{"id":4753,"date":"2021-03-17T15:59:16","date_gmt":"2021-03-17T13:59:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/?p=4753"},"modified":"2024-10-31T16:04:32","modified_gmt":"2024-10-31T14:04:32","slug":"dilema-e-rritjes-te-pages-minimale","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/analize\/dilema-e-rritjes-te-pages-minimale\/","title":{"rendered":"Dilema e rritjes t\u00eb pag\u00ebs minimale"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Sindikatat e pun\u00ebs dhe aktivist\u00ebt e t\u00eb drejtave t\u00eb pun\u00ebtor\u00ebve historikisht e kan\u00eb p\u00ebrkrahur iden\u00eb e aplikimit t\u00eb pag\u00ebs minimale. Disa vende ishin m\u00eb t\u00eb hershme n\u00eb zbatimin e k\u00ebsaj politike. N\u00eb vitin 1894, Zelanda e Re u b\u00eb shteti i par\u00eb i cili miratoi ligje n\u00eb lidhje me pages\u00ebn minimale. N\u00eb an\u00ebn tjet\u00ebr, Gjermania n\u00eb vitin 2015 vendosi p\u00ebr her\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb pag\u00ebn minimale prej 8.5 Euro. Edhe pse t\u00eb miratuara n\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb ndryshme, sot 92% e vendeve<\/a>\u00a0t\u00eb bot\u00ebs aplikojn\u00eb pag\u00eb minimale. Kosova, ndon\u00ebse m\u00eb\u00a0t\u00eb ul\u00ebt\u00ebn n\u00eb rajon, aplikon pag\u00eb minimale prej 170 Euro p\u00ebr t\u00eb pun\u00ebsuarit mbi 35 vje\u00e7, dhe 130 Euro p\u00ebr ata n\u00ebn k\u00ebt\u00eb mosh\u00eb. Pothuajse t\u00eb gjitha partit\u00eb politike, t\u00eb majt\u00eb e t\u00eb djatht\u00eb, kan\u00eb premtuar rritje t\u00eb pag\u00ebs minimale gjat\u00eb fushat\u00ebs t\u00eb fundit zgjedhore. Por, cilat jan\u00eb implikimet ekonomike dhe buxhetore t\u00eb k\u00ebsaj rritjeje?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Debati n\u00eb mes t\u00eb politikb\u00ebr\u00ebsve dhe ekonomist\u00ebve orientohet kryesisht n\u00eb nivelin e pag\u00ebs minimale, m\u00eb shum\u00eb se n\u00eb ekzistenc\u00ebn e saj. Teorit\u00eb tradicionale e shpjegojn\u00eb rritjen e pag\u00ebs minimale me modelin bazik t\u00eb ofert\u00ebs dhe k\u00ebrkes\u00ebs. Kur rriten \u00e7mimet p\u00ebr nj\u00eb produkt, k\u00ebrkesa p\u00ebr t\u00eb bie. N\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn logjik\u00eb, kur rritet paga minimale, \u00e7mimi i pun\u00ebs b\u00ebhet m\u00eb i shtrenjt\u00eb dhe rrjedhimisht k\u00ebrkesa e firm\u00ebs p\u00ebr pun\u00ebtor\u00eb zvog\u00eblohet. Ndryshe nga teoria, k\u00ebrkimet empirike n\u00eb shum\u00eb raste kan\u00eb provuar t\u00eb kund\u00ebrt\u00ebn. David Card nga Universiteti i Kalifornis\u00eb dhe Alan Kruger nga Universiteti Princeton, n\u00eb vitet e 90-ta, kan\u00eb publikuar\u00a0studimin empirik pionier<\/a>\u00a0n\u00eb lidhje me rritjen e pag\u00ebs minimale.<\/p>\n

