{"id":5139,"date":"2016-04-13T16:03:00","date_gmt":"2016-04-13T14:03:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/?p=5139"},"modified":"2024-12-13T16:11:49","modified_gmt":"2024-12-13T14:11:49","slug":"nepermes-bioetikes-pjesa-i","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/analize\/nepermes-bioetikes-pjesa-i\/","title":{"rendered":"N\u00ebp\u00ebrmes Bioetik\u00ebs – Pjesa I"},"content":{"rendered":"

(Ekskurs mbi Bioetik\u00ebn, debatet dhe problemet rreth saj<\/em>)<\/p>\n

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Ka shum\u00eb mospajtime nga autor\u00eb t\u00eb ndrysh\u00ebm n\u00eb lidhje me at\u00eb se kur ka lind\u00eb Bioetika, mir\u00ebpo, si nj\u00eb moment konsensual meret fillimi i viteve t\u00eb \u201960-ta. N\u00eb fillim ajo nuk konsiderohet si disiplin\u00eb e ve\u00e7ant, por si pjes\u00eb e etik\u00ebs. Madje asaj i kontestohej edhe vlera e argumentimit me baz\u00eb shkencore. Ajo q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb evidente \u00ebsht\u00eb se problemet e ndryshme n\u00eb sherbimet shendet\u00ebsore, bio-medicin\u00eb dhe fusha t\u00eb tjera t\u00eb aspektit sh\u00ebndet\u00ebsor pas viteve t\u00eb \u201960 u b\u00ebn\u00eb nevoj\u00eb shum\u00eb e madhe. Aparatet si makina e dializ\u00ebs, transplantimi i organeve, in-vitro-fertilizimi u b\u00ebn\u00eb hapa shum\u00eb t\u00eb mdhenj\u00eb q\u00eb shpetuan jet\u00ebn e njer\u00ebzve, por q\u00eb bashk\u00eb me k\u00ebto t\u00eb mira u shp\u00ebrfaq\u00ebn edhe problemet etike. Si em\u00ebrtim, por edhe si koncept p\u00ebr her\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb bioetika shfaqet m\u00eb 1970 nga amerikani Van Rensselaer Potter, n\u00eb dy artikuj e tij dhe m\u00eb von\u00eb n\u00eb librin \u2018Bioetika – ur\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00eb ardhmen\u2019. Ajo \u00e7far\u00eb e kishte shtyr\u00eb Van Rensselaer Potter ishte q\u00eb t\u00eb insistoj t\u2019i zgjidhte problemet e ngutshme q\u00eb kishte njer\u00ebzimi, sepse sipas tij, mosinteresimi i shkencave t\u00eb tjera sociale dhe humane kishin rritur doz\u00ebn e skepticizmit se mund t\u00eb zgjithen problem t\u00eb ndryshme me an\u00eb t\u00eb praktikave t\u00eb ndryshme mjeksore dhe hulumtimeve biomjeksore, si dhe \u00e7\u00ebshtjet t\u00eb ndryshme mjedisore q\u00eb n\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb nuk ishin trend i debatit sikur q\u00eb jan\u00eb sot.<\/p>\n

Fokusi qendror i bioetik\u00ebs, si pjes\u00eb e etik\u00ebs aplikative, \u00ebsht\u00eb shqyrtimi i dilemave dhe problemeve morale t\u00eb cilat shfaqen n\u00eb raportin n\u00eb mes jet\u00ebs njer\u00ebzore dhe aplikimit t\u00eb bio-tekonologjive t\u00eb avancuara n\u00eb kushtet e k\u00ebsaj jetese. Kontribuesit e progresit shkencor ishin t\u00eb shqet\u00ebsuar se tradita e vjet\u00ebr e etik\u00ebs mjekesore \u00ebsht\u00eb e brisht q\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrballet me sfidat e reja te etik\u00ebs t\u00eb paraqitura nga shkenca dhe