{"id":3995,"date":"2017-02-04T12:15:41","date_gmt":"2017-02-04T10:15:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/?p=3995"},"modified":"2024-11-18T13:59:07","modified_gmt":"2024-11-18T11:59:07","slug":"sekretet-dhe-agjentet","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/uncategorized\/sekretet-dhe-agjentet\/","title":{"rendered":"Sekretet dhe agjent\u00ebt"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Punimi i George Akerlof n\u00eb vitin 1970, i titulluar \u00a0\u201cTregu p\u00ebr limon\u201d, \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb fundament i ekonomiksit t\u00eb informacionit. E para n\u00eb serit\u00eb tona t\u00eb bazave ekonomike.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb vitin 2007, shteti Washington-it futi ligjin q\u00eb synonte t\u00eb b\u00ebnte tregun e pun\u00ebs m\u00eb t\u00eb drejt\u00eb: firmave u ndalohej q\u00eb ta shikonin gjendjen kreditore t\u00eb kandidatit p\u00ebr pun\u00eb. Ata q\u00eb thirreshin n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb ligj e cil\u00ebsonin at\u00eb si nj\u00eb hap drejt barazis\u00eb \u2013 kandidati me gjendje m\u00eb t\u00eb dob\u00ebt kreditore ka m\u00eb shum\u00eb shanse q\u00eb t\u00eb jet\u00eb nj\u00eb i varf\u00ebr, nj\u00eb i zi, apo nj\u00eb i ri. Deri at\u00ebher\u00eb, dhjet\u00eb vende t\u00eb ndryshme e adaptuan k\u00ebt\u00eb ligj. Por, kur Robert Cliffor dhe Daniel Shoag, dy ekonomist\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebt studiuan k\u00ebt\u00eb ndales\u00eb, gjet\u00ebn se ai i kishte l\u00ebn\u00eb zezak\u00ebt dhe t\u00eb rinjt\u00eb me m\u00eb pak pun\u00eb, e jo m\u00eb shum\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Para vitit 1970, ekonomist\u00ebt nuk kishin zbuluar shum\u00eb nga disiplina e tyre q\u00eb t\u00eb mund t\u00eb zgjidhin lirsh\u00ebm k\u00ebt\u00eb enigm\u00eb. N\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb, ata nuk kishin vrar\u00eb mendjen shum\u00eb p\u00ebr rolin e informacionit. N\u00eb tregun e pun\u00ebs, p\u00ebr shembull, librat shkollor\u00eb supozonin q\u00eb pun\u00ebdh\u00ebn\u00ebsit e din\u00eb nivelin e produktivitetit t\u00eb pun\u00ebtor\u00ebve t\u00eb tyre \u2013 apo t\u00eb pun\u00ebtor\u00ebve potencial\u00eb \u2013 dhe, fal\u00eb konkurrenc\u00ebs, i paguajn\u00eb ata sakt\u00ebsisht sipas v\u00ebllimit t\u00eb pun\u00ebs q\u00eb ata b\u00ebjn\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Mund t\u00eb mendoni se nj\u00eb gjetje e till\u00eb mund t\u00eb festohej si zbulim i madh. Por, kur n\u00eb fund t\u00eb viteve 1960, George Akerlof shkroi \u201cTregu p\u00ebr limon\u201d, i cili zbuloi po at\u00eb, dhe m\u00eb von\u00eb autori i saj fitoi \u00c7mimin Nobel, u refuzua nga tri revista me renome. N\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb, zot\u00ebri Akerlof ishte asistent i profesorit n\u00eb Universitetin e Kalifornias, Berkley; ai kishte p\u00ebrfunduar studimet e doktoratur\u00ebs n\u00eb MIT, n\u00eb vitin 1966. Ndoshta p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb shkak, American Economic Review mendonte se gjetjet n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb studim jan\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme. Poashtu edhe The Review of Economic Studies u pajtua. The Journal of Political Economy kishte pothuajse mendim krejt t\u00eb ndrysh\u00ebm: nuk mund t\u2019i duronte gjetjet e k\u00ebtij studimi. Zoti Akerlof, tani nj\u00eb profesor nderi n\u00eb Berkley dhe i martuar me Janet Yellen, an\u00ebtar i bordit t\u00eb Bank\u00ebs Qendrore t\u00eb Amerik\u00ebs (Federal Reserve), kujton fjal\u00ebt e redaktorit: \u201cN\u00eb qoft\u00eb se kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb e sakt\u00eb, ekonomiksi do t\u00eb ndryshoj\u00eb\u201d.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb nj\u00eb form\u00eb, redaktor\u00ebt kishin t\u00eb drejt\u00eb. Ideja e zot\u00ebri Akerlof, e publikuar n\u00eb Quarterly Journal of Economics n\u00eb vitin 1970, ishte e thjesht\u00eb dhe revolucionare. Supozojm\u00eb se bler\u00ebsit n\u00eb tregun e veturave t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorura i vler\u00ebsojn\u00eb veturat e mira \u2013 \u201cpjeshkat\u201d \u2013 me \u00e7mim 1000 dollar\u00eb, dhe shit\u00ebsit i vler\u00ebsojn\u00eb pak m\u00eb pak. Nj\u00eb vetur\u00eb e p\u00ebrdorur, e cila nuk punon mir\u00eb \u2013 nj\u00eb \u201climon\u201d \u2013 vlen vet\u00ebm 500 dollar\u00eb tek bler\u00ebsit (dhe, prap\u00eb, pak m\u00eb pak tek shit\u00ebsit). N\u00eb qoft\u00eb se bler\u00ebsit mund t\u2019i dallojn\u00eb pjeshkat nga limon\u00ebt, tregtia tek t\u00eb dy pal\u00ebt do t\u00eb lul\u00ebzonte. N\u00eb realitet, bler\u00ebsit mund t\u00eb ken\u00eb probleme t\u00eb dallojn\u00eb se g\u00ebrvishjet mund t\u00eb rregullohen, problemet me makin\u00ebn e vetur\u00ebs mund t\u00eb mos zbulohen, si dhe rrug\u00ebmat\u00ebsi mund t\u00eb ndryshohet.<\/p>\n

