{"id":5491,"date":"2019-06-26T10:00:00","date_gmt":"2019-06-26T08:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/?p=5491"},"modified":"2024-10-23T13:39:09","modified_gmt":"2024-10-23T11:39:09","slug":"kush-dhe-pse-eshte-i-korruptuar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/analize\/kush-dhe-pse-eshte-i-korruptuar\/","title":{"rendered":"Kush dhe pse \u00ebsht\u00eb i korruptuar?"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Progresi nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb i pamundsh\u00ebm. Megjithat\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb, shum\u00eb i v\u00ebshtir\u00eb. N\u00eb procesin e zhvillimit dhe transformimit t\u00eb ekonomis\u00eb s\u00eb Kosov\u00ebs, lufta kund\u00ebr korrupsionit \u00ebsht\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb prioritet p\u00ebr \u00e7dok\u00ebnd q\u00eb d\u00ebshiron ta p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsoj\u00eb vendin ku jeton. Korrupsioni, zakonisht i p\u00ebrkufizuar si ‘abuzim i pushtetit t\u00eb besuar p\u00ebr p\u00ebrfitime private’, \u00ebsht\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb fjal\u00eb e zakont\u00eb n\u00eb debatet politike, mediat popullore dhe bisedat mes miqve n\u00eb tavolinat e kafenes\u00eb. Ky term i gjer\u00eb \u2013 q\u00eb zakonisht n\u00ebnkupton sjellje t\u00eb shtyr\u00eb nga vetinteresi, pa marr\u00eb parasysh d\u00ebmin q\u00eb i b\u00ebhet mir\u00ebqenies publike \u2013 shihet si shkaktar i nj\u00eb varg ‘s\u00ebmundjesh’ shoq\u00ebrore, q\u00eb variojn\u00eb nga humbja e fondeve publike tek ‘kapja’ e pushtetit publik, nga shkalla e lart\u00eb e papun\u00ebsis\u00eb tek rritja e pabarazis\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Pasojat e korrupsionit jan\u00eb t\u00eb lehta p\u00ebr t\u2019u par\u00eb. Por, pse ka korrupsion dhe kush korruptohet? Cil\u00ebt faktor\u00eb ndikojn\u00eb n\u00eb mir\u00ebmbajtjen e korrupsionit? Si i arsyetojn\u00eb aktet korruptive individ\u00ebt e korruptuar?<\/p>\n

Racionalizimi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nga perspektiva psikologjike, p\u00ebr t\u00eb shpjeguar se p\u00ebrse njer\u00ebzit korruptohen duhen shqyrtuar mekanizmat e ndrysh\u00ebm mbrojt\u00ebs q\u00eb p\u00ebrdor nj\u00eb individ i angazhuar n\u00eb akte korruptive. Mekanizmat mbrojt\u00ebs jan\u00eb strategji psikologjike q\u00eb p\u00ebrdoren n\u00ebnvet\u00ebdijsh\u00ebm p\u00ebr ta mbrojtur nj\u00eb individ nga ankthi q\u00eb vjen si pasoj\u00eb e ndjenjave, mendimeve ose e akteve t\u00eb papranueshme, p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb aktet korruptive. Nga qasja psikanalitike, kuptojm\u00eb se njer\u00ebzit p\u00ebrdorin mekanizmat mbrojt\u00ebs p\u00ebr t\u00eb mbrojtur egon nga nd\u00ebshkimi i superegos. Nj\u00eb nga mekanizmat mbrojt\u00ebs \u00ebsht\u00eb racionalizimi. Njer\u00ebzit racionalizojn\u00eb ose justifikojn\u00eb sjelljet e ardhshme ose ato t\u00eb kaluara korruptive p\u00ebr t’i b\u00ebr\u00eb ato t\u00eb pranueshme p\u00ebr veten dhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb tjer\u00ebt.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb an\u00ebn tjet\u00ebr, n\u00eb kontekstin e korrupsionit, racionalizimi mund t\u00eb shihet edhe p\u00ebrbrenda fush\u00ebs s\u00eb psikologjis\u00eb sociale. K\u00ebtu teoria mbi disonanc\u00ebn kognitive p\u00ebrdor nocionin e racionalizimit n\u00eb adresimin e tensioneve nd\u00ebrmjet veprimeve dhe vet\u00eb definimeve normative n\u00eb nj\u00eb paradigm\u00eb epistemologjike m\u00eb ndryshe sesa ajo psikanalitike. Premisa themelore e teoris\u00eb s\u00eb disonanc\u00ebs kognitive \u00ebsht\u00eb se n\u00ebse nj\u00eb individ ka dy kognicione q\u00eb jan\u00eb psikologjikisht inkonsistente, ose n\u00ebse sjellja e nj\u00eb individi \u00ebsht\u00eb inkonsistente me nj\u00eb kognicion, personi do t\u00eb p\u00ebrjetoj\u00eb disonanc\u00eb dhe, p\u00ebr shkak se kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb gjendje e pad\u00ebshirueshme, ai ose ajo do t\u00eb p\u00ebrpiqet ta reduktoj\u00eb at\u00eb n\u00eb \u00e7do m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb mundshme.<\/p>\n