Profesor\u00ebt e shquar analizojn\u00eb efektin e rritjes t\u00eb pag\u00ebs minimale n\u00eb New Jersey dhe Pensilvani, duke u fokusuar n\u00eb personat q\u00eb punojn\u00eb n\u00eb rrjetin e ushqimeve t\u00eb shpejta. Konkluzionet e tyre ishin se, rritja e pag\u00ebs minimale nuk e d\u00ebmton pun\u00ebsimin; n\u00eb disa raste, pun\u00ebsimi \u00ebsht\u00eb rritur pas aplikimit t\u00eb k\u00ebsaj politike. Kuptohet, gjetjet e nj\u00eb studimi p\u00ebr nj\u00eb vend dhe sektor specifik, nuk mund t\u00eb aplikohen n\u00eb nj\u00eb vend dhe sektor krejt\u00ebsisht t\u00eb ndrysh\u00ebm. Por, besimet tradicionale t\u00eb ekonomist\u00ebve, n\u00eb shum\u00eb raste, mund t\u00eb mos jen\u00eb t\u00eb q\u00ebndrueshme.\u00a0Nj\u00eb studim i ri<\/a>\u00a0tregon q\u00eb rritja e pag\u00ebs minimale ka ndikuar q\u00eb pun\u00ebtor\u00ebt t\u00eb punojn\u00eb m\u00eb pak or\u00eb n\u00eb dit\u00eb dhe t\u00eb paguhen m\u00eb mir\u00eb. Ve\u00e7 k\u00ebsaj, autor\u00ebt gjejn\u00eb se rritja e pag\u00ebs minimale nuk ka pasur efekt negativ n\u00eb nivelin e pun\u00ebsimit.<\/p>\n

Pagesa minimale n\u00eb Kosov\u00eb nuk ka ndryshuar p\u00ebr nj\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb gjat\u00eb, ani pse niveli i \u00e7mimeve \u00ebsht\u00eb rritur vazhdimisht. Ky nivel i pag\u00ebs minimale n\u00eb Kosov\u00eb i prodhon tri efekte kryesore. E para, nj\u00eb num\u00ebr i madh i kompanive i deklarojn\u00eb pun\u00ebtor\u00ebt n\u00eb Administrat\u00ebn Tatimore me pag\u00eb minimale, edhe pse u paguajn\u00eb kompensim m\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb. Pra, pjes\u00ebn mbi 170 Euro pun\u00ebtor\u00ebve ua japin kesh. Si rezultat, d\u00ebmtohet i pun\u00ebsuari, sepse kontributet pensionale i paguhen n\u00eb minimumin e mundsh\u00ebm; dhe d\u00ebmtohet buxheti i shtetit, pasi nuk paguhet plot\u00ebsisht tatimi n\u00eb t\u00eb ardhura. Rritja e pag\u00ebs minimale v\u00ebshtir\u00eb se do ta d\u00ebmtonte k\u00ebt\u00eb kategori t\u00eb t\u00eb pun\u00ebsuarve. Kjo pasi rent\u00ebn e mos deklarimit q\u00eb aktualisht e merr firma, do ta ndanin pun\u00ebtor\u00ebt dhe buxheti i shtetit.<\/p>\n

E dyta, niveli i pag\u00ebs minimale i dekurajon pun\u00ebtor\u00ebt e ri. Sipas\u00a0Agjencis\u00eb t\u00eb Statistikave<\/a>, shkalla e papun\u00ebsis\u00eb tek t\u00eb rinjt\u00eb n\u00eb vitin 2020 ishte rreth 46%. Shum\u00eb prej tyre e kan\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrfunduar edhe shkollimin e lart\u00eb. Kemi raste kur d\u00ebgjojm\u00eb se firmat nuk po munden t\u00eb gjejn\u00eb pun\u00ebtor\u00eb, sidomos ato prodhuese. T\u00eb rinjt\u00eb e diplomuar, shpesh her\u00eb, preferojn\u00eb t\u00eb q\u00ebndrojn\u00eb t\u00eb pa pun\u00eb, sesa t\u00eb b\u00ebjn\u00eb pun\u00eb jasht\u00eb profesionit dhe me kompensim minimal. E th\u00ebn\u00eb ndryshe, niveli i ul\u00ebt i pag\u00ebs, n\u00eb mes tjerash, \u00ebsht\u00eb duke prodhuar stimuj negativ tek t\u00eb rinjt\u00eb.<\/p>\n

