{"id":5132,"date":"2016-04-16T16:12:02","date_gmt":"2016-04-16T14:12:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/?p=5132"},"modified":"2024-12-13T16:13:21","modified_gmt":"2024-12-13T14:13:21","slug":"nepermes-bioetikes-pjesa-ii","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/analize\/nepermes-bioetikes-pjesa-ii\/","title":{"rendered":"N\u00ebp\u00ebrmes Bioetik\u00ebs – Pjesa II"},"content":{"rendered":"

(Ekskurs mbi Bioetik\u00ebn dhe problemet rreth saj<\/em>)<\/p>\n

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Bioetika si em\u00ebrtim, por edhe si koncept p\u00ebr her\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb u shfaq m\u00eb 1970 nga amerikani Van Rensselaer Potter, n\u00eb dy artikuj e tij dhe m\u00eb von\u00eb n\u00eb librin\u00a0Bioetika \u2013 ur\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00eb ardhmen<\/em>. Ajo \u00e7far\u00eb e kishte shtyr\u00eb Van Rensselaer Potter ishte insistimi q\u00eb t\u2019i zgjidh problemet e ngutshme q\u00eb kishte njer\u00ebzimi, sepse sipas tij, mosinteresimi i shkencave t\u00eb tjera sociale dhe humane kishin rritur doz\u00ebn e skepticizmit se mund t\u00eb zgjithen problem t\u00eb ndryshme me an\u00eb t\u00eb praktikave t\u00eb ndryshme mjeksore dhe hulumtimeve biomjeksore, si dhe \u00e7\u00ebshtjet t\u00eb ndryshme mjedisore q\u00eb n\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb nuk ishin trend i debatit sikur q\u00eb jan\u00eb sot. Fokusi qendror i bioetik\u00ebs, si pjes\u00eb e etik\u00ebs aplikative, \u00ebsht\u00eb shqyrtimi i dilemave dhe problemeve morale t\u00eb cilat shfaqen n\u00eb raportin n\u00eb mes jet\u00ebs njer\u00ebzore dhe aplikimit t\u00eb bio-tekonologjive t\u00eb avancuara n\u00eb kushtet e k\u00ebsaj jetese. \u201cKontribuesit e progresit shkencor filluan t\u2019i shfaqin shqet\u00ebsimet e tyre gjat\u00eb vitit 1960, me shkrimet e tyre n\u00ebp\u00ebr mbledhjet profesionale dhe n\u00eb konferenca publike. Ata qen\u00eb t\u00eb shqet\u00ebsuar se tradita e vjet\u00ebr e etik\u00ebs mjek\u00ebsore \u00ebsht\u00eb e brisht q\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrballet me sfidat e reja te etik\u00ebs t\u00eb paraqitura nga shkenca dhe mjek\u00ebsia\u201d (Albert R. Jonsen,\u00a0The Birth of Bioethics<\/em>). Zhvillimi i shkenc\u00ebs sidomos n\u00eb fush\u00ebn e mjek\u00ebsis\u00eb, nevojat q\u00eb njeriut i\u2019u shfaq\u00ebn p\u00ebr nj\u00eb sh\u00ebndet m\u00eb t\u00eb mire b\u00ebn q\u00eb bioetik\u00ebs t\u2019i hapet nj\u00eb horizont mjaft i gjer\u00eb dhe mjaft kompleks dhe kund\u00ebrth\u00ebn\u00ebs po ashtu. Problemet ishin imediate dhe zgjidhjet duhet t\u2019ishin konkrete dhe praktike, e q\u00eb p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb bioetika insistonte se mund t\u2019ia dilte mban\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Bioetika dhe problemet<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

