{"id":5041,"date":"2016-02-15T16:34:33","date_gmt":"2016-02-15T14:34:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/?p=5041"},"modified":"2024-12-19T16:44:21","modified_gmt":"2024-12-19T14:44:21","slug":"frantz-fanon-kolonializmi-dhe-dekolonizimi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/analize\/frantz-fanon-kolonializmi-dhe-dekolonizimi\/","title":{"rendered":"Frantz Fanon: Kolonializmi dhe Dekolonizimi"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ndjenja e inferioritetit e t\u00eb kolonizuarit \u00ebsht\u00eb e nd\u00ebrlidhur pashmangshm\u00ebrisht me ndjenj\u00ebn e superioritetit t\u00eb evropianit. Le t\u00eb kemi guximin t\u00eb themi hapur: \u00cbsht\u00eb racisti ai q\u00eb e krijon inferiorin e tij.<\/em><\/p>\n

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(Fanon, Black Skin, White Masks, f. 93)<\/p>\n

Dekolonizimi \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrher\u00eb nj\u00eb ngjarje e dhunshme.<\/em><\/p>\n

(Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth, f. 10)<\/p>\n

\u00c7\u00ebshtja e kontekstit kolonial, si\u00e7 pranohet tashm\u00eb gjer\u00ebsisht, z\u00eb nj\u00eb vend qendror n\u00eb bot\u00ebn teoriko-praktike t\u00eb Frantz Fanon. Q\u00eb nga publikimi i vepr\u00ebs s\u00eb par\u00eb, Black Skin, White Masks (1952), e deri tek ajo e fundit, The Wretched of the Earth (1963), ai \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrpjekur t\u00eb realizoj\u00eb t\u00eb pakt\u00ebn dy gj\u00ebra: s\u00eb pari, t\u00eb b\u00ebj\u00eb problematizimin e dhun\u00ebs inherente t\u00eb sistemit kolonial, dhe s\u00eb dyti, por m\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishmja, p\u00ebr bindjen time, t\u00eb b\u00ebj\u00eb arsyetimin dhe legjitimimin e p\u00ebrdorimit t\u00eb dhun\u00ebs si m\u00ebnyr\u00eb e domosdoshme p\u00ebr t\u00eb hequr qafe nj\u00eb sistem t\u00eb padrejt\u00eb dhe shtyp\u00ebs si\u00e7 \u00ebsht\u00eb kolonializmi.<\/p>\n

Sa i p\u00ebrket \u00e7\u00ebshtjes s\u00eb par\u00eb\u2014dhun\u00ebs dhe terrorit inherent t\u00eb sistemit kolonial, Fanon me t\u00eb drejt\u00eb postulon se bota e kolonizatorit, n\u00eb nj\u00ebr\u00ebn an\u00eb, dhe bota e t\u00eb kolonizuarit, n\u00eb an\u00ebn tjet\u00ebr, jan\u00eb dy bot\u00ebra fundamentalisht t\u00eb kund\u00ebrta. N\u00eb nj\u00ebr\u00ebn an\u00eb, shkruan ai, bota e kolonizatorit \u00ebsht\u00eb bot\u00eb e p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsuar nga \u201caparatet represive shtet\u00ebrore\u201d (Althusser), t\u00eb p\u00ebrb\u00ebr\u00eb kryesisht nga stacionet policore dhe ushtarake. Po ashtu, \u00ebsht\u00eb bot\u00eb produktive, me plot e p\u00ebrplot t\u00eb mira materiale\u2014me drita, pishina, restorante, ambiente t\u00eb gjelb\u00ebruara, rrug\u00eb t\u00eb mir\u00ebshtruara, e k\u00ebshtu me radh\u00eb.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb an\u00ebn tjet\u00ebr, nd\u00ebrkaq, q\u00ebndron bota e t\u00eb kolonizuarit\u2014bot\u00eb e kompozuar nga barakat, t\u00eb \u00e7atrafiluara dhe t\u00eb nd\u00ebrtuara sip\u00ebr nj\u00ebra tjer\u00ebs, po sikur tek filmat \u201cThe Battle of Algiers\u201d (1966) dhe \u201cOutside the Law\u201d (2010). Mbi t\u00eb gjitha, shkruan Fanoni, \u00ebsht\u00eb bot\u00eb e uris\u00eb. Po, po\u2014e uris\u00eb p\u00ebr buk\u00eb, p\u00ebr k\u00ebpuc\u00eb, th\u00ebngjill, drita, e \u00e7ka jo tjet\u00ebr.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb pik\u00eb, sidoqoft\u00eb, Fanoni me t\u00eb drejt\u00eb nxjerr\u00eb dy p\u00ebrfundime t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme. S\u00eb pari, ai deklaron se p\u00ebr dallim nga sistemi kapitalist, n\u00eb t\u00eb cilin, s\u2019do mend, dhuna objektive \u00ebsht\u00eb e padukshme, n\u00eb sistemin kolonial situata \u00ebsht\u00eb t\u00ebr\u00ebsisht e ndryshme: dhuna, k\u00ebtu, sipas Fanonit, e shp\u00ebrfaq lakuriq\u00ebsin\u00eb e vet kuptimore n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00ebn m\u00eb transparente t\u00eb mundshme. Me fjal\u00eb t\u00eb tjera, p\u00ebr t\u00eb kuptuar dhun\u00ebn e sistemit kolonial, sipas Fanonit, as q\u00eb na duhen fare \u2018syzet e Nadas\u2019 tek filmi \u201cThey Live.\u201d Sepse, thjesht, dhuna \u00ebsht\u00eb e dukshme. Si\u00e7 shprehet vet\u00eb Fanoni, kolonizator\u00ebt as nuk e \u201cfshehin shtypjen\u201d e as nuk e \u201cmaskojn\u00eb dominimin.\u201d P\u00ebrkundrazi, shton ai, kolonizator\u00ebt \u201ce sjellin dhun\u00ebn n\u00eb sht\u00ebpit\u00eb dhe mendjet e subjektit t\u00eb kolonizuar.\u201d<\/p>\n