mjek\u00ebsia\u201d. Zhvillimi i shkenc\u00ebs sidomos n\u00eb fush\u00ebn e mjek\u00ebsis, nevoja q\u00eb njeriut i\u2019u shfaq\u00ebn p\u00ebr nj\u00eb sh\u00ebndet m\u00eb t\u00eb mir\u00eb b\u00ebn q\u00eb bioetik\u00ebs t\u2019i hapet nj\u00eb horizont mjaft i gjer\u00eb dhe mjaft kompleks dhe kund\u00ebrth\u00ebn\u00ebs po ashtu. Problemet ishin imediate dhe zgjidhjet duhet t\u2019ishin konkrete dhe praktike, e q\u00eb p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb bioetika insistonte se mund t\u2019ia dilte mban\u00eb. Prandaj, bioetika do t\u00eb b\u00ebhet nj\u00eb nga disiplinat e cila interpreton nj\u00eb gam\u00eb t\u00eb gjer\u00eb t\u00eb fenomeneve t\u00eb ndryshme brenda etik\u00ebs normative si\u00e7 jan\u00eb: utilitarizmi, deontologjia, ligji i natyr\u00ebs, kontraktualizmi, etika e vyrtytit, komunitarizmi dhe pragmatizmi.<\/p>\n

Konteksti filozofik\u00a0<\/strong>– dilemat morale q\u00eb u ngriten pas nd\u00ebrhyrjeve q\u00eb u b\u00ebn\u00eb n\u00eb sfera t\u00eb ndryshme t\u00eb shendetit t\u00eb njeriut, u b\u00ebn\u00eb fush\u00eb mjaft atraktive p\u00ebr filozofin\u00eb.\u201cFilozof\u00ebt q\u00eb erdh\u00ebn n\u00eb bioetik\u00eb ishin t\u00eb trajnuar n\u00eb idiom\u00ebn filozofike te viteve 1950, e cila nuk ishte e p\u00eblqyeshme p\u00ebr llojin e ri t\u00eb analizave n\u00eb pyetjet e reja t\u00eb cilat k\u00ebrkonin nj\u00eb analiz\u00eb q\u00eb mund t\u2019i facilitonte praktikat vendimmar\u00ebse dhe kontributet n\u00eb politika. Ata q\u00eb b\u00ebn tranzicionin prej filozofis\u00eb akademike n\u00eb bioetik\u00eb b\u00ebn nj\u00eb nd\u00ebrmarrje prej diciplin\u00ebs s\u00eb tyre pa humbur kontaktet me trashigimin\u00eb e tyre intelektuale\u201d (The Birth of Bioethics<\/em>). Dometh\u00ebn\u00eb, filozof t\u00eb ndrysh\u00ebm filluan q\u00eb problemet bioetike t\u2019i trejtonin nga prizmi moral. Rastet t\u00eb caktuar t\u00eb problemit sh\u00ebndet\u00ebsor t\u00eb cilat zgjidheshin n\u00eb praktik\u00eb tek p\u00ebrsonat konkret, u b\u00ebn objekt i debateve t\u00eb ashpra filozofiko-morale. Disa konsideronin se bioetika \u00ebsht\u00eb disiplin\u00eb e jet\u00ebs dhe si e till\u00eb ajo duhet t\u00eb merret n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb konkrete dhe efikase me trajtimin e smundjeve, kurse t\u00eb tjer\u00eb konsideronin se edhe p\u00ebrkund\u00ebr dobishm\u00ebris\u00eb q\u00eb sjellin ekzaminimet e ve\u00e7anta shkencore, prap\u00ebseprap\u00eb ne duhet q\u00eb t\u00eb krijojm\u00eb nj\u00eb normativitet me baz\u00eb etike, sepse ne duhet t\u00eb dijm se deri ku mund t\u00eb shkohet, k\u00ebrkoheshin limitet e manovrimit.