{"id":4003,"date":"2017-02-17T15:14:55","date_gmt":"2017-02-17T13:14:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/?p=4003"},"modified":"2025-01-10T15:17:14","modified_gmt":"2025-01-10T13:17:14","slug":"e-verteta-e-papershtatshme","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/kritike\/e-verteta-e-papershtatshme\/","title":{"rendered":"E v\u00ebrteta e pap\u00ebrshtatshme"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Shkrimi i tret\u00eb nga seria jon\u00eb shqyrton teorem\u00ebn Stopler-Samuelson.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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N\u00eb gusht t\u00eb vitit 1960 Woflgang Stopler, nj\u00eb ekonomist amerikan q\u00eb punonte p\u00ebr Ministrin\u00eb e zhvillimit t\u00eb Nigeris\u00eb, filloi nj\u00eb turne n\u00eb pjes\u00ebn e varf\u00ebr veriore t\u00eb vendit, nj\u00eb tok\u00eb e \u201cposht\u00ebr dhe e dinjitetshme\u201d, e drejtuar p\u00ebr nj\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb gjat\u00eb nga emir\u00ebt konservativ dhe \u201csh\u00ebrbyesit civil\u00eb britanez\u00eb t\u00eb dor\u00ebs s\u00eb dyt\u00eb, t\u00eb cil\u00ebve nuk u p\u00eblqente biznesi\u201d.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb vend t\u00eb that\u00eb komercial, nj\u00eb lule e \u00e7uditshme lul\u00ebzoi: fabrika e tekstilit Kaduna, e nd\u00ebrtuar nga firma britaneze, Lancanshire, disa vite m\u00eb par\u00eb, e cila pun\u00ebsonte 1400 pun\u00ebtor\u00eb dhe i paguante shum\u00eb pak \u00a34.80, (5.96\u20ac) me \u00e7mimet e dit\u00ebve t\u00eb sodit. Dhe, k\u00ebrkohej nj\u00eb tarif\u00eb prej 90% p\u00ebr t\u00eb qen\u00eb konkurrues.<\/p>\n

Pun\u00ebtor\u00ebt e kualifikuar ishin t\u00eb rrall\u00eb: fabrika kishte gjetur vet\u00ebm gjasht\u00eb njer\u00ebz q\u00eb ia vlente t\u2019i trajnonte (tre d\u00ebshtuan, nj\u00ebri ishte \u201cdisi-disi\u201d, nj\u00eb ishte \u201ci mbikualifikuar\u201d). Disa pun\u00ebtor\u00eb ecnin 16 kilometra p\u00ebr t\u00eb shkuar n\u00eb pun\u00eb, t\u00eb tjer\u00ebt bartnin shpresat e familjar\u00ebve t\u00eb cil\u00ebt ishin lyp\u00ebs n\u00eb rrug\u00eb. Disa e braktis\u00ebn pun\u00ebn, duke ia shtuar fabrik\u00ebs koston e gjetjes dhe trajnimit t\u00eb z\u00ebvend\u00ebsuesve. Ata q\u00eb q\u00ebndruan, shpesh ishin shum\u00eb t\u00eb lodhur, pa eksperienc\u00eb, apo t\u00eb keqarsimuar p\u00ebr t\u00eb mir\u00ebmbajtur makinat n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb rregullt. \u201cFuqia pun\u00ebtore afrikane paguhet m\u00eb s\u00eb keqi dhe \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb e shtrenjta n\u00eb bot\u00eb\u201d, ankohej Stopler.<\/p>\n

Ai konkludoi se Nigeria ende nuk ishte e gatshme p\u00ebr industri t\u00eb shkall\u00ebs s\u00eb lart\u00eb. \u201c\u00c7far\u00ebdo industrie e cila k\u00ebrkon taksa t\u00eb larta, e varf\u00ebronte vendin dhe nuk ia vlente barra qiran\u00eb\u201d, besonte ai. Ky nuk ishte nj\u00eb mendim i popullarizuar nd\u00ebr koleg\u00ebt t\u00eb tij \u201cplanifikues\u201d. Por, idet\u00eb e Stopler kishin nj\u00eb pesh\u00eb t\u00eb pazakont\u00eb. Ai kishte mpreht\u00ebsi n\u00eb t\u00eb folur dhe ishte n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb pinte si nj\u00eb peshk. Atij i p\u00eblqente \u201ct\u2019i b\u00ebnte duart pis\u201d n\u00eb pun\u00eb empirike. Dhe karta e tij e art\u00eb, e cila ia fitoi respektin nd\u00ebr shok\u00eb dhe e b\u00ebri nga superior\u00ebt, ishte \u201cTeorema Stopler-Samuelson\u201d, e cila i gdhendi emrin.<\/p>\n