Dhe p\u00ebrfundimi i dyt\u00eb, por jo m\u00eb pak i r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm, konsiston n\u00eb at\u00eb se prosperiteti dhe privilegjet e kolonizatorit nd\u00ebrlidhen kryek\u00ebput me eksploatimin e t\u00eb kolonizuarit. Dhe posa\u00e7\u00ebrisht, pasuris\u00eb s\u00eb tij komb\u00ebtare.<\/p>\n

Megjith\u00ebk\u00ebt\u00eb, dallimi qen\u00ebsor n\u00eb situat\u00ebn koloniale, sipas Fanonit, ka t\u00eb b\u00ebj\u00eb me \u201cspecien\u201d: se cila rac\u00eb i p\u00ebrket biologjikisht: rac\u00ebs s\u00eb bardh\u00eb apo rac\u00ebs s\u00eb zez\u00eb. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb pik\u00eb, Fanoni me t\u00eb drejt\u00eb konstaton se i bardhi, si kolonizator q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb, e redukton njeriun me ngjyr\u00eb n\u00eb objekt t\u00eb tij, duke e shpallur at\u00eb t\u00eb \u201cpaft\u00eb moralisht,\u201d q\u00eb p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebson \u201cjo vet\u00ebm munges\u00ebn e vlerave, por edhe mohimin e tyre.\u201d M\u00eb keq se kaq, sugjeron Fanoni, ai vendoset n\u00eb nj\u00eb status m\u00eb t\u00eb ul\u00ebt ontologjik, duke u konceptuar thjesht si nj\u00eb e Keqe Absolute. Me fjal\u00eb t\u00eb tjera, si\u00e7 do t\u00eb thoshte Edward Said, i kolonizuari shihet si \u201cirracional, i r\u00ebn\u00eb, f\u00ebmij\u00ebror, i ndrysh\u00ebm,\u201d nd\u00ebrkaq n\u00eb an\u00ebn tjet\u00ebr, kolonizatori shihet si \u201cracional, i virtytsh\u00ebm, i pjekur dhe \u201cnormal.\u2019\u201d<\/p>\n