E treta, Kosova \u00ebsht\u00eb nd\u00ebr vendet me p\u00ebrqindjen m\u00eb t\u00eb madhe t\u00eb individ\u00ebve jo aktiv \u2013 personat q\u00eb nuk regjistrohen si t\u00eb papun\u00eb. Rritja e pages\u00ebs minimale do ta stimulonte k\u00ebt\u00eb kategori t\u00eb njer\u00ebzve. Ekonomisti i famsh\u00ebm Daron Acemoglu, gjat\u00eb pun\u00ebs k\u00ebrkimore p\u00ebr pag\u00ebn minimale ka gjetur se rritja e kompensimit minimal e stimulon krijimin e vendeve t\u00eb mira t\u00eb pun\u00ebs, me paga m\u00eb t\u00eb larta, pastaj e rrit\u00eb sigurin\u00eb e t\u00eb pun\u00ebsuarve dhe ofron mund\u00ebsi p\u00ebr avancime n\u00eb karrier\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Nj\u00eb dilem\u00eb tjet\u00ebr q\u00eb diskutohet nga ekonomist\u00ebt e tregut t\u00eb pun\u00ebs \u00ebsht\u00eb ndikimi negativ i pag\u00ebs minimale n\u00eb produktivitetin e pun\u00ebtor\u00ebve. Kur ekziston ligji q\u00eb garanton kompensim t\u00eb caktuar, pun\u00ebtor\u00ebt mund t\u00eb mos ken\u00eb stimuj t\u00eb mjaftuesh\u00ebm p\u00ebr t\u00eb punuar maksimalisht. Por, si\u00e7 tregojn\u00eb edhe ekonomist\u00ebt Steve Pischke nga London School of Economics dhe Daron Acemoglu, kjo dilem\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb ekzagjeruar. N\u00eb nj\u00eb\u00a0study<\/a>\u00a0t\u00eb tyre, autor\u00ebt gjejn\u00eb se kur pun\u00ebdh\u00ebn\u00ebsit jan\u00eb duke fituar rent\u00eb (m\u00eb shum\u00eb sesa fitohet n\u00eb kushtet normale t\u00eb konkurrenc\u00ebs), nj\u00eb rritje n\u00eb pages\u00ebn minimale mund t\u00eb akomodohet, pa pasur nevoj\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb pushojn\u00eb pun\u00ebtor\u00eb nga puna. Kur shpenzimet e pagave rriten, pun\u00ebdh\u00ebn\u00ebsit nuk do ta lejonin nj\u00eb ulje n\u00eb nivelin e produktivitetit; p\u00ebrkundrazi, do t\u2019i shtynin pun\u00ebtor\u00ebt drejt nivelit m\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb t\u00eb produktivitetit. P\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb arsye, duket e panevojshme q\u00eb dikush t\u00eb brengoset se rritja e pag\u00ebs minimale n\u00eb Kosov\u00eb, do t\u00eb shkaktonte ulje t\u00eb produktivitetit n\u00eb terma agregat.<\/p>\n

Argumenti kryesor kund\u00ebr rritjes t\u00eb pages\u00ebs minimale q\u00eb d\u00ebgjohet n\u00ebp\u00ebr debate \u00ebsht\u00eb Ligji p\u00ebr Veteran\u00ebt, i cili e lidh pensionin e nj\u00eb veterani me pag\u00ebn minimale. N\u00eb vitin 2020, ishin mbi 38 mij\u00eb veteran\u00eb p\u00ebrfitues t\u00eb skem\u00ebs sociale. N\u00ebse paga minimale rritet nga 170 n\u00eb 250 Euro, at\u00ebher\u00eb, n\u00ebn supozimin q\u00eb numri p\u00ebrfitues i veteran\u00ebve mbetet i nj\u00ebjt\u00eb, do t\u00eb kishte kosto shtes\u00eb buxhetore n\u00eb vler\u00ebn prej rreth 36 milion\u00eb euro n\u00eb vit, apo rreth 114 milion\u00eb n\u00eb total. Kjo e v\u00ebshtir\u00ebson paksa ndryshimin e shpejt\u00eb t\u00eb pages\u00ebs minimale. Por, duhet t\u00eb b\u00ebhet e qart\u00eb q\u00eb edhe veteran\u00ebt q\u00eb varen financiarisht nga skemat sociale kan\u00eb nevoj\u00eb p\u00ebr mjete shtes\u00eb. Qeveria e re do t\u00eb duhej ta modifikonte ligjin dhe t\u00eb krijonte hap\u00ebsir\u00eb p\u00ebr institucionet e drejt\u00ebsis\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u2019i hulumtuar listat, p\u00ebr t\u00eb cilat duket se ekziston nj\u00eb konsensus q\u00eb jan\u00eb t\u00eb fryra.<\/p>\n