Teorema kishte 20 vite q\u00eb ishte hartuar si punim, me bashkautor Paul Samuelson, nj\u00ebri prej mendimtar\u00ebve m\u00eb t\u00eb famsh\u00ebm n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb disiplin\u00eb. Vendosi drit\u00eb t\u00eb re n\u00eb nj\u00eb tem\u00eb t\u00eb vjet\u00ebr: lidhja n\u00eb mes tarifave dhe pagave. Fama dhe influenca ishin t\u00eb p\u00ebrhapura dhe t\u00eb vazhdueshme, duke i parapri Stopler-it n\u00eb Nigeri dhe duke vazhduar ende edhe pas vdekjes s\u00eb tij n\u00eb vitin 2002, n\u00eb mosh\u00ebn 89 vje\u00e7are. Edhe sot, teorema \u00ebsht\u00eb duke nxitur debate n\u00eb marr\u00ebveshje tregtare si Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) mes Amerik\u00ebs dhe 11 vendeve t\u00eb tjera t\u00eb Pacifik-ut.<\/p>\n

Punimi ishte i \u201cjasht\u00ebzakonsh\u00ebm\u201d, sipas Alan Deardorff i Universitetit t\u00eb Michigan, pjes\u00ebrisht, p\u00ebr shkak se mesa duket v\u00ebrtetonte di\u00e7ka evidente tek joekonomist\u00ebt: tregtia e lir\u00eb me vendet me paga t\u00eb ul\u00ebta mund t\u00eb d\u00ebmtojn\u00eb pun\u00ebtor\u00ebt n\u00eb vendet me paga t\u00eb larta. Kjo ankes\u00eb, tradicionalisht nuk ka \u00e7uar shum\u00eb pluhur tek ekonomist\u00ebt. Ata argumentuan se pun\u00ebtor\u00ebt e paguar pak nuk n\u00ebnkuptojn\u00eb q\u00eb jan\u00eb t\u00eb lir\u00eb, sepse pagat e ul\u00ebta shpesh reflektojn\u00eb produktivitetin e dob\u00ebt \u2013 si rasti i fabrik\u00ebs s\u00eb tekstilit t\u00eb Kadun\u00ebs. Teorema Stopler-Samuelson, megjithat\u00eb, gjeti nj\u00eb \u201ccop\u00ebz t\u00eb vog\u00ebl t\u00eb s\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00ebs s\u00eb mundshme\u201d n\u00eb debatin e mo\u00e7\u00ebm q\u00eb pun\u00ebtor\u00ebt n\u00eb vendet e pasura kan\u00eb nevoj\u00eb p\u00ebr mbrojtje nga \u201cforca pun\u00ebtore e dob\u00ebt\u201d.<\/p>\n