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebr derisa shkenctar\u00ebt ishin t\u00eb fokusuar n\u00eb efi\u00e7enc\u00ebn dhe efikasitetin e trajtimit shkencor\u00eb t\u00eb smundjeve t\u00eb ndryshme dhe nuk qanin kok\u00ebn p\u00ebr lindjen e precedanteve moral, filozof\u00ebt k\u00ebmgulnin se duhet rishikuar n\u00eb nj\u00eb horizont m\u00eb t\u00eb gjer\u00eb pasojat dhe ristrikcionet q\u00eb do t\u00eb prodhoheshin. Helga Kuhse dhe Peter Singer pohojn se: \u201cgjithnj\u00eb e m\u00eb shum\u00eb filozof\u00ebt filluan t\u2019i adresonin vet\u00ebs se tyre \u00e7\u00ebshtje praktike etike si p.sh., aborti dhe eutanasia, etik\u00ebn e luft\u00ebs dhe denimit me vdekje, alokimi i burimeve t\u00eb pakta njer\u00ebzore, t\u00eb drejtat e kafsheve, etj. Ata kishin marr\u00eb guximin t\u00eb b\u00ebnin pyetjet q\u00eb nuk i kishin b\u00ebr\u00eb m\u00eb par\u00eb. Q\u00eb nga ajo koh\u00eb disa praktika q\u00eb lidhen me kujdesin mjekesor dhe me shkencat e biologjis\u00eb, insistimet filozofike ndihmuan q\u00eb ta etablonin bioetik\u00ebn si disipilin\u00eb kritike\u201d (Companion to Bioethics<\/em>). Kuhse dhe Singer insistonin n\u00eb krijimin e nj\u00eb discipline e cila do t\u00eb merret me problemet etike, por n\u00eb rrafshin\u00a0bio<\/em>\u00a0dhe e cila si fundament t\u00eb saj do t\u00eb kishte aspektin kritik p\u00ebrball\u00eb zhvillimit tekniko-teknologjik.<\/p>\n

Konteksti social –\u00a0<\/strong>n\u00eb fillet e saj bioetika nuk trajtohej si disiplin\u00eb shkencore, por si nj\u00eb frym\u00eb sociale. Me zhvillimet e hovshme shkencore dhe nj\u00ebkoh\u00ebsisht me shtrimin e nevoj\u00ebs s\u00eb zgjidhjes s\u00eb problemeve t\u00eb ndryshme eko-sociale, sepse, numri i rastetve t\u00eb ndryshme rritej dita-dit\u00ebs dhe k\u00ebrkonin trajtim t\u00eb menj\u00ebhersh\u00ebm, k\u00ebshtuq\u00eb, e rriti edhe nj\u00ebfar\u00eb vet\u00ebdije me baz\u00eb sociale, q\u00eb t\u00eb jet\u00eb e pranueshme deri n\u00eb nj\u00ebfar\u00eb mase veprimtaria e bioetik\u00ebs. Mir\u00ebpo, n\u00eb rrafshin e p\u00ebrgjithsh\u00ebm global shtrohet dilema se a trajtohej bioetika nj\u00ebsoj? A konsiderohej nga t\u00eb gjitha grupet sociale si disiplin\u00eb e ve\u00e7ant? Kuhse dhe Singer pohojn\u00eb se: \u201c\u2026\u00ebsht\u00eb nevoja ta zgjidhim konfliktin dhe kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb sfida e bioetik\u00ebs transkulturore: duke n\u00ebnvizuar universalitetin e bioetik\u00ebs dhe pa e n\u00ebnvler\u00ebsuar dometh\u00ebnien e identiteteve kulturore\u201d. Me k\u00ebt\u00eb ata tentojn\u00eb t\u00eb na praqesin problemet konkrete rreth perceptimit q\u00eb grupe t\u00eb ndryshme q\u00eb kan\u00eb rreth bioetik\u00ebs. Konteksti socio-kulturor n\u00ebp\u00ebr vende t\u00eb ndryshme, mos pranimi i normave morale t\u00eb nj\u00eb grupi tjet\u00ebr social, b\u00ebn q\u00eb bioetik\u00ebn ta shohin n\u00eb m\u00ebnyra t\u00eb ndryshme.<\/p>\n

Zhvillimi shkencor q\u00eb kishte marr\u00eb hov n\u00eb bot\u00ebn prendimore b\u00ebri q\u00eb njer\u00ebzit t\u00eb kishin edhe nj\u00eb vet\u00ebdije m\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb n\u00eb raport me bioetik\u00ebn, mir\u00ebpo, n\u00eb vende t\u00eb ndryshme t\u00eb bot\u00ebs, bioetika konsiderohej si nj\u00eb shkenc\u00eb perendimore e cila ishte projektuar q\u00eb t\u2019i eksploatoj njer\u00ebzit, sepse k\u00ebto vende, Per\u00ebndimin e