N\u00eb baz\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00eb fabule, n\u00eb Mesjet tregohet se si kishte ndodhur transplantimi i pare i k\u00ebmb\u00ebs, ku n\u00ebp\u00ebrmes k\u00ebsaj fabul v\u00ebrejm qasjen primitive q\u00eb Kisha kishte ndaj zhvillimit shkencor. Nga pikpamja kishtare transplantimi konsideroj nj\u00eb herezi, sepse ky rast q\u00eb tregohet n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb fabul i dha pretekst Kish\u00ebs t\u00eb pohoj se \u00ebsht\u00eb krijuar nj\u00eb monstrum. Kjo ishte fabula: \u201cVinsenti, nj\u00eb djal\u00eb i ri, shkoi n\u00eb kish\u00ebn lokale q\u00eb t\u2019i takoj doktor\u00ebt e shenj\u00ebt kishtar, dhe q\u00eb t\u00eb merrte k\u00ebshilla nga ta p\u00ebr k\u00ebmb\u00ebn q\u00eb ai nuk e kishte. Ata e qortuan Vinsentin dhe i than\u00eb se kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb kund\u00ebr ligjit t\u00eb Zotit. Nd\u00ebrkoh\u00eb nj\u00eb doktor i\u00a0vizituar nga nj\u00eb engj\u00ebll<\/em>, amputoi k\u00ebmb\u00ebn e nj\u00eb pacienti t\u00eb vdekur dhe Vincenti u zgjua me k\u00ebmb\u00eb t\u00eb transplantuar dhe q\u00eb kjo konsiderohej se ishte\u00a0dora e t\u00eb Zotit<\/em>. \u00c7\u00ebshtja e Vincentit \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb prej \u00e7\u00ebshtjeve kryesore q\u00eb teolog\u00ebt e cil\u00ebsuan si t\u00eb kund\u00ebrt me natyr\u00ebn, e q\u00eb rrjedhimisht \u00ebsht\u00eb e kund\u00ebrt edhe me Zotin\u201d. M\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb tregohet se sa i ashp\u00ebr \u00ebsht\u00eb debati rreth problemeve konkrete bioetike.<\/p>\n

Nd\u00ebr problemet kryesore t\u00eb cilat e proekupojn\u00eb bioetik\u00ebn jan\u00eb: Hulumtimi me qenie humane, Transplantimi i organeve, Gjenetika dhe Riprodhimi.<\/p>\n

Hulumtimi me qenie humane<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0–\u00a0<\/strong>n\u00eb fillim \u00ebsht\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb fsheht\u00eb, sepse parashihej se do t\u00eb ishte me rrezik n\u00ebse p\u00ebr k\u00ebto hulumtime do t\u00eb kishte akces publiku. Hulumtimi me qenie humane b\u00ebhej me q\u00ebllim q\u00eb t\u00eb hyhej sa m\u00eb thell\u00eb n\u00eb anatomin e njeriut, t\u00eb kuptohen jo vet\u00ebm smundjet e pash\u00ebrueshme, por edhe t\u00eb eksperimentohej me t\u00eb. P\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb form\u00eb t\u00eb trajtimit t\u00eb qenieve humane nga ana e bio-mjeksis\u00eb shkencore nga shum\u00eb kush u quajt edhe si c\u00ebnim i automis\u00eb, si dhe eksploatim i njeriut. Andaj gjat\u00eb vitit 1970, Komiteti Komb\u00ebtar\u00eb vendosi q\u00eb ta mbaj\u00eb nj\u00eb diskutim n\u00eb lidhje me hulumtimet n\u00eb mjek\u00ebsi. Kjo ishte edhe tendenca q\u00eb debatet t\u00eb zhvillohet n\u00eb nj\u00eb diskurs bashk\u00ebpunues, shkencor dhe publik. Mbi t\u00eb gjitha, tentohej t\u00eb krijohej nj\u00eb diskurs q\u00eb hulumtimet shkencore t\u00eb mund t\u00eb drejtohen n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet nxjerrjes s\u00eb rezolutave, q\u00eb do t\u00eb pranoheshin shum\u00eb hapur nga shoq\u00ebria amerikane. Gjithashtu ishte marr\u00eb vendim q\u00eb t\u00eb respektoheshin tri parimet kryesore, q\u00eb kishin t\u00eb b\u00ebnin rreth hulumtimit me qeniet humane: \u201cRespekti p\u00ebr personat, benefitet dhe drejt\u00ebsia, jan\u00eb pranuar gjer\u00ebsisht si k\u00ebrkesat q\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktojn\u00eb etik\u00ebn n\u00eb lidhje me humlumtimet me qenie njer\u00ebzore. Ato jan\u00eb njohur si udh\u00ebrrefyes p\u00ebr t\u00eb dizajnuar hulumtimet t\u00eb cilat duhen t\u00eb jen\u00eb t\u00eb projektuar n\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb bot\u00ebn, si\u00e7 njhet si CIOM ~Udh\u00ebr\u00ebfyesi Nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar Etik dhe p\u00ebr Hulumtimet Bio,q\u00eb p\u00ebrfshin qeniet njer\u00ebzore~ (Helga Kuhse, Peter Singer,\u00a0A Companion to Bioethics<\/em>).<\/p>\n