Ekonomist\u00ebt gjithmon\u00eb e kan\u00eb ditur se tarifat ndihmojn\u00eb industrin\u00eb vendore. Por, ata ishin t\u00eb nj\u00eb mendimi se tregtia e lir\u00eb ndihmon vendin n\u00eb t\u00ebr\u00ebsi. David Ricardo n\u00eb vitin 1817 na ka treguar se nj\u00eb vend mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrfitoj\u00eb nga tregtia e lir\u00eb edhe n\u00eb qoft\u00eb se i b\u00ebn t\u00eb gjitha m\u00eb mir\u00eb sesa fqinj\u00ebt e tij. Nj\u00eb vend, i cili \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb i mir\u00eb n\u00eb gjith\u00e7ka, mundet ende t\u00eb jet\u00eb edhe m\u00eb mir\u00eb sesa \u00ebsht\u00eb, n\u00eb gjith\u00e7ka. Vendi duhet t\u00eb koncentrohet n\u00eb importimin e asaj q\u00eb fqinj\u00ebt e b\u00ebjn\u00eb pak m\u00eb keq, na tregoi Ricardo.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb qoft\u00eb se p\u00ebrshkrimi gramatikor m\u00eb lart nuk arriti ta shpjegoj\u00eb teorin\u00eb e Ricardo-s, nj\u00eb analogji e vjet\u00ebr do ta arrij\u00eb. Supozojm\u00eb se avokati m\u00eb i mir\u00eb i vendit \u00ebsht\u00eb gjithashtu edhe daktilografisti m\u00eb i mir\u00eb. Ai p\u00ebr dhjet\u00eb minuta mund ta shtyp\u00eb nj\u00eb dokument q\u00eb sekretares s\u00eb tij i duhen 20 minuta. Q\u00eb n\u00ebnkupton se ai shtyp dokumentin m\u00eb shpejt. Por, koh\u00ebn t\u00eb cil\u00ebn ai shpenzon n\u00eb shtypje mund ta kishte shfryt\u00ebzuar duke b\u00ebr\u00eb avokatin. Dhe do t\u00eb mund t\u00eb b\u00ebnte pun\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdha, m\u00eb me vler\u00eb, sesa sekretarja e tij, n\u00eb dyfishin e koh\u00ebs. Q\u00eb n\u00ebnkupton, shtypja i kushton atij m\u00eb shum\u00eb. K\u00ebshtu, skenari m\u00eb p\u00ebrfitues \u00ebsht\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb \u201cimportohet\u201d shtypja, dhe t\u00eb specializohet n\u00eb avokatur\u00eb.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb modelin e Ricardo-s, industria e nj\u00ebjt\u00eb mund t\u00eb k\u00ebrkoj\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb fuqi pun\u00ebtore n\u00eb nj\u00eb vend sesa n\u00eb tjetrin. Diferencat e tilla n\u00eb fuqin\u00eb pun\u00ebtore jan\u00eb nj\u00eb motivim p\u00ebr tregti. Nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr jan\u00eb diferencat n\u00eb furnizimin me fuqi pun\u00ebtore. N\u00eb disa vende, si Amerika, fuqia pun\u00ebtore \u00ebsht\u00eb e rrall\u00eb n\u00eb krahasim me tok\u00ebn, kapitalin, apo edukimin q\u00eb vendi ka akumuluar. N\u00eb disa vende tjera \u00ebsht\u00eb e kund\u00ebrta. Vendet dallojn\u00eb n\u00eb p\u00ebrzierjen e fuqis\u00eb pun\u00ebtore, tok\u00ebs, kapitalit, aft\u00ebsis\u00eb dhe faktor\u00ebve t\u00eb tjer\u00eb t\u00eb prodhimit. N\u00eb vitet 1920 dhe 1930, Eli Heckscher dhe studenti i tij, Bertil Ohlin, t\u00eb par\u00ebt krijuan nj\u00eb model t\u00eb tregtis\u00eb t\u00eb shtyr\u00eb nga k\u00ebto diferenca.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb modelin e tyre, tregtia lejonte vendet si Amerika t\u00eb ekonomizonte me fuqin\u00eb pun\u00ebtore, duke u koncentruar n\u00eb aktivitetet kapital-intensive n\u00eb t\u00eb cilat p\u00ebrdorej fuqia pun\u00ebtore m\u00eb pak. Industrit\u00eb t\u00eb cilat k\u00ebrkonin t\u00eb punohej shum\u00eb mund t\u2019i liheshin t\u00eb huajve. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb, tregtia leht\u00ebsonte problemin e rrall\u00ebsis\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Kjo ishte e mir\u00eb p\u00ebr vendin, por, sa ishte e mir\u00eb p\u00ebr pun\u00ebtor\u00ebt? Rrall\u00ebsia \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb burim i vler\u00ebs. N\u00eb qoft\u00eb se tregtia zbuste vler\u00ebn e rrall\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb pun\u00ebtor\u00ebve, ajo gjithashtu do t\u00eb g\u00ebrryente fuqin\u00eb e tyre t\u00eb pazarll\u00ebkut. Kishte shanse goxha t\u00eb mir\u00eb q\u00eb tregtia e lir\u00eb mund t\u00eb ulte pjes\u00ebn e t\u00eb ardhurave nacionale t\u00eb pun\u00ebtor\u00ebve. Por, q\u00ebkur tregtia do t\u2019i zgjeronte k\u00ebto t\u00eb ardhura, ajo ende do t\u2019i pasuronte pun\u00ebtor\u00ebt, sipas ekonomist\u00ebve. P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, edhe n\u00ebse konkurrenca e huaj ulte pagat \u201cnominale\u201d, gjithashtu do t\u00eb ulte edhe \u00e7mimin e gj\u00ebrave t\u00eb importuara. Var\u00ebsisht nga m\u00ebnyra e konsumit, fuqia bler\u00ebse e pun\u00ebtor\u00ebve mund t\u00eb rritet, edhe n\u00ebse pagat e tyre bien.<\/p>\n