konsideronin si nj\u00eb nd\u00ebrmarrje t\u00eb eg\u00ebr imperialiste. \u201cIdeja transkulturore e bioetik\u00ebs n\u00eb nj\u00eb sens \u00ebsht\u00eb e ankoruar n\u00eb d\u00ebshirueshm\u00ebrin dhe mund\u00ebsin\u00eb e nj\u00eb standarti universal bioetik\u201d. Flasim p\u00ebr v\u00ebsht\u00ebrsi mjaft t\u00eb madhe t\u00eb globalizimit t\u00eb bioetik\u00ebs. Kap\u00ebrcimi nga niveli lokal, rajonal n\u00eb stadin global transkulturor, \u00ebsht\u00eb ende n\u00eb nivelin e d\u00ebshirueshm\u00ebris, sepse paragjykimet dhe sterotipet e nd\u00ebrtuara, por edhe barrjerat n\u00eb zhvilimin eko-shoq\u00ebror b\u00ebjn\u00eb shum\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebshtir\u00eb shp\u00ebrthimin e gjith\u00ebmbarsh\u00ebm global t\u00eb bioetik\u00ebs. Edhe p\u00ebrkund\u00ebr k\u00ebtyre barrierave q\u00eb has bioetika sot, tendencat e saj jan\u00eb q\u00eb ajo t\u2019i shp\u00ebrthej k\u00ebto konture sociale dhe t\u00eb dal\u00eb n\u00eb rrafshin transkulturor.<\/p>\n

Konteksti religjioz –\u00a0<\/strong>n\u00eb fakt konteksti religjioz \u00ebsht\u00eb pik\u00ebrisht ai ku edhe p\u00ebr her\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb u zhvilluan debatet m\u00eb t\u00eb ashpra n\u00eb lidhje me problemet bioetike. Kuhse dhe Singer pohojn se: \u201cNdoshta vepra e par\u00eb e bioetikes moderne ishte vepra e Joseph Fletcher,\u00a0Morali dhe Mjekesia<\/em>, e publikuar ne vitin 1954. Fletcher-i ishte teolog amerikan episkopalian, i cili konsiderohet se kishte qasje kontraverse n\u00eb situatat etike. Pyetjet e tij etike kishin ngjajshm\u00ebri m\u00eb shum\u00eb me etik\u00ebn konsekuencialiste se sa me etik\u00ebn tradicionale t\u00eb krishter. Edhepse, Fletcher-i b\u00ebri shum\u00eb t\u2019i stimuloj diskutimet n\u00eb lidhje me \u00e7\u00ebshtjet etike n\u00eb mjek\u00ebsi, ishte vet\u00ebm viti 1960 kur bioetika v\u00ebrtet\u00eb filloi t\u00eb marr\u00eb form\u00eb si nj\u00eb fush\u00eb e studimit\u201d. Domeni religjioz n\u00eb raprt me problemet bioetike mban\u00eb qendrim konservator, sepse konkretisht Kisha beson se me nd\u00ebrhyrjen p.sh., n\u00eb transplantimin e organeve\u00a0 b\u00ebhet nd\u00ebrhyrje n\u00eb domenin e Zotit. Ose kund\u00ebrshtimi q\u00eb i b\u00ebhet abortit nga ana e Kish\u00ebs \u00ebsht\u00eb se: \u201cKisha katolike i kund\u00ebrshton t\u00eb gjitha format e abortit, sepse kan\u00eb q\u00ebllim ta shkatrrojn\u00eb embrionin ose fetusin. Jeta njer\u00ebzore duhet t\u00eb respektohet dhe t\u00eb mbrohet absolutisht prej momentit t\u00eb konceptimit, prej k\u00ebtij momenti t\u00eb ekzistenc\u00ebs s\u00eb tij, qenieve njer\u00ebzore duhet t\u2019iu njihet e drejta e personit \u2013 q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e drejt\u00eb e panegociueshme e \u00e7do qenie p\u00ebr t\u00eb jetuar\u201d (Catechism of the catholic church, 2270<\/em>). Pik\u00ebrisht k\u00ebtu \u00ebsht\u00eb i qend\u00ebrzuar i t\u00ebr\u00eb debati, sepse at\u00eb q\u00eb proklamon shkenca si t\u00eb dobishme p\u00ebr sh\u00ebndetin njer\u00ebzor apo p\u00ebr q\u00ebllime tjera, religjoni e mohon kategorikisht dhe e konsideron si nd\u00ebrhyrje n\u00eb prishjen e rregullit t\u00eb gj\u00ebrave si nj\u00eb rend kozmik.