Transplantimi i organeve<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0– me zhvillimin shum\u00eb t\u00eb madh t\u00eb shkenc\u00ebs u hap\u00ebn shum\u00eb shtigje p\u00ebr inovacione edhe n\u00eb mjek\u00ebsi. Njer\u00ebzit filluan t\u00eb mendonin se mund t\u00eb dhuronin pjes\u00eb t\u00eb ndryshme t\u00eb trupit t\u00eb tyre n\u00eb em\u00ebr t\u00eb humanitetit, njer\u00ebzit q\u00eb sa ishin t\u00eb gjall\u00eb lenin nj\u00eb testament, q\u00eb organet e trupit t\u00eb tyre t\u2019i\u2019u dhuroheshin njer\u00ebzve q\u00eb kishin nevoj\u00eb p\u00ebr to. Kjo metod\u00eb e transplantimit t\u00eb organeve, filloi dhe u b\u00eb mjaft diskutabile. Debatet ishin shum\u00eb t\u00eb ashpra (madje vazhdojn\u00eb edhe t\u00eb jen\u00eb), sidomos n\u00eb rrafshin etik. Mir\u00ebpo, ajo q\u00eb p\u00ebr etik\u00ebn ishte e papranueshme, p\u00ebr bioetik\u00ebn filloi t\u00eb b\u00ebhej si nj\u00eb rregull normale. Bioetika synonte se ajo q\u00eb ishte e dobishme p\u00ebr sigurimin e sh\u00ebndet\u00ebsis\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb mir\u00eb, t\u00eb b\u00ebhej edhe e mundshme. P\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb Albert R. Jonson tregon se si \u201cDy raportet\u00a0artificiale t\u00eb zemr\u00ebs<\/em>\u00a0q\u00eb u b\u00ebn shembuj argumentimi t\u00eb t\u00eb b\u00ebrit etik\u00eb, do t\u00eb b\u00ebhen t\u00eb zakonsh\u00ebm p\u00ebr bioetik\u00ebn. \u00c7do person solli n\u00eb diskutim jo nj\u00eb teori etike, por nj\u00eb set t\u00eb vlerave personale nga aft\u00ebsia q\u00eb p\u00ebrmes edukimit, eksperienc\u00ebs dhe shoq\u00ebrorizimit, ata m\u00ebsuan p\u00ebr karakteristikat faktike t\u00eb paraqitura n\u00eb ta. Ata argumentuan; ata imagjinuan; ofruan shembuj; ata testuan njohurit e reja p\u00ebrkund\u00ebr standarteve t\u00eb reja personale dhe sociale. Nga ky diskurs erdhi konkludimi mbi disa problem etike, t\u00eb disa definicioneve t\u00eb cilat ishin t\u00eb dobishme p\u00ebr ta etabluar nj\u00eb kurs t\u00eb veprimit\u201d. Pra, p\u00ebrkund\u00ebr t\u00eb gjitha dilemave morale q\u00eb etika po vendoste karshi k\u00ebtij fenomeni, prap\u00ebseprap metoda t\u00eb tilla p\u00ebr transplantim t\u00eb organeve nuk u ndal, por me sofistikimin e teknologjis\u00eb u sofistikua dhe u thellua edhe m\u00eb, duke b\u00ebr\u00eb q\u00eb edhe organet me sensitive n\u00eb trupin e njeriut t\u00eb transplantohen pa ndonj\u00eb problem.<\/p>\n