Hipoteza e pun\u00ebs<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kishte fusha tjera p\u00ebr optimiz\u00ebm. Fuqia pun\u00ebtore, p\u00ebrkund\u00ebr naft\u00ebs, tok\u00ebs s\u00eb lavrueshme dhe shum\u00eb burimeve tjera produktive, \u00ebsht\u00eb e k\u00ebrkuar n\u00eb \u00e7do industri. K\u00ebshtu, pa marr\u00eb parasysh sesi zhvillohet p\u00ebrzierja e industris\u00eb s\u00eb nj\u00eb vendi, fuqia pun\u00ebtore gjithmon\u00eb do t\u00eb jet\u00eb n\u00eb nevoj\u00eb. Me kalimin e koh\u00ebs, fuqia pun\u00ebtore \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb e zhd\u00ebrvjell\u00ebt dhe e adaptueshme. N\u00eb qoft\u00eb se tregtia i mund\u00ebson nj\u00eb industrie t\u00eb zgjerohet dhe e obligon tjetr\u00ebn t\u00eb tkurret, pun\u00ebtor\u00ebt e rinj thjesht do t\u00eb migrojn\u00eb drejt industrive t\u00eb \u201cndri\u00e7uara nga dielli\u201d dhe do t\u2019ua kthejn\u00eb shpin\u00ebn sektor\u00ebve n\u00eb \u201cmuzg\u201d. \u201cN\u00eb afatgjat\u00eb klasa pun\u00ebtore si t\u00ebr\u00ebsi nuk ka pse t\u00eb frik\u00ebsohet nga tregtia internacionale\u201d, konkludonte Gottfried Haberler, ekonomist austriak, n\u00eb vitin 1936.<\/p>\n

Stopler nuk ishte i sigurt . Ai ndihej se modeli i Ohlin kund\u00ebrshtohej me Haberler. Stopler ndau dyshimet e tij me Samuelson-in, kolegun e tij t\u00eb ri n\u00eb mosh\u00eb nga Harvard.<\/p>\n

Dyshja, Stopler-Samuelson, s\u00eb pari e filluan me nj\u00eb shembull t\u00eb thjesht\u00eb: nj\u00eb ekonomi e thjesht\u00eb e bekuar me kapital (apo tok\u00eb) t\u00eb bollshme, por, me fuqi pun\u00ebtore t\u00eb rrall\u00eb, prodhon or\u00eb dhe grur\u00eb. Ekonomist\u00ebt e m\u00ebvonsh\u00ebm e kan\u00eb qart\u00ebsuar q\u00ebllimin e k\u00ebtij modeli. N\u00eb nj\u00ebrin tregim, prodhimi i or\u00ebve (e cila k\u00ebrkon shum\u00eb fuqi pun\u00ebtore) p\u00ebrfiton nga nj\u00eb tarif\u00eb prej 10 %. Kur tarifa t\u00eb shfuqizohet, \u00e7mimet e or\u00ebve bien me shum\u00ebn e nj\u00ebjt\u00eb. Industria, e cila m\u00eb nuk mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb n\u00eb barazi, fillon t\u00eb pushoj\u00eb pun\u00ebtor\u00eb dhe t\u00eb l\u00eb tok\u00ebn. Kur gj\u00ebrat t\u00eb qet\u00ebsohen, \u00e7far\u00eb ndodh me pagat dhe qiran\u00eb e tok\u00ebs? Dikush mund t\u00eb supozoj\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb dyja bien me 10 %, duke i kthyer prodhuesit e or\u00ebve drejt profitit. Nd\u00ebrsa, nj\u00eb i men\u00e7ur mund t\u00eb supozoj\u00eb se qiraja do t\u00eb bjer\u00eb m\u00eb pak sesa pagat, p\u00ebr shkak se tkurrja n\u00eb prodhimin e or\u00ebve shkakton m\u00eb shum\u00eb pushime nga puna t\u00eb pun\u00ebtor\u00ebve sesa q\u00eb do t\u00eb lihet tok\u00eb.<\/p>\n