Duke llogaritur rrezikun q\u00eb nj\u00eb vetur\u00eb mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb limon, bler\u00ebsit ulin ofert\u00ebn. Ata mund t\u00eb jen\u00eb n\u00eb gjendjet t\u00eb paguajn\u00eb, t\u00eb themi, 750 dollar\u00eb p\u00ebr nj\u00eb vetur\u00eb, t\u00eb cil\u00ebn ata shohin se mund t\u00eb jen\u00eb gjasat e barabarta q\u00eb ai t\u00eb jet\u00eb limon, apo pjeshk\u00eb. Por, shit\u00ebsit t\u00eb cil\u00ebt e din\u00eb sigurt se vetura \u00ebsht\u00eb pjeshk\u00eb, e refuzojn\u00eb nj\u00eb ofert\u00eb t\u00eb till\u00eb. Si rezultat, bler\u00ebsit ballafaqohen me \u201cp\u00ebrzgjedhje negative\u201d: t\u00eb vetmit shit\u00ebs t\u00eb cil\u00ebt jan\u00eb t\u00eb gatsh\u00ebm t\u00eb pranojn\u00eb ofert\u00ebn prej 750 dollar\u00ebve jan\u00eb ata t\u00eb cil\u00ebt e din\u00eb sigurt se jan\u00eb duke shitur nj\u00eb limon.<\/p>\n