Megjith\u00ebse racionalizimi n\u00eb shumic\u00ebn e rasteve mund t\u00eb shihet si justifikim\u00a0post hoc<\/em>\u00a0p\u00ebr veprimet e kaluara korruptive, prap\u00ebseprap\u00eb ka pasoja q\u00eb e ndikojn\u00eb edhe t\u00eb ardhmen. Justifikimi i korrupsionit, sidomos publikisht, mund ta rris\u00eb paqart\u00ebsin\u00eb rreth gjykimeve etike dhe n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb ta zvog\u00ebloj\u00eb edhe m\u00eb tej besimin social. Megjithat\u00eb, nj\u00eb shqet\u00ebsim m\u00eb i menj\u00ebhersh\u00ebm \u00ebsht\u00eb se racionalizimet p\u00ebr korrupsionin \u00e7ojn\u00eb n\u00eb korrupsion t\u00eb m\u00ebtejsh\u00ebm. Kur individ\u00ebt e angazhuar n\u00eb nj\u00eb akt korruptiv i shpjegojn\u00eb veprimet e tyre n\u00eb m\u00ebnyra t\u00eb tilla q\u00eb e zvog\u00eblojn\u00eb at\u00eb akt, b\u00ebhet m\u00eb e leht\u00eb p\u00ebr ta dhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb tjer\u00ebt q\u00eb t\u00eb kryejn\u00eb akte t\u00eb tjera t\u00eb ngjashme q\u00eb do t\u00eb mund t\u00eb justifikoheshin me pretekstin e nj\u00ebjt\u00eb. Pra, racionalizimet dhe aktet korruptive b\u00ebhen t\u00eb nd\u00ebrsjella.<\/p>\n

Teoria mbi shk\u00ebputjen morale<\/strong><\/p>\n

Teoria e Albert Banduras mbi shk\u00ebputjen morale u zhvillua p\u00ebr t\u00eb shpjeguar se p\u00ebrse disa individ\u00eb jan\u00eb n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb marrin pjes\u00eb n\u00eb sjellje \u00e7njer\u00ebzore pa ndonj\u00eb shqet\u00ebsim t\u00eb duksh\u00ebm. Sipas k\u00ebsaj teorie, individ\u00ebt me nivele t\u00eb larta t\u00eb shk\u00ebputjes morale i p\u00ebrdorin rregullisht mekanizmat kognitiv\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u2019i riorganizuar veprimet e tyre ashtu q\u00eb t\u2019ua minimizojn\u00eb atyre vlerat dhe esenc\u00ebn etike. K\u00ebsisoj, ata i eradikojn\u00eb p\u00ebrkoh\u00ebsisht proceset e tyre vet\u00ebrregulluese, t\u00eb cilat psikologjia social-kognitive pretendon se e qeverisin sjelljen individuale morale tek individ\u00ebt. Deri m\u00eb sot, kjo teori ka mbetur kryesisht si shpjegim teorik p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrshkruar dhun\u00ebn politike dhe ushtarake.<\/p>\n