T\u00eb dy mund ta ken\u00eb gabim, p\u00ebr shkak se t\u00eb dyt\u00eb injorojn\u00eb at\u00eb se \u00e7far\u00eb po ndodh n\u00eb pjes\u00ebn tjet\u00ebr t\u00eb ekonomis\u00eb. N\u00eb ve\u00e7anti, \u00e7mimet e grurit nuk kan\u00eb r\u00ebn\u00eb. K\u00ebshtu, n\u00ebse t\u00eb dyja, pagat dhe qiraja bien, prodhuesit e grurit do t\u00eb rrisin profitin dhe do t\u00eb zgjerohen. P\u00ebr shkak se ata k\u00ebrkojn\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb tok\u00eb sesa pun\u00ebtor\u00eb, ekspansioni e tyre mund t\u2019i b\u00ebj\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb presion rritjes s\u00eb qiras\u00eb sesa pagave. N\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb, tkurrja e or\u00ebprodhuesve b\u00ebn m\u00eb shum\u00eb presion n\u00eb uljen e pagave sesa qiras\u00eb. N\u00eb \u201cshtyrje dhe ngrehje\u201d n\u00eb mes dy industrive, pagat bien n\u00eb disproporcion \u00a0– m\u00eb shum\u00eb se 10% – p\u00ebrderisa qirat\u00eb, n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb paradoksale, rriten pak.<\/p>\n

Ky kombinim i rritjes s\u00eb vog\u00ebl t\u00eb \u00e7mimeve t\u00eb tok\u00ebs dhe fuqis\u00eb pun\u00ebtore m\u00eb t\u00eb lir\u00eb kthen \u201cmodus vivendin\u201d mes dy industrive. P\u00ebr shkak se fermer\u00ebt kan\u00eb nevoj\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb p\u00ebr tok\u00eb sesa p\u00ebr fuqi pun\u00ebtore, rritja e vog\u00ebl e qiras\u00eb frenon m\u00eb shum\u00eb sesa q\u00eb pagat e ul\u00ebta i t\u00ebrheqin ata. Kombinimi po ashtu rikthen profitin tek prodhuesit e or\u00ebve, p\u00ebr shkak se fuqia pun\u00ebtore m\u00eb e lir\u00eb u ndihmon atyre m\u00eb shum\u00eb sesa \u00e7\u2019i d\u00ebmton qiraja e shtrenjt\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Rezultati i k\u00ebsaj \u00ebsht\u00eb se pagat kan\u00eb r\u00ebn\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb sesa \u00e7mimet e or\u00ebve, dhe qiraja n\u00eb fakt \u00ebsht\u00eb rritur. \u00cbsht\u00eb e qart\u00eb q\u00eb pun\u00ebtor\u00ebt jan\u00eb prekur m\u00eb keq.<\/p>\n