Bler\u00ebsit e men\u00e7ur parashohin k\u00ebt\u00eb problem. Duke e ditur se ka shans t\u2019u shitet nj\u00eb limon, ata ofrojn\u00eb vet\u00ebm 500 dollar\u00eb. Shit\u00ebsit e limon\u00ebve p\u00ebrfundojn\u00eb me t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtin \u00e7mim, si\u00e7 do t\u00eb kishin b\u00ebr\u00eb, pati apo nuk pati dykuptim\u00ebsi. Por, pjeshk\u00ebt q\u00ebndrojn\u00eb n\u00eb garazh. Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb tragjedi: kemi bler\u00ebs t\u00eb cil\u00ebt do t\u00eb ishin t\u00eb lumtur t\u00eb paguanin \u00e7mimin e k\u00ebrkuar p\u00ebr nj\u00eb pjeshk\u00eb, n\u00eb qoft\u00eb se do t\u00eb siguroheshin p\u00ebr kualitetin e vetur\u00ebs. Ky \u201cinformacion asimetrik\u201d n\u00eb mes shit\u00ebsve dhe bler\u00ebsve vret tregun.<\/p>\n

A \u00ebsht\u00eb e v\u00ebrtet\u00eb se mund t\u00eb fitosh nj\u00eb \u00c7mim Nobel duke zbuluar se disa njer\u00ebz n\u00eb treg din\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb se t\u00eb tjer\u00ebt? Kjo ishte pyetja e nj\u00eb gazetari q\u00eb ia shtroi Michael Spence-it, i cili s\u00eb bashku me ekonomistin Akerlof dhe Joseph Stiglitz, ndan\u00eb \u00c7mimin Nobel n\u00eb vitin 2001 p\u00ebr pun\u00ebn e tyre n\u00eb asimetrin\u00eb e informacionit. Mosbesimi i gazetarit ishte i kuptuesh\u00ebm. Punimi p\u00ebr limon\u00ebt nuk kishte nj\u00eb p\u00ebrshkrim adekuat p\u00ebr tregun e veturave t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorura: jo \u00e7do vetur\u00eb e shitur \u00ebsht\u00eb e pavler\u00eb. Dhe siguruesit vet\u00ebm se kishin kuptuar q\u00eb konsumator\u00ebt e tyre mund t\u00eb jen\u00eb gjyqtar\u00ebt m\u00eb t\u00eb mir\u00eb t\u00eb asaj se me \u00e7far\u00eb rreziku ballafaqohen, dhe se ata m\u00eb t\u00eb interesuarit p\u00ebr t\u00eb bler\u00eb sigurime me gjas\u00eb ishin m\u00eb t\u00eb rrezikuarit.<\/p>\n

Kjo ide ende ishte e re tek ekonomist\u00ebt e mainstreamit [1], t\u00eb cil\u00ebt shpejt e kuptuan se shum\u00eb prej ideve t\u00eb tyre u b\u00ebn\u00eb t\u00eb pavlera. Kjo u p\u00ebrcoll me p\u00ebrparime t\u00eb m\u00ebtejshme, kur hulumtuesit kuptuan sesi problemi i asimetris\u00eb mund t\u00eb zgjidhet. Kontributi i Michael Spence ishte me studimin e vitit 1973 t\u00eb titulluar \u00a0\u201cSinjalizimi n\u00eb tregun e pun\u00ebs\u201d, i cili fokusohej n\u00eb tregun e pun\u00ebs. Pun\u00ebmarr\u00ebsit mund t\u00eb ken\u00eb probleme q\u00eb t\u00eb dallojn\u00eb se cil\u00ebt kandidat\u00eb jan\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb mir\u00ebt. Zoti Spence tregoi se top-pun\u00ebtor\u00ebt tregojn\u00eb talentin e tyre duke mbledhur \u2018gonge\u2019, n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb rast diploma universiteti. Por, kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb valide vet\u00ebm n\u00eb qoft\u00eb se sinjali \u00ebsht\u00eb kredibil: n\u00eb qoft\u00eb se pun\u00ebtor\u00ebt me produktivitet t\u00eb ul\u00ebt e kan\u00eb t\u00eb leht\u00eb t\u00eb marrin diplom\u00eb universiteti, at\u00ebher\u00eb ata mund t\u00eb maskohen si tipa t\u00eb men\u00e7ur.<\/p>\n