N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb, sipas Fanonit, kolonizatori e mir\u00ebmban superioritetin e vet spiritual dhe moral mbi t\u00eb kolonizuarin. Dhe p\u00ebr rrjedhoj\u00eb, i kolonizuari e sheh kolonizatorin si mish\u00ebrim t\u00eb gjith\u00e7kaje q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e mir\u00eb, e bukur, e civilizuar dhe racionale. P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, shkruan Fanoni, i kolonizuari fillon t\u00eb k\u00ebrkoj\u00eb nj\u00eb identitet tjet\u00ebr nga ai q\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb, nj\u00eb identitet q\u00eb i \u00ebsht\u00eb th\u00ebn\u00eb tash e sa koh\u00eb ta p\u00ebrvet\u00ebsoj\u00eb n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb b\u00ebhet plot\u00ebsisht njer\u00ebzor, tep\u00ebr njer\u00ebzor do t\u00eb thoshte Nietzsche. Si\u00e7 shkruan Fanoni, \u201cP\u00ebr njeriun e zi ekziston vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb destin (fat), dhe ai \u00ebsht\u00eb t\u00eb b\u00ebhet i bardh\u00eb.\u201d N\u00eb fakt, ky \u00ebsht\u00eb shpjegimi pse Fanoni mendon se njer\u00ebzit me ngjyr\u00eb n\u00ebn regjimin kolonial bartin mask\u00ebn e bardh\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Pavar\u00ebsisht bartjes s\u00eb k\u00ebsaj maske n\u00eb k\u00ebrkim t\u00eb njohjes (recognition) dhe pranimit (acknowledgment), sidoqoft\u00eb, njer\u00ebzit me ngjyr\u00eb nuk arrijn\u00eb dot t\u00eb adoptojn\u00eb identitetin e t\u00eb bardhit. P\u00ebrkundrazi, argumenton Fanoni, nj\u00eb gjendje e till\u00eb vet\u00ebm sa i detyron ata t\u00eb kalojn\u00eb n\u00eb neuroz\u00eb, n\u00eb nj\u00eb kondit\u00eb skizofrenike e t\u00eb qenit i ndar\u00eb n\u00eb dysh. S\u00eb k\u00ebndejmi, sipas tij, n\u00eb \u00e7astin q\u00eb i kolonizuari e internalizon at\u00eb q\u00eb kolonizatori i bardh\u00eb ka synuar tashm\u00eb prej koh\u00ebsh, dhe duke qen\u00eb se i kolonizuari e ka t\u00eb pamundur ta p\u00ebrvet\u00ebsoj\u00eb identitetin e t\u00eb bardhit, ai (I kolonizuari) e p\u00ebrjeton nj\u00eb kompleks inferioriteti karshi asaj q\u00eb p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebson njeriu i bardh\u00eb. Si\u00e7 shkruan Pramod Nayar, nj\u00ebri nga studiuesit e Fanonit:<\/p>\n

Q\u00eb n\u00eb hyrje t\u00eb Black Skin Fanoni i referohet konstruksionit t\u00eb negro (zezakut) si nj\u00eb \u2018mit\u2019\u2014por nj\u00eb mit q\u00eb edhe vet\u00eb ai e ka internalizuar n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb ai tashm\u00eb e beson at\u00eb. Si rezultat i k\u00ebsaj, negro (zezaku) aspak nuk d\u00ebshiron t\u00eb sillet ose t\u00eb identifikohet si i till\u00eb…. Dhe p\u00ebr arsye se ai e ka t\u00eb pamundur t\u00eb b\u00ebhet di\u00e7ka tjet\u00ebr nga ai q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb, ai fillon t\u00eb vuaj\u00eb nga nj\u00eb ndjenj\u00eb pavlefshm\u00ebrie, inferioriteti dhe…neuroze.<\/em><\/p>\n

Megjithat\u00eb, kjo \u201cvet\u00ebdije e dyfisht\u00eb\u201d (Du Bois), sipas Fanonit, \u00ebsht\u00eb rezultat i drejtp\u00ebrdrejt\u00eb i situat\u00ebs koloniale. Ai me t\u00eb drejt\u00eb beson se p\u00ebr nj\u00eb kompleks t\u00eb till\u00eb inferioriteti nuk duhet faj\u00ebsuar t\u00eb kolonizuarin; p\u00ebrkundrazi, sall kolonizatorin, sepse \u00ebsht\u00eb pik\u00ebrisht kolonizatori ai q\u00eb i imponon nj\u00eb inferioritet t\u00eb till\u00eb t\u00eb kolonizuarit. Si\u00e7 shprehet Fanoni n\u00eb Black Skin, White Masks:<\/p>\n