Stopler, Samuelson dhe pasuesit e tyre e avancuan teorem\u00ebn n\u00eb raste m\u00eb t\u00eb komplikuara, megjith\u00ebse me disa \u00e7alime. Nj\u00eb variacion i popullarizuar \u00ebsht\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb ndahet fuqia pun\u00ebtore n\u00eb dysh \u2013 t\u00eb kualifikuarit dhe t\u00eb pakualifikuarit. Kjo ndarje ndihmon q\u00eb t\u00eb vendoset drit\u00eb n\u00eb rastin e Stopler-it n\u00eb Nigeri, ku pun\u00ebtor\u00ebt e edukuar ishin shum\u00eb t\u00eb rrall\u00eb. Me tarif\u00eb prej 90 %, fabrika e tekstilit Kaduna mund ta p\u00ebrballoj\u00eb trajnimin e kryepun\u00ebtor\u00ebve lokal\u00eb dhe t\u00eb pun\u00ebsoj\u00eb teknik\u00eb. Pa tarif\u00eb, Nigeria, n\u00eb vend t\u00eb k\u00ebsaj mund t\u00eb importonte tekstil nga Lancanshire. Tregtia e lir\u00eb k\u00ebshtu mund t\u00eb d\u00ebmtonte faktorin e \u201crrall\u00ebsis\u00eb\u201d.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb vendet e pasura, pun\u00ebtor\u00ebt e kualifikuar jan\u00eb t\u00eb bollsh\u00ebm, sipas standardeve internacionale dhe pun\u00ebtor\u00ebt e pakualifikuar jan\u00eb t\u00eb rrall\u00eb. Me avancimin e globalizimit, pun\u00ebtor\u00ebt e edukuar kan\u00eb shijuar rritje m\u00eb t\u00eb shpejt\u00eb t\u00eb pag\u00ebs sesa t\u00eb paedukuarit, shum\u00eb prej t\u00eb cil\u00ebve kan\u00eb vuajtur stagnim t\u00eb t\u00eb ardhurave reale. N\u00eb v\u00ebshtrimin e par\u00eb, kjo struktur\u00eb e pag\u00ebs \u00ebsht\u00eb konsistente me teorem\u00ebn Stopler-Samuelson. Globalizimi mund t\u00eb d\u00ebmtoj\u00eb \u201cfaktorin\u201d e rrall\u00ebsis\u00eb (n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb rast pun\u00ebtor\u00ebt e pakualifikuar) dhe t\u00eb ndihmoj\u00eb t\u00eb bollshmit.<\/p>\n

Por, n\u00eb qoft\u00eb se shikohet m\u00eb thell\u00eb, enigma ende q\u00ebndron. Teorema \u00ebsht\u00eb t\u00eb shpjegoj\u00eb pse pun\u00ebtor\u00ebt e kualifikuar kan\u00eb p\u00ebrparuar edhe n\u00eb vendet e zhvilluara, ku nuk jan\u00eb t\u00eb bollsh\u00ebm. Supozimi i saj se \u00e7do vend b\u00ebn gjith\u00e7ka \u2013 or\u00eb dhe grur\u00eb \u2013 mund t\u00eb zmadhoj\u00eb rreziqet e tregtis\u00eb. N\u00eb realitet, vendet do t\u00eb importojn\u00eb disa gj\u00ebra t\u00eb cilat m\u00eb nuk i prodhojn\u00eb dhe gj\u00ebra q\u00eb kurr\u00eb nuk i kan\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb. Importet nuk mund t\u00eb d\u00ebmtojn\u00eb industrin\u00eb lokale e cila nuk ka ekzistuar kurr\u00eb (apo t\u00eb d\u00ebmtoj\u00eb nj\u00eb industri q\u00eb vet\u00ebm se ka vdekur).<\/p>\n

Disa premisa t\u00eb tjera t\u00eb teorem\u00ebs gjithashtu jan\u00eb n\u00eb pik\u00ebpyetje. Supozimi i saj se pun\u00ebtor\u00ebt do t\u00eb kalojn\u00eb nga nj\u00eb industri n\u00eb tjetr\u00ebn mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb problemi kryesor i v\u00ebshtir\u00ebsive t\u00eb tyre. Importet kineze nuk i kan\u00eb shtyr\u00eb pun\u00ebtor\u00ebt amerikan n\u00eb industrin\u00eb e prodhimit drejt industrive me intensitet m\u00eb t\u00eb madh t\u00eb fuqis\u00eb pun\u00ebtore; ata i \u00a0kan\u00eb d\u00ebbuar nga fuqia pun\u00ebtore krejt\u00ebsisht, sipas David Autor dhe bashkautor\u00ebve nga Massachusetts Institute of Technology. \u201cShoku kinez\u201d, cil\u00ebsuan ata, ishte i koncentruar n\u00eb disa lokalitete prodhuese nga t\u00eb cilat pun\u00ebtor\u00ebt pat\u00ebn t\u00eb v\u00ebshtir\u00eb t\u00eb ikin. Duke iu fal\u00ebnderuar globalizimit, t\u00eb mirat tani mund t\u00eb l\u00ebvizin lirsh\u00ebm n\u00ebp\u00ebr kufij. Por, pun\u00ebtor\u00ebt e kan\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebshtir\u00eb edhe brenda kufijve t\u00eb l\u00ebvizin.<\/p>\n