Kjo ide u shnd\u00ebrrua n\u00eb nj\u00eb \u201curt\u00ebsi popullore\u201d. Edukimi shpeshher\u00eb mendohet si ndihmes\u00eb p\u00ebr shoq\u00ebrin\u00eb duke prodhuar pun\u00ebtor\u00eb produktiv\u00eb. N\u00eb qoft\u00eb se \u00ebsht\u00eb vet\u00ebm sinjalizues i talentit, kthimi i investimit shkon te student\u00ebt t\u00eb cil\u00ebt marrin paga m\u00eb t\u00eb larta dhe ndoshta te universitetet, mir\u00ebpo jo te shoq\u00ebria n\u00eb t\u00ebr\u00ebsi. Nj\u00eb pasues i k\u00ebsaj ideje, Bryan Caplan nga George Mason University, \u00ebsht\u00eb duke shkruar nj\u00eb lib\u00ebr t\u00eb titulluar \u201cThe Case Against Education\u201d (Rasti kund\u00ebr edukimit). (Zoti Spence ndjen keqardhje q\u00eb t\u00eb tjer\u00ebt mor\u00ebn teorin\u00eb e tij si nj\u00eb p\u00ebrshkrim i sakt\u00eb i funksionimit t\u00eb bot\u00ebs.)<\/p>\n

Sinjalizimi ndihmon n\u00eb shpjegimin se \u00e7far\u00eb ndodhi kur Washington-i dhe vendet e tjera ndaluan firmat t\u00eb shikonin gjendjen kreditore t\u00eb aplikant\u00ebve t\u00eb tyre. Historia e kreditit \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb sinjal kredibil: \u00ebsht\u00eb e v\u00ebshtir\u00eb t\u00eb falsifikohet, dhe, me sa duket, njer\u00ebzit me gjendje kreditore m\u00eb t\u00eb mir\u00eb kan\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb gjasa q\u00eb t\u00eb jen\u00eb pun\u00ebtor\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb mir\u00eb sesa ata q\u00eb jan\u00eb t\u00eb pakujdessh\u00ebm ndaj borxheve t\u00eb tyre. Messrs Clifford dhe Shoang kan\u00eb gjetur se kur firmat nuk do t\u00eb ken\u00eb m\u00eb qasje n\u00eb gjendjen kreditore, ato i kushtojn\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsi sinjaleve t\u00eb tjera, si edukimit dhe eksperienc\u00ebs. Si shkak i k\u00ebsaj, p\u00ebr ata u b\u00eb m\u00eb e v\u00ebshtir\u00eb q\u00eb t\u2019i bindin pun\u00ebmarr\u00ebsit p\u00ebr vler\u00ebn e tyre.<\/p>\n

Sinjalizimi shpjegon t\u00eb gjitha llojet e sjelljeve. Firmat i paguajn\u00eb dividentat aksioner\u00ebve, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt duhet t\u00eb paguajn\u00eb taksat n\u00eb t\u00eb ardhura. Sigurisht se do t\u00eb ishte m\u00eb mir\u00eb n\u00eb qoft\u00eb se firmat do t\u2019i mbanin t\u00eb ardhurat e tyre, n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb rrisin \u00e7mimet e aksioneve, dhe k\u00ebshtu aksionar\u00ebt t\u00eb taksohen m\u00eb pak n\u00eb t\u00eb ardhura? Sinjalizimi zgjidh k\u00ebt\u00eb mister: pagesa e nj\u00eb dividende \u00ebsht\u00eb shenj\u00eb e forc\u00ebs, duke treguar se firmat nuk ndjenj\u00eb nevoj\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb grumbullojn\u00eb kesh. Me t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn logjik\u00eb, pse disa restorante pozicionohen n\u00eb zona me qira m\u00eb t\u00eb larta? Kjo sinjalizon konsumator\u00ebt potencial\u00eb q\u00eb ata t\u00eb besojn\u00eb se ushqimi i mir\u00eb do t\u00eb sjell\u00eb suksesin.<\/p>\n