N\u00ebse ai d\u00ebshiron t\u00eb b\u00ebhet i bardh\u00eb, kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebr shkak se ai jeton n\u00eb nj\u00eb shoq\u00ebri q\u00eb e b\u00ebn t\u00eb mundshme kompleksin e inferioritetit, n\u00eb nj\u00eb shoq\u00ebri q\u00eb e nxjerr\u00eb stabilitetin e vet n\u00eb saje t\u00eb p\u00ebrjet\u00ebsimit t\u00eb k\u00ebtij kompleksi, n\u00eb nj\u00eb shoq\u00ebri q\u00eb proklamon superioritetin e nj\u00eb race.<\/em><\/p>\n

N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb kuptim, dhe at\u00eb me plot t\u00eb drejt\u00eb, Fanoni thekson se ndjenja e inferioritetit n\u00eb mesin e t\u00eb kolonizuarve \u00ebsht\u00eb e nd\u00ebrlidhur pashmangshm\u00ebrisht me ndjenj\u00ebn e suprioritetit t\u00eb evropianit. Si\u00e7 na drejtohet Fanoni, \u201cLe t\u00eb kemi guximin t\u00eb themi hapur: \u00cbsht\u00eb racist ai q\u00eb e krijon inferiorin e tij.\u201d Megjithat\u00eb, duke u bazuar n\u00eb dialektik\u00ebn hegeliane t\u00eb Zot\u00ebris\u00eb-Skllavit, Fanon sqaron se subjekti i kolonizuar nuk mund t\u00eb mohohet t\u00ebr\u00ebsisht, meq\u00eb po t\u00eb asgj\u00ebsohej ai edhe kolonizatori do t\u00eb asgj\u00ebsohej, po ashtu. Si\u00e7 shkruan, \u201cPo t\u00eb zhdukej i kolonizuari, i gjith\u00eb kolonializimi, p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb k\u00ebtu vet\u00eb kolonizatorin, do t\u00eb zhdukej bashk\u00eb me t\u00eb.\u201d<\/p>\n

Andaj, sipas Fanonit, ndon\u00ebse t\u00eb kolonizuarit detyrohen t\u00eb jen\u00eb inferior karshi kolonizatorit t\u00eb bardh\u00eb, prap\u00eb nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb se ata jan\u00eb t\u00eb bindur p\u00ebr inferioritetin e tyre. P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, argumenton Fanoni, t\u00eb kolonizuarit asnj\u00ebher\u00eb nuk e njohin t\u00ebr\u00ebsisht autoritetin e kolonizatorit. P\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb arsye, sipas tij, t\u00eb kolonizuarit ndodhen n\u00eb nj\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb vazhdueshme tensioni e konflikti t\u00eb brendsh\u00ebm (tamam si personazhet e Dostojevskit, ku nj\u00eb dreq e di sa e sa konflikti zhvillohet brenda shpirtit t\u00eb tyre).<\/p>\n

N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb pik\u00eb, sidoqoft\u00eb, Fanon argumenton se tensioni q\u00eb nd\u00ebrtohet brenda t\u00eb kolonizuarit duhet t\u00eb ket\u00eb nj\u00eb shtegdalje. Ai shkruan, \u201cN\u00eb \u00e7do shoq\u00ebri, n\u00eb \u00e7do kolektivitet, ekziston\u2014duhet t\u00eb ekzistoj\u00eb\u2014nj\u00eb kanal, nj\u00eb shteg n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet t\u00eb cil\u00ebs forcat e akumuluara n\u00eb form\u00eb t\u00eb agresionit duhet liruar.\u201d Nj\u00ebra nga m\u00ebnyrat se si kolonizatori e p\u00ebrjet\u00ebson sistemin kolonial, sipas tij, \u00ebsht\u00eb pik\u00ebrisht duke e p\u00ebrdorur nj\u00eb agresion t\u00eb till\u00eb p\u00ebr p\u00ebrfitime t\u00eb veta, p. sh. p\u00ebr t\u00eb mir\u00ebmbajtur t\u00eb kolonizuarin n\u00eb nj\u00eb pozit\u00eb n\u00ebnshtrimi. Jo rast\u00ebsisht, thot\u00eb Fanoni, kolonizatori e drejton agresionin e t\u00eb kolonizuarit n\u00eb at\u00eb drejtim q\u00eb ai t\u00eb gjej\u00eb shprehje sall n\u00eb mesin e t\u00eb kolonizuarve. Kjo, sipas Fanonit, demonstron prevalenc\u00ebn e dhun\u00ebs q\u00eb ekziston n\u00eb mesin e t\u00eb kolonizuarve\u2014ajo q\u00eb ai e p\u00ebrshkruan si mazokiz\u00ebm n\u00eb Black Skin, White Masks.<\/p>\n