Grain men<\/strong><\/p>\n

Entuziazmi p\u00ebr teorem\u00ebn Stopler-Samuelson nuk ishte e menj\u00ebhershme apo universale. Punimi origjinal ishte refuzuar nga American Economic Review, redaktor\u00ebt e t\u00eb cil\u00ebs e p\u00ebrshkruan at\u00eb si \u201cnj\u00eb studim shum\u00eb i ngusht\u00eb i teoris\u00eb formale\u201d. Edhe Samuelson-i n\u00eb librat e tij e trajtoi teorem\u00ebn me shum\u00eb kujdes. Pasi e kuptoi se tregtia e lir\u00eb mund t\u00eb l\u00eb pun\u00ebtor\u00ebt amerikan\u00eb m\u00eb keq, ai e shtoi nj\u00eb paralajm\u00ebrim: \u201cEdhe pse duke pranuar k\u00ebt\u00eb teorikisht si mund\u00ebsi t\u00eb vog\u00ebl, shum\u00eb prej ekonomist\u00ebve ende jan\u00eb t\u00eb prirur t\u00eb mendojn\u00eb se e v\u00ebrteta e vog\u00ebl e saj mund t\u00eb mbizot\u00ebrohet nga konsiderata t\u00eb tjera realiste\u201d, shkroi ai.<\/p>\n

\u00c7far\u00eb mendonte Stopler? Nj\u00eb veteran i praktik\u00ebs dhe parimeve ekonomike, nuk ishte rob i formalizmave apo i verb\u00ebr drejt konsideratave realiste. N\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb, n\u00eb Nigeri, Stopler zbuloi se ai mund t\u00eb \u201csuspendoj\u00eb nj\u00eb teori\u201d m\u00eb leht\u00eb sesa disa nga koleg\u00ebt e tij me mend\u00ebsi politike (ndoshta p\u00ebr shkak se teoria ishte zbuluar nga ata, por e shkruar nga ai).<\/p>\n

Megjithat\u00eb ai ishte i sigurt se punimi i tij ia vlente t\u00ebr\u00eb at\u00eb zhurm\u00eb. Ai tha se do ta jepte syrin e tij t\u00eb majt\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb prodhuar nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr teori t\u00eb till\u00eb. N\u00eb 50 vjetorin e punimit, ai m\u00eb nuk shihte me at\u00eb sy. Q\u00eb nga ajo teorem\u00eb,\u00a0m\u00eb nuk kishte shkruar ndonj\u00eb punim po aq t\u00eb mir\u00eb, ashtu sikur shumica.<\/p>\n

_________________<\/p>\n

P\u00ebrktheu: Besnik Rexhepi<\/p>\n

Artikulli origjinal<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Shkrimi i tret\u00eb nga seria jon\u00eb shqyrton teorem\u00ebn Stopler-Samuelson. N\u00eb gusht t\u00eb vitit 1960 Woflgang Stopler, nj\u00eb ekonomist amerikan q\u00eb punonte p\u00ebr Ministrin\u00eb e zhvillimit t\u00eb Nigeris\u00eb, filloi nj\u00eb turne n\u00eb pjes\u00ebn e varf\u00ebr veriore t\u00eb vendit, nj\u00eb tok\u00eb e \u201cposht\u00ebr dhe e dinjitetshme\u201d, e drejtuar p\u00ebr nj\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb gjat\u00eb nga emir\u00ebt konservativ dhe […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":490,"featured_media":11916,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[14],"tags":[1798,1322],"ppma_author":[1311],"class_list":["post-4003","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-kritike","tag-e-verteta","tag-kritike"],"authors":[{"term_id":1311,"user_id":490,"is_guest":0,"slug":"the-economist","display_name":"The Economist","avatar_url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/291dfc1ba0656c52b0678303278a9c43f1d5025bd12da6c36aaec7dd5b5deea9?s=96&d=mm&r=g","user_url":"","last_name":"Economist","first_name":"The","description":""}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4003","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/490"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4003"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4003\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11917,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4003\/revisions\/11917"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/11916"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4003"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4003"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4003"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ppma_author?post=4003"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}