Sinjalizimi nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00ebnyra e vetme q\u00eb t\u00eb tejkalohet problemi i limon\u00ebve. N\u00eb vitin 1976 zot\u00ebrinjt\u00eb Stiglitz dhe Michael Rothschild u treguan siguruesve sesi t\u2019i \u201cskanojn\u00eb\u201d konsumator\u00ebt e tyre. Esenca e skanimit \u00ebsht\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb ofrohen marr\u00ebveshje q\u00eb mund t\u00eb t\u00ebrheqin vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb lloj t\u00eb \u201cbastv\u00ebn\u00ebsve\u201d.<\/p>\n

Supozojm\u00eb se nj\u00eb sigurues i veturave p\u00ebrballet me dy lloje t\u00eb ndryshme t\u00eb konsumator\u00ebve, ata me rrezik t\u00eb lart\u00eb dhe me rrezik t\u00eb ult\u00eb. Ata nuk mund t\u2019i dallojn\u00eb k\u00ebto dy grupe; vet\u00ebm konsumatori e di se a \u00ebsht\u00eb vozit\u00ebs i rreziksh\u00ebm. Messers Rothchild dhe Stiglitz treguan se n\u00eb nj\u00eb treg konkurrues, siguruesit nuk mund t\u00eb japin ofert\u00ebn e nj\u00ebjt\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb dyja grupet. N\u00eb qoft\u00eb se e b\u00ebjn\u00eb, premiumet e vozit\u00ebsve t\u00eb parreziksh\u00ebm do t\u00eb subvenciononin pagesat e vozit\u00ebsve t\u00eb rreziksh\u00ebm. Nj\u00eb rival mund t\u00eb ofroj\u00eb nj\u00eb ofert\u00eb me premiume m\u00eb t\u00eb ul\u00ebta dhe me mbules\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb vog\u00ebl, e cila do t\u00eb t\u00ebrhiqte vet\u00ebm vozit\u00ebsit e parreziksh\u00ebm, sepse ata t\u00eb rrezikshmit do t\u00eb d\u00ebshironin q\u00eb t\u00eb ishin me sigurim t\u00eb plot\u00eb. Firma, e l\u00ebn\u00eb vet\u00ebm me klient\u00eb t\u00eb rreziksh\u00ebm do t\u00eb ishte n\u00eb humbje.<\/p>\n

Siguruesi i veturave duhet t\u00eb ofroj\u00eb dy oferta, duke u siguruar se secila i t\u00ebrheq vet\u00ebm konsumator\u00ebt p\u00ebr t\u00eb cil\u00ebt \u00ebsht\u00eb dizajnuar. Dredhia \u00ebsht\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb ofrohet nj\u00eb marr\u00ebveshje e kushtueshme p\u00ebr sigurim t\u00eb plot\u00eb, dhe nj\u00eb opsion me nj\u00eb shum\u00eb solide e cila paguhet nga konsumatori. Vozit\u00ebsit e pakujdessh\u00ebm nuk do t\u00eb ngarendin tek opsioni i dyt\u00eb, duke e ditur se ka shans t\u00eb mir\u00eb q\u00eb ata do t\u00eb paguajn\u00eb shum\u00ebn e caktuar kur k\u00ebrkojn\u00eb kompensimin p\u00ebr d\u00ebmin. Ata n\u00eb vend t\u00eb saj k\u00ebrkojn\u00eb sigurimin m\u00eb t\u00eb kushtuesh\u00ebm. Vozit\u00ebsit e kujdessh\u00ebm do t\u00eb tolerojn\u00eb pages\u00ebn solide nga ana e tyre.<\/p>\n