Nj\u00ebra nga hap\u00ebsirat e tjera\u2014n\u00eb t\u00eb cilat i kolonizuari mund t\u00eb shpreh\u00eb tensionin e internalizuar, \u00ebsht\u00eb pik\u00ebrisht n\u00eb \u00ebndrra. P\u00ebr dallim nga Kadareja, i cili mendon se pushtetet totalitare jo vet\u00ebm q\u00eb kontrollojn\u00eb veprimet dhe mendimet e qytetar\u00ebve, por madje edhe \u00ebndrrat e tyre, Fanon beson se bota e \u00ebndrrave \u00ebsht\u00eb hap\u00ebsira e vetme ku kolonizatori nuk mund t\u00eb dep\u00ebrtoj\u00eb, dhe ku i kolonizuari ka kontroll t\u00eb plot\u00eb mbi t\u00eb. Si shprehet Fanon:<\/p>\n

[\u00cb]ndrrat e subjektit t\u00eb kolonizuar jan\u00eb \u00ebndrra muskulare, \u00ebndrra t\u00eb aksionit, \u00ebndrra t\u00eb vitalitetit t\u00eb agresionit. \u00cbnd\u00ebrroj duke k\u00ebrcyer, duke notuar, duke vrapuar, duke u ngjitur; \u00cbnd\u00ebrroj duke shp\u00ebrthyer n\u00eb t\u00eb qeshur, duke kap\u00ebrcyer nj\u00eb lum… P\u00ebrgjat\u00eb kolonizimit i kolonizuar b\u00ebhet subjekt i lir\u00eb me t\u00eb r\u00ebn\u00eb nata, prej or\u00ebs n\u00ebnt\u00eb n\u00eb mbr\u00ebmje e deri n\u00eb or\u00ebn gjasht\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebngjesit.<\/em><\/p>\n

Sidoqoft\u00eb, dhe k\u00ebtu vijm\u00eb tek pjesa m\u00eb provokuese e refleksioneve t\u00eb tij, Fanon mendon se kjo shprehje e liris\u00eb nuk mund t\u00eb kufizohet vet\u00ebm n\u00eb bot\u00ebn e \u00ebndrrave. P\u00ebrkundrazi, ai propozon se ajo duhet materializuar dhe konkretizuar n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet dhun\u00ebs. Me fjal\u00eb t\u00eb tjera, ajo duhet b\u00ebr\u00eb realitet. Megjithat\u00eb, dhe par\u00ebsisht p\u00ebr shkak q\u00eb mos t\u2019ju m\u00ebrzis m\u00eb shum\u00eb, propozoj q\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb aspekt t\u00eb veprave t\u00eb Fanonit ta trajtojm\u00eb n\u00eb shkrimin e radh\u00ebs.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ndjenja e inferioritetit e t\u00eb kolonizuarit \u00ebsht\u00eb e nd\u00ebrlidhur pashmangshm\u00ebrisht me ndjenj\u00ebn e superioritetit t\u00eb evropianit. Le t\u00eb kemi guximin t\u00eb themi hapur: \u00cbsht\u00eb racisti ai q\u00eb e krijon inferiorin e tij. (Fanon, Black Skin, White Masks, f. 93) Dekolonizimi \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrher\u00eb nj\u00eb ngjarje e dhunshme. (Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth, f. 10) \u00c7\u00ebshtja […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":559,"featured_media":11461,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[13],"tags":[2129,2157,2158],"ppma_author":[2156],"class_list":["post-5041","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-analize","tag-dekolonizimi","tag-frantz-fanon","tag-kolonializmi"],"authors":[{"term_id":2156,"user_id":559,"is_guest":0,"slug":"armend-mazreku","display_name":"Armend Mazreku","avatar_url":{"url":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/avatar_user_495_1606093936-200x200-1.jpg","url2x":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/avatar_user_495_1606093936-200x200-1.jpg"},"user_url":"","last_name":"Mazreku","first_name":"Armend","description":""}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5041","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/559"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5041"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5041\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11464,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5041\/revisions\/11464"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/11461"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5041"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5041"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5041"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ppma_author?post=5041"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}