\u00cbsht\u00eb raportuar se n\u00eb koh\u00ebn kur filluan pagesat p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb skem\u00eb, shum\u00eb veteran q\u00eb kishin firma funksionale n\u00eb pron\u00ebsi, ua bart\u00ebn familjar\u00ebve t\u00eb tjer\u00eb. Kjo pasi ligji k\u00ebrkonte q\u00eb veteran\u00ebt t\u00eb cil\u00ebt p\u00ebrfitojn\u00eb nga skema sociale, duhet t\u00eb jen\u00eb t\u00eb papun\u00eb dhe mos t\u00eb kishte biznes n\u00eb pron\u00ebsi. \u00a0N\u00ebse adresimi i k\u00ebtyre \u00e7\u00ebshtjeve do ta ulte ndjesh\u00ebm numrin e veteran\u00ebve t\u00eb skem\u00ebs sociale, at\u00ebher\u00eb do t\u00eb mund t\u00eb akomodohej rritja e pensioneve pa krijuar kosto shtes\u00eb p\u00ebr buxhetin e shtetit. Me fjal\u00eb tjera, n\u00ebse nga 38 mij\u00eb, do t\u00eb kishim 26 mij\u00eb veteran n\u00eb skem\u00ebn sociale, at\u00ebher\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb do t\u00eb mund t\u2019i merrnin nga 250 Euro n\u00eb muaj, pa shkaktuar implikime t\u00eb m\u00ebtejme buxhetore.<\/p>\n

Problemi kryesor i tregut t\u00eb pun\u00ebs mbetet mungesa e vendeve t\u00eb mira t\u00eb pun\u00ebs, t\u00eb cilat jan\u00eb t\u00eb domosdoshme p\u00ebr struktur\u00ebn e re t\u00eb popullsis\u00eb. Politikb\u00ebr\u00ebsit nuk do t\u00eb duhej t\u00eb kishin dilema t\u00eb bazuara n\u00eb teorit\u00eb klasike t\u00eb ekonomis\u00eb, pasi hulumtimet empirike tregojn\u00eb se rritja e pag\u00ebs minimale i atakon vet\u00ebm disa sektor\u00eb, pun\u00ebt q\u00eb jan\u00eb t\u00eb z\u00ebvend\u00ebsueshme nga makinat\u00a0 dhe kompanit\u00eb me margjin\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb t\u00eb fitimit.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Sindikatat e pun\u00ebs dhe aktivist\u00ebt e t\u00eb drejtave t\u00eb pun\u00ebtor\u00ebve historikisht e kan\u00eb p\u00ebrkrahur iden\u00eb e aplikimit t\u00eb pag\u00ebs minimale. Disa vende ishin m\u00eb t\u00eb hershme n\u00eb zbatimin e k\u00ebsaj politike. N\u00eb vitin 1894, Zelanda e Re u b\u00eb shteti i par\u00eb i cili miratoi ligje n\u00eb lidhje me pages\u00ebn minimale. N\u00eb an\u00ebn tjet\u00ebr, Gjermania […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":441,"featured_media":9352,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[13],"tags":[],"ppma_author":[1012],"class_list":["post-4753","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-analize"],"authors":[{"term_id":1012,"user_id":441,"is_guest":0,"slug":"albian-krasniqi","display_name":"Albian Krasniqi","avatar_url":{"url":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/albiani.png","url2x":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/albiani.png"},"user_url":"","last_name":"Krasniqi","first_name":"Albian","description":"Albian Krasniqi \u00ebsht\u00eb kandidat p\u00ebr doktoratur\u00eb n\u00eb Universitetin Teknologjik t\u00eb Dublinit, duke u specializuar p\u00ebr tregun e pun\u00ebs. Paraprakisht ka mbaruar studimet master p\u00ebr ekonomi t\u00eb zhvillimit, n\u00eb Universitetin e Sussexit, n\u00eb Angli. Albiani ka p\u00ebrvoj\u00eb pune si ekonomist n\u00eb institucionet vendore dhe organizatat nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare."}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4753","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/441"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4753"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4753\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9353,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4753\/revisions\/9353"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/9352"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4753"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4753"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4753"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ppma_author?post=4753"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}