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb vazhdim do t\u00eb p\u00ebrpiqemi t\u2019i elaborojm problemet dhe debatet m\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdha q\u00eb e karakterizojn\u00eb Bioetik\u00ebn…<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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(Ekskurs mbi Bioetik\u00ebn, debatet dhe problemet rreth saj) Ka shum\u00eb mospajtime nga autor\u00eb t\u00eb ndrysh\u00ebm n\u00eb lidhje me at\u00eb se kur ka lind\u00eb Bioetika, mir\u00ebpo, si nj\u00eb moment konsensual meret fillimi i viteve t\u00eb \u201960-ta. N\u00eb fillim ajo nuk konsiderohet si disiplin\u00eb e ve\u00e7ant, por si pjes\u00eb e etik\u00ebs. Madje asaj i kontestohej edhe vlera […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":266,"featured_media":11085,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[13],"tags":[2046,954],"ppma_author":[733],"class_list":["post-5139","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-analize","tag-bioetika","tag-filozofi"],"authors":[{"term_id":733,"user_id":266,"is_guest":0,"slug":"dritan-dragusha","display_name":"Dritan Dragusha","avatar_url":{"url":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/dritan.webp","url2x":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/dritan.webp"},"user_url":"","last_name":"Dragusha","first_name":"Dritan","description":"Dritan Dragusha \u00ebsht\u00eb i diplomuar n\u00eb filozofi, n\u00eb Universitetin e Prishtin\u00ebs. Dritani \u00ebsht\u00eb i fokusuar n\u00eb teori t\u00eb kultur\u00ebs dhe gjithashtu n\u00eb let\u00ebrsi, kinema dhe muzik\u00eb. Po ashtu, merret edhe me gazetari. \u00cbsht\u00eb kolumnist i rregullt n\u00eb platform\u00ebn online \"sbunker.net\". Ka qen\u00eb edhe m\u00ebsimdh\u00ebn\u00ebs i filozofis\u00eb dhe etik\u00ebs n\u00eb \"The British School Kosova\". Bashkautor n\u00eb projektin kulturor televiziv \"Filozofema\", n\u00eb Radio Televizionin e Kosov\u00ebs. Aktualisht Dritani \u00ebsht\u00eb autor dhe moderator i emisionit \"Prizma\", n\u00eb televizionin T7."}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5139","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/266"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5139"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5139\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11087,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5139\/revisions\/11087"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/11085"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5139"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5139"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5139"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ppma_author?post=5139"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}