Kjo nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb zgjidhje e k\u00ebnaqshme e problemit. Vozit\u00ebsit e kujdessh\u00ebm ngecin me pagesa m\u00eb t\u00eb larta \u2013 nj\u00ebjt\u00eb sikur n\u00eb modelin e Spence-s rreth edukimit, pun\u00ebtor\u00ebt me produktivitet t\u00eb lart\u00eb duhet t\u00eb ken\u00eb edukim n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb tregojn\u00eb veten. Dhe, skanimi \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb metod\u00eb q\u00eb thuajse firmat e p\u00ebrdorin n\u00eb \u00e7do rast kur i ofrojn\u00eb konsumator\u00ebve menu t\u00eb opsioneve.<\/p>\n

Kompanit\u00eb e fluturimeve ajrore, p\u00ebr shembull, duan q\u00eb t\u00eb t\u00ebrheqin konsumator\u00eb t\u00eb pasur me an\u00eb t\u00eb \u00e7mimeve t\u00eb larta, pa i larguar ata t\u00eb varfrit. N\u00eb qoft\u00eb se ata do t\u00eb dinin holl\u00ebsisht \u2018xhepin\u2019 e konsumatorit, at\u00ebher\u00eb ata do t\u00eb ofronin vet\u00ebm bileta t\u00eb klasit t\u00eb par\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb pasurit, dhe bileta me vler\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb dob\u00ebt p\u00ebr t\u00eb tjer\u00ebt. Por, duke e ditur se duhet t\u2019i ofrojn\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00ebve opsionet e nj\u00ebjta, ata duhet t\u2019i provokojn\u00eb ata p\u00ebr t\u00eb shikuar se kush ka mund\u00ebsi t\u2019i paguaj\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb shtrenjtat. Kjo n\u00ebnkupton q\u00eb q\u00ebllimisht krijohen biletat e \u201ceconomy class\u201d, p\u00ebr t\u2019u siguruar q\u00eb ata q\u00eb e k\u00ebrkojn\u00eb ata jan\u00eb ata me kuleta m\u00eb t\u00eb holla.<\/p>\n

Hazardi dob\u00ebson t\u00eb mir\u00ebn<\/strong><\/p>\n

P\u00ebrzgjedhja negative ka nj\u00eb kush\u00ebri. Siguruesit e kan\u00eb m\u00ebsuar qysh moti se njer\u00ebzit t\u00eb cil\u00ebt blejn\u00eb sigurime kan\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb shanse t\u00eb pranojn\u00eb rreziqe. Nj\u00ebri q\u00eb ka sigurim sht\u00ebpie do ta kontrolloj\u00eb alarmin e tymit m\u00eb rrall\u00eb; sigurimi sh\u00ebndet\u00ebsor inkurajon t\u00eb ushqyerit e pash\u00ebndetsh\u00ebm dhe pirjen e alkoolit. Ekonomist\u00ebt p\u00ebr her\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb filluan ta kuptojn\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb \u201cmoral hazard\u201d, kur Kenneth Arrow shkroi p\u00ebr t\u00eb n\u00eb vitin 1963.<\/p>\n

Morali hazard ndodh kur stimujt ngat\u00ebrrohen. Ekonomiksi i vjet\u00ebr, citon Stiglitz, n\u00eb fjalimin e tij gjat\u00eb marrjes s\u00eb \u00c7mimit Nobel, nuk u ka dh\u00ebn\u00eb shum\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsi stimujve. N\u00eb nj\u00eb bot\u00eb komplet transparente, nuk duhet t\u00eb kesh synimin kryesor t\u00eb stimulosh dik\u00eb, sepse mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrdor\u00ebsh nj\u00eb kontrat\u00eb dhe t\u2019i specifikosh sjelljet e tij me sakt\u00ebsi. Kur nj\u00eb informacion \u00ebsht\u00eb asimetrik dhe nuk mund t\u00eb observosh se \u00e7far\u00eb jan\u00eb duke b\u00ebr\u00eb t\u00eb tjer\u00ebt (a po p\u00ebrdor shit\u00ebsi pjes\u00eb t\u00eb lira? A po e keqp\u00ebrdor vendin e pun\u00ebs pun\u00ebtori?), ti duhet t\u00eb shqet\u00ebsohesh p\u00ebr t\u2019u siguruar se k\u00ebrkesat jan\u00eb t\u00eb theksuara.<\/p>\n

