\u00ebt besonin q\u00eb kapitalist\u00ebt p\u00ebrmes shfryt\u00ebzimit t\u00eb pun\u00ebtor\u00ebve, arrijn\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb paguajn\u00eb pun\u00ebtor\u00ebt m\u00eb pak sesa ata q\u00eb meritojn\u00eb t\u00eb paguhen, dhe k\u00ebsisoj marrin surplusin e pun\u00ebs s\u00eb tyre si profit t\u00eb vetin.<\/p>\n
Po ashtu, problematike b\u00ebhet edhe \u00e7\u00ebshtja e zhvillimit ekonomik. N\u00ebse ekonomia \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb ekuilib\u00ebr, a nuk n\u00ebnkupton kjo q\u00eb nuk ka rritje ekonomike? Zhvillimi ekonomik n\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb \u2013 e edhe sot nga shum\u00eb ekonomist\u00eb \u2013 konceptohej si akumulimi i kapitalit. Pra momentin kur ke kapital, at\u00eb kapital e investon me nj\u00eb kthim t\u00eb caktuar. K\u00ebsisoj, nj\u00eb shum\u00eb e vog\u00ebl e kapitalit sot, p\u00ebrmes investimit mund t\u00eb rritet pas shum\u00eb viteve. K\u00ebshtu pra, rritet pasuria e bashk\u00eb me t\u00eb zhvillohet edhe ekonomia. Mir\u00ebpo, n\u00eb ekuilib\u00ebr nuk ka profite dhe n\u00eb munges\u00eb t\u00eb profiteve nuk kemi as akumulim t\u00eb kapitalit. Pra nuk kemi zhvillim ekonomik.<\/p>\n
As p\u00ebrgjigjet p\u00ebr profitin e as misteri i zhvillimit ekonomik n\u00eb ekuilib\u00ebr nuk e k\u00ebnaqnin Schumpeter-in. Si rrjedhoj\u00eb, ai\u00a0i hyri rrug\u00ebs p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjetur nj\u00eb p\u00ebrgjigje tjet\u00ebr. N\u00eb mosh\u00ebn 27 vje\u00e7are\u00a0publikoi librin\u00a0\u201cTeoria e zhvillimit ekonomik<\/em>\u201d. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb lib\u00ebr ai pretendonte se kishte gjetur zgjidhjen p\u00ebr t\u00eb dyja. E p\u00ebrgjigjja \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb e thjesht\u00eb: inovacioni. Ajo \u00e7far\u00eb ndodh kur kemi nj\u00eb inovacion n\u00eb gjendje ekuilibri \u00ebsht\u00eb q\u00eb nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb e resurseve largohet nga qarkullimi qarkor i t\u00eb ardhurave p\u00ebr t\u2019u kombinuar n\u00eb nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb re. Ky kombinim i ri i resurseve n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb jet\u00eb ekonomikisht i arsyesh\u00ebm duhet t\u00eb jet\u00eb me efi\u00e7ient se ai i vjetri. E ky kombinim mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb nj\u00eb produkt i ri, i cili p\u00ebrmbush nevojat m\u00eb shum\u00eb se ai i vjetri, apo nj\u00eb metod\u00eb m\u00eb e sofistikuar e menaxhmentit t\u00eb kompanive, apo edhe nj\u00eb metod\u00eb e re e prodhimit q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb efi\u00e7iente se metoda e vjet\u00ebr.<\/p>\n Inovacioni nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb gj\u00eb e leht\u00eb. Pik\u00eb s\u00eb pari, jo gjithkush ka ide inovative. T\u00eb jesh inovativ \u00ebsht\u00eb t\u00eb mos jesh i zakonsh\u00ebm. Por edhe sikur t\u00eb kishin, jo gjithkush ka guximin t\u00eb ndjek\u00eb k\u00ebto ide. Filozofia konservatore ka nj\u00eb apelim t\u00eb madh te shum\u00ebkush: ajo q\u00eb ka funksionuar gjithmon\u00eb, do t\u00eb vazhdoj\u00eb t\u00eb funksionoj\u00eb, e rrjedhimisht nuk ka rrezik. Nd\u00ebrsa t\u00eb provosh di\u00e7ka t\u00eb re, t\u00eb biesh pra nj\u00eb inovacion, gjithmon\u00eb mbart nj\u00eb rrezik: rrezikun e d\u00ebshtimit, i cili largon shum\u00ebk\u00ebnd q\u00eb nuk ka d\u00ebshir\u00eb t\u00eb prish\u00eb rehatin\u00eb e krijuar.<\/p>\n Si i\u00a0shpjegon inovacioni profitet dhe zhvillimin ekonomik? Shum\u00eb leht\u00eb. Inovacioni me definicion \u00ebsht\u00eb di\u00e7ka e re, dhe di\u00e7ka e re \u00ebsht\u00eb unike. Momentin kur nj\u00eb kompani krijon di\u00e7ka t\u00eb re, ajo gjendet e vet\u00ebm n\u00eb treg p\u00ebr at\u00eb gj\u00eb. Si rrjedhoj\u00eb, ajo ka fuqi monopoli p\u00ebr at\u00eb periudh\u00eb derisa n\u00eb treg t\u00eb hyjn\u00eb kopjuesit. P\u00ebrderisa nj\u00eb kompani ka fuqi monopoli, ajo do ta shfryt\u00ebzoj\u00eb at\u00eb duke rritur \u00e7mimet p\u00ebr at\u00eb produkt. K\u00ebsisoj edhe krijohen profitet. Nd\u00ebrsa p\u00ebr vet\u00eb faktin q\u00eb produkti i ri, pra inovacioni, \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb efi\u00e7ient se ai i vjetri, n\u00ebnkupton q\u00eb resurset p\u00ebrdoren n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb me efi\u00e7iente. Me p\u00ebrdorimin e resurseve n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb me efi\u00e7iente, vjen edhe zhvillimi ekonomik, pasi q\u00eb produkti i ri k\u00ebrkon m\u00eb pak resurse dhe ato resurse q\u00eb jan\u00eb liruar mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoren p\u00ebr tjera aktivitete ekonomike.