Gjenetika<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0\u2013\u00a0<\/strong>\u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb nga problemt thelb\u00ebsore t\u00eb bioetik\u00ebs. Ky problem ka lindur si rezultat i kurreshtjes q\u00eb ka njeriu kar\u00ebshi mund\u00ebsive q\u00eb ofronte shkenca modern. Kurreshtja q\u00eb pasardh\u00ebsit jet identik me paraardh\u00ebsin, ose s\u00eb paku t\u2019i ngjaj atyre, ka rrezultuar me nj\u00eb problem bioetik q\u00eb sot quhet gjenetik\u00eb. Referencat kryesore q\u00eb gjenetika i merr\u00eb n\u00eb konsiderat\u00eb jan\u00eb: AND-ja, gjeno-terapia, ndrrimi ose kopijimi i materjes gjenetike si dhe problemi i jo-identitetit. P\u00ebr shembul, n\u00eb lidhje me debatet se p\u00ebrkund\u00ebr eugjenetik\u00ebs s\u00eb vjet\u00ebr, Albert R. Jonson thot\u00eb se: \u201cBioetika u qen\u00ebsua kur debatet n\u00eb eugjenetik zbeheshin dhe kur filluan debatet mbi gjenetik\u00ebn e re molekulare dhe mor\u00ebn implikimet e para personale dhe sociale. Nga shqet\u00ebsimi rreth klonimit dhe shfaqja e frik\u00ebs mbi inxhinjerit\u00eb gjenetik, pyetjet fundamentale t\u00eb moraliteti njer\u00ebzor jan\u00eb ngritur edhe n\u00eb eugjenetik\u00ebn e vjet\u00ebr q\u00eb ka n\u00eb gjah gjenetik\u00ebn e re n\u00eb nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb m\u00eb shkencore\u201d. Gjithashtu, problemi i pa-identitetit ose jo-identitetit, \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb problem mjaft serioz gjenetik n\u00eb bioetik\u00eb. Singer dhe Kuhse mendojn se \u201c(\u2026) ka pasur shum\u00eb diskutime n\u00eb bioetik\u00eb rreth\u00a0problemit t\u00eb pa-identitetit\u00a0<\/em>– ku nj\u00eb vendim i riprodhimit ndikon n\u00eb identitetin e f\u00ebmij\u00ebs dhe \u00e7\u00ebshtja kryesore k\u00ebtu \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00ebse ndryshimi gjenetik konstituon n\u00eb ndryshimin e identiteti\u201d.<\/p>\n

Para disa viteve n\u00eb Angli \u00ebsht\u00eb zhvilluar nj\u00eb debat mjaft i nxeht\u00eb, sepse nj\u00eb \u00e7ift bashk\u00ebshortor, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt ishin t\u00eb shurdh\u00ebr, kan\u00eb k\u00ebrkuar nga mjek\u00ebt q\u00eb edhe f\u00ebmiu i tyre t\u00eb lind i shurdh\u00ebr. Kjo ka ngjallur debate, sepse ka nga ata q\u00eb pohojn\u00eb q\u00eb ky veprim \u00ebsht\u00eb i pamoralsh\u00ebm dhe se bart ristriksione t\u00eb m\u00eb vonshme edhe tek f\u00ebmiu, por edhe n\u00eb gjith\u00eb shoq\u00ebrin\u00eb. Mir\u00ebpo, n\u00eb an\u00ebn tjet\u00ebr, ka reaguar edhe shoqata e shurdhmemec\u00ebve duke akuzuar, se ata q\u00eb jan\u00eb kund\u00ebr k\u00ebrkes\u00ebs s\u00eb prind\u00ebve q\u00eb f\u00ebmiu i tyre t\u00eb lind i shurdh\u00ebr, jan\u00eb kund\u00ebr shurdhmemec\u00ebve. Pra, kjo tregon se sa ta ashpra dhe kund\u00ebrth\u00ebn\u00ebse jan\u00eb debatet p\u00ebr probleme t\u00eb tilla bioetike. P\u00ebrparimet n\u00eb gjenetik\u00eb, gjenetik\u00eb molekulare, ingjinjeri gjenetike p\u00ebrcillen me shum\u00eb debate dhe kund\u00ebrshtime t\u00eb ashpra, sepse kund\u00ebrshtar\u00ebt mendojn\u00eb se duhet pasur nj\u00eb\u00a0red line<\/em>se deri ku mund t\u00eb veprohet. S\u2019do mend se gjenetika sot \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb nga trend bot\u00ebrore n\u00eb bioetik\u00eb dhe si\u00e7 duket do t\u00eb jet\u00eb edhe modeli i s\u00eb ardhmes.<\/p>\n