Skenar\u00ebt e till\u00eb paraqesin probleme t\u00eb cilat njihen si problemet \u201cprincipal-agent\u201d. Si mundet nj\u00eb principal (menaxher) t\u00eb b\u00ebj\u00eb nj\u00eb agjent (t\u00eb themi pun\u00ebtor) t\u00eb sillet ashtu si\u00e7 do ai, kur nuk mund ta monitoroj\u00eb gjat\u00eb gjith\u00eb koh\u00ebs? M\u00ebnyra m\u00eb e leht\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb sigurohet se pun\u00ebtori punon shum\u00eb, \u00ebsht\u00eb q\u00eb t\u2019i jap\u00eb nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb, apo gjith\u00eb profitin. Floktar\u00ebt, p\u00ebr shembull, shpesh marrin me qira nj\u00eb karrige n\u00eb sallone, n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb t\u2019i marrin p\u00ebrfitimet p\u00ebr vete.<\/p>\n

Por, t\u00eb punuarit shum\u00eb jo gjithmon\u00eb garanton sukses: nj\u00eb analist i mir\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb firm\u00eb konsulente, p\u00ebr shembull, mund t\u00eb b\u00ebj\u00eb pun\u00eb t\u00eb shk\u00eblqyeshme n\u00eb prezantimin e nj\u00eb projekti tek investitor\u00ebt megjithat\u00eb ata shkojn\u00eb tek rivali. Nj\u00eb opsion tjet\u00ebr \u00ebsht\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb paguhen \u201cpaga t\u00eb eficienc\u00ebs\u201d. Stiglitz dhe Carl Shapiro, treguan se mund t\u00eb paguajn\u00eb rroga t\u00eb larta n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb t\u2019i b\u00ebjn\u00eb pun\u00ebtor\u00ebt ta vler\u00ebsojn\u00eb pun\u00ebn m\u00eb shum\u00eb. Kjo, mund t\u00eb ket\u00eb gjasa q\u00eb pun\u00ebtor\u00ebt t\u00eb mundohen q\u00eb t\u00eb mos i neglizhojn\u00eb p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebsit\u00eb e tyre sepse n\u00eb qoft\u00eb se zihen, do t\u00eb pushoheshin nga puna. Kjo njohuri ndihmon q\u00eb t\u00eb shpjegohet nj\u00eb enigm\u00eb fundamentale e ekonomiksit: kur pun\u00ebtor\u00ebt jan\u00eb t\u00eb papun\u00eb, por duan pun\u00eb, pse pagat nuk bien deri n\u00eb at\u00eb shkall\u00eb q\u00eb dikush t\u00eb doj\u00eb t\u2019i pun\u00ebsoj\u00eb ata? Nj\u00eb p\u00ebrgjigje e k\u00ebsaj enigme \u00ebsht\u00eb se pagat mbi ato t\u00eb tregut veprojn\u00eb si karrot\u00eb, dhe rrjedhimisht papun\u00ebsia, si shkop [2].<\/p>\n