<\/p>\n Por inovacioni i\u00a0ka problemet e veta. Me prurjen e produkteve t\u00eb reja, shuhen ato t\u00eb vjetrat dhe k\u00ebsisoj kompanit\u00eb q\u00eb kishin prodhuar at\u00eb produkt domosdo do duhet t\u00eb dalin nga tregu. K\u00ebt\u00eb proces, Schumpeter e quajti \u201cshkat\u00ebrrimi kreativ\u201d (creative destruction). Me daljen nga tregu i disa kompanive, dhe ngritjen n\u00eb treg t\u00eb disa tjerave t\u00eb reja, ndryshon edhe distribuimi i t\u00eb ardhurave. Ata q\u00eb ishin t\u00eb pasur b\u00ebhen m\u00eb t\u00eb varf\u00ebr, nd\u00ebrsa ata q\u00eb ishin\u00a0t\u00eb varf\u00ebr b\u00ebhen m\u00eb t\u00eb pasur.<\/p>\n Nokia ishte kompania m\u00eb e madhe e prodhimit t\u00eb aparat\u00ebve telefonik\u00eb, por gjith\u00e7ka ndryshoi kur Apple filloi prodhimin e iPhone. Apple, q\u00eb sot \u00ebsht\u00eb\u00a0e para, shum\u00eb leht\u00eb mund t\u00eb ket\u00eb fatin e Nokia-s n\u00ebse ajo humb hapin e inovacionit. T\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn gj\u00eb mund t\u00eb themi edhe p\u00ebr shtetet: disa jan\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb pasura p\u00ebr shkak se kan\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb inovacione, nd\u00ebrsa t\u00eb tjer\u00ebt jan\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb varf\u00ebr se kan\u00eb m\u00eb pak apo hi\u00e7. P\u00ebr shembull, Shtetet e Bashkuara t\u00eb Amerik\u00ebs, sidomos p\u00ebrmes Lugin\u00ebs s\u00eb Silikonit, i japin shum\u00eb produkte t\u00eb reja tregut bot\u00ebror prej t\u00eb cilave mbledh profitet e monopolit, nd\u00ebrsa Kongo tregut t\u00eb bot\u00ebs i jep vet\u00ebm xehe, t\u00eb cilat ballafaqohen me konkurrenc\u00ebn e ashp\u00ebr nga e gjith\u00eb bota.<\/p>\n P\u00ebr p\u00ebrshkrimin e distribuimit t\u00eb t\u00eb ardhurave, Schumpeter kishte p\u00ebrdorur analogjin\u00eb e hotelit. N\u00eb katin e sip\u00ebrm jan\u00eb dhomat e mira, nd\u00ebrsa posht\u00eb jan\u00eb dhomat e zakonshme. Ai kishte deklaruar q\u00eb hoteli \u00ebsht\u00eb gjithmon\u00eb i mbushur, por dhomat mbushen gjithmon\u00eb nga njer\u00ebz t\u00eb ndrysh\u00ebm.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Paramendojeni nj\u00eb situat\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn ekonomist\u00ebt shum\u00eb shpesh e p\u00ebrmendin: situat\u00ebn kur ekonomia \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb ekuilib\u00ebr. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb situat\u00eb, nuk ka mbiprodhim as munges\u00eb t\u00eb produkteve apo sh\u00ebrbimeve. T\u00eb gjith\u00eb njer\u00ebzit jan\u00eb t\u00eb pun\u00ebsuar \u2013 apo s\u00eb paku ata q\u00eb d\u00ebshirojn\u00eb t\u00eb punojn\u00eb \u2013 dhe t\u00eb gjith\u00eb marrin rrog\u00ebn sipas kontributit t\u00eb tyre. Me rrog\u00ebn […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":259,"featured_media":10866,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[13],"tags":[1006,1996,1998,1997],"ppma_author":[1983],"class_list":["post-3282","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-analize","tag-ekonomi","tag-industrializimi","tag-reinert","tag-schumpeter"],"authors":[{"term_id":1983,"user_id":259,"is_guest":0,"slug":"dren-pozhegu","display_name":"Dren Pozhegu","avatar_url":{"url":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/drenp.png","url2x":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/drenp.png"},"user_url":"","last_name":"Pozhegu","first_name":"Dren","description":"Dren Pozhegu \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00ebnkryetari i partis\u00eb DT Global."}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3282","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/259"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3282"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3282\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10869,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3282\/revisions\/10869"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/10866"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3282"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3282"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3282"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ppma_author?post=3282"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}