Riprodhimi<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0–\u00a0<\/strong>\u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb nd\u00ebr problemet morale kryesore q\u00eb nga antika e deri tek debatet bashkohore n\u00eb lidhje me ri-gjenerimin. Problemet si: aborti, kontraceptiv\u00ebt, teknologjit riprodhuese etj., jan\u00eb debatet kryesore n\u00eb bioetik\u00eb dhe etik\u00ebn bash\u00ebkohore. Shkenca sikur e shtron nevoj\u00ebn e kontrollit n\u00eb riprodhim, sepse mendon se nn\u00ebp\u00ebrmes nj\u00eb kontrolli t\u00eb till\u00eb mund\u00ebsit e defekteve t\u00eb ndryshme mund t\u00eb eleminohen. Madje ka nga ata autor, si\u00e7 \u00ebsht\u00eb Francis Fukuyama, i cili mendon se n\u00ebp\u00ebrmes riprodhimit shoq\u00ebria po shkon drejt post-seksit: \u201cEvolucionin ka krijuar d\u00ebshir\u00ebn seksuale p\u00ebr q\u00ebllimin e nxitjes s\u00eb riprodhimit, dhe jan\u00eb pak presione selektive tek njer\u00ebzit q\u00eb t\u00eb zhvillojn\u00eb atraksionin seksual tek partner\u00ebt deri n\u00eb kulmin e mosh\u00ebs s\u00eb riprodhimit. Konsekuenca \u00ebsht\u00eb se p\u00ebr pes\u00ebdhjet\u00eb vjet tjera, shoq\u00ebrit\u00eb e zhvillura do t\u00eb b\u00ebhen\u00a0post-seksuale<\/em>, n\u00eb sensin se pjesa d\u00ebrmuese e antarsis\u00eb s\u00eb tyre nuk do ta ket\u00eb primare n\u00eb list\u00ebn e gj\u00ebrave q\u00eb b\u00ebhen, seksin\u201d (Our Post-Human Future – Cosequences of Biotechnology Revoloution<\/em>). K\u00ebto jan\u00eb disa nd\u00ebr problemet kryesore q\u00eb sot jan\u00eb preokupim i Bioetik\u00ebs, por edhe preokupime dhe dilema morale t\u00eb shoq\u00ebris\u00eb bashk\u00ebkohore.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb vazhdim do t\u00eb p\u00ebrpiqemi t\u2019i elaborojm\u00eb debatet m\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdha mbi bioetik\u00ebn…<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

(Ekskurs mbi Bioetik\u00ebn dhe problemet rreth saj) Bioetika si em\u00ebrtim, por edhe si koncept p\u00ebr her\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb u shfaq m\u00eb 1970 nga amerikani Van Rensselaer Potter, n\u00eb dy artikuj e tij dhe m\u00eb von\u00eb n\u00eb librin\u00a0Bioetika \u2013 ur\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00eb ardhmen. Ajo \u00e7far\u00eb e kishte shtyr\u00eb Van Rensselaer Potter ishte insistimi q\u00eb t\u2019i zgjidh […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":266,"featured_media":11085,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[13],"tags":[2046,954],"ppma_author":[733],"class_list":["post-5132","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-analize","tag-bioetika","tag-filozofi"],"authors":[{"term_id":733,"user_id":266,"is_guest":0,"slug":"dritan-dragusha","display_name":"Dritan Dragusha","avatar_url":{"url":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/dritan.webp","url2x":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/dritan.webp"},"user_url":"","last_name":"Dragusha","first_name":"Dritan","description":"Dritan Dragusha \u00ebsht\u00eb i diplomuar n\u00eb filozofi, n\u00eb Universitetin e Prishtin\u00ebs. Dritani \u00ebsht\u00eb i fokusuar n\u00eb teori t\u00eb kultur\u00ebs dhe gjithashtu n\u00eb let\u00ebrsi, kinema dhe muzik\u00eb. Po ashtu, merret edhe me gazetari. \u00cbsht\u00eb kolumnist i rregullt n\u00eb platform\u00ebn online \"sbunker.net\". Ka qen\u00eb edhe m\u00ebsimdh\u00ebn\u00ebs i filozofis\u00eb dhe etik\u00ebs n\u00eb \"The British School Kosova\". Bashkautor n\u00eb projektin kulturor televiziv \"Filozofema\", n\u00eb Radio Televizionin e Kosov\u00ebs. Aktualisht Dritani \u00ebsht\u00eb autor dhe moderator i emisionit \"Prizma\", n\u00eb televizionin T7."}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5132","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/266"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5132"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5132\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11090,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5132\/revisions\/11090"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/11085"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5132"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5132"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5132"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ppma_author?post=5132"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}