Dhe kjo nxjerr n\u00eb pah nj\u00eb pik\u00eb edhe m\u00eb t\u00eb thell\u00eb. Para se zoti Akerlof dhe pionier\u00ebt e tjer\u00eb t\u00eb ekonomiksit t\u00eb informacionit t\u00eb dilnin n\u00eb pah, disiplina supozonte se n\u00eb nj\u00eb treg konkurrues, \u00e7mimet reflektojn\u00eb koston margjinale: mbingarko mbi kosto, dhe nj\u00eb konkurrent do t\u00eb shes\u00eb me \u00e7mime m\u00eb t\u00eb lira. Por, n\u00eb nj\u00eb bot\u00eb t\u00eb asimetris\u00eb s\u00eb informacionit, \u201csjellja e mir\u00eb udh\u00ebhiqet nga fitimi i nj\u00eb surplusi e cila nuk mund t\u00eb merret tjet\u00ebrkund\u201d, sipas Stiglitz. Paga duhet t\u00eb jet\u00eb m\u00eb e lart\u00eb p\u00ebr pun\u00ebtorin sesa n\u00eb nj\u00eb vend pune tjet\u00ebr, n\u00eb qoft\u00eb se duan t\u2019i ruhen ikjes s\u00eb pun\u00ebtorit; dhe firmat duhet ta ken\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebshtir\u00eb t\u00eb humbin konsumator\u00ebt kur produktet e tyre jan\u00eb prodhim i dob\u00ebt, n\u00eb qoft\u00eb se ata kan\u00eb filozofin\u00eb e kompanis\u00eb investimin n\u00eb kualitet. N\u00eb tregjet me informacione imperfekte, \u00e7mimi nuk mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb e barabart\u00eb me koston margjinale.<\/p>\n

Koncepti i asimetris\u00eb s\u00eb informacionit, pra, me t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb e ka ndryshuar disiplin\u00ebn. Afro 50 vite pasi punimi i limon\u00ebve \u00ebsht\u00eb refuzuar 3 her\u00eb, urt\u00ebsit\u00eb e saj mbesin t\u00eb nj\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsie kruciale p\u00ebr ekonomist\u00ebt, dhe p\u00ebr politikat ekonomike. Thjesht pyet nj\u00eb zezak t\u00eb ri nga Washington-i me histori krediti t\u00eb mir\u00eb, i cili d\u00ebshiron t\u00eb gjej\u00eb nj\u00eb pun\u00eb.<\/p>\n

___________<\/p>\n

[1]\u00a0Mainstream economics \u00ebsht\u00eb ekonomia q\u00eb shpjegohet n\u00eb universitetet m\u00eb t\u00eb mira t\u00eb nj\u00eb vendi t\u00eb caktuar, dhe ekonomist\u00ebt e mainstream jan\u00eb ata profesor\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebt japin m\u00ebsime t\u00eb ekonomis\u00eb n\u00eb universitete t\u00eb tilla.<\/p>\n

[2]\u00a0Karrota dhe shkopi (carrot and stick idiom) \u2013 i referohet politik\u00ebs s\u00eb ofrimit t\u00eb kombinimeve t\u00eb shp\u00ebrblimeve dhe d\u00ebnimeve q\u00eb t\u00eb dirigjojn\u00eb sjelljen.<\/p>\n

Artikulli origjinal<\/a><\/p>\n

Perktheu: Besnik Rexhepi<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n
\n

\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Punimi i George Akerlof n\u00eb vitin 1970, i titulluar \u00a0\u201cTregu p\u00ebr limon\u201d, \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb fundament i ekonomiksit t\u00eb informacionit. E para n\u00eb serit\u00eb tona t\u00eb bazave ekonomike. N\u00eb vitin 2007, shteti Washington-it futi ligjin q\u00eb synonte t\u00eb b\u00ebnte tregun e pun\u00ebs m\u00eb t\u00eb drejt\u00eb: firmave u ndalohej q\u00eb ta shikonin gjendjen kreditore t\u00eb kandidatit p\u00ebr […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":490,"featured_media":10442,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[1871,1870],"ppma_author":[1311],"class_list":["post-3995","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-agjentet","tag-sekretet"],"authors":[{"term_id":1311,"user_id":490,"is_guest":0,"slug":"the-economist","display_name":"The Economist","avatar_url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/291dfc1ba0656c52b0678303278a9c43f1d5025bd12da6c36aaec7dd5b5deea9?s=96&d=mm&r=g","user_url":"","last_name":"Economist","first_name":"The","description":""}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3995","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/490"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3995"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3995\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10443,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3995\/revisions\/10443"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/10442"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3995"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3995"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3995"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ppma_author?post=3995"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}