Psikologia Celia Moore ishte e para q\u00eb p\u00ebrdori shk\u00ebputjen morale p\u00ebr t\u00eb shpjeguar korrupsionin. Shk\u00ebputja morale sipas saj luan rol n\u00eb inicimin e korrupsionit duke leht\u00ebsuar dhe shpejtuar vendimmarrjen joetike p\u00ebr t\u00eb \u00e7uar p\u00ebrpara interesat personale. Gjithashtu supozohet se shk\u00ebputja morale \u00ebsht\u00eb faktor n\u00eb leht\u00ebsimin e t\u00eb kryerit t\u00eb akteve korruptive p\u00ebr shkak se e ul vet\u00ebdij\u00ebsimin e individ\u00ebve rreth pasojave dhe akteve joetike q\u00eb ata i nd\u00ebrmarrin. Gjithashtu kur shk\u00ebputja morale p\u00ebrdoret p\u00ebr t\u00eb shpjeguar korrupsionin supozohet se ajo kontribuon n\u00eb vazhdimin e korrupsionit p\u00ebr shkak se kur individ\u00ebt kan\u00eb prirje m\u00eb t\u00eb madhe p\u00ebr t’u shk\u00ebputur moralisht, ata kan\u00eb prirje edhe q\u00eb t\u2019i avancojn\u00eb interesat personale, pa marr\u00eb parasysh se n\u00eb \u00e7far\u00eb m\u00ebnyre e b\u00ebjn\u00eb at\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Shmangia e pasiguris\u00eb<\/strong><\/p>\n

N\u00eb psikologjin\u00eb kulturore, shmangia e pasiguris\u00eb ka t\u00eb b\u00ebj\u00eb me m\u00ebnyr\u00ebn sesi kulturat e bot\u00ebs ndryshojn\u00eb n\u00eb sasin\u00eb e toleranc\u00ebs q\u00eb kan\u00eb ndaj paparashikueshm\u00ebris\u00eb. Kur b\u00ebhet fjal\u00eb p\u00ebr toleranc\u00ebn e paparashikueshm\u00ebris\u00eb, fushat me t\u00eb cilat merret shmangia e pasiguris\u00eb m\u00eb s\u00eb shumti kan\u00eb t\u00eb b\u00ebjn\u00eb me teknologjin\u00eb, ligjin dhe fen\u00eb. S\u00eb fundi, ka filluar t\u00eb aplikohet edhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb shpjeguar korrupsionin. Hofstede p\u00ebrcakton shmangien e pasiguris\u00eb si \u201cshtrirje n\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn pjes\u00ebtar\u00ebt e nj\u00eb kulture ndjehen t\u00eb k\u00ebrc\u00ebnuar nga pasiguria ose situata t\u00eb panjohura\u201d.<\/p>\n

Korrupsioni mund t\u00eb shihet si nj\u00eb mekaniz\u00ebm p\u00ebr t\u00eb reduktuar pasigurin\u00eb. N\u00eb situata ku rezultatet jan\u00eb t\u00eb pasigurta, korrupsioni mund t\u00eb sh\u00ebrbej\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb siguruar nj\u00eb rezultat m\u00eb t\u00eb sigurt. P\u00ebr shembull, zyrtar\u00ebt komunal\u00eb n\u00eb zyret e lejeve p\u00ebr nd\u00ebrtim mund t\u00eb ken\u00eb potencial p\u00ebr p\u00ebrfitime t\u00eb paligjshme duke shkaktuar vonesa dhe rrjedhimisht pasiguri n\u00eb p\u00ebrpunimin e aplikacioneve. Ryshfeti, n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb rast, e zvog\u00eblon pasigurin\u00eb n\u00eb kontraktimin e sh\u00ebrbimeve komunale.<\/p>\n

Prandaj mund t\u00eb supozohet se sa m\u00eb e madhe t\u00eb jet\u00eb nevoja e shmangies s\u00eb pasiguris\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb vend, aq m\u00eb i lart\u00eb do t\u00eb jet\u00eb niveli i korrupsionit. Meqen\u00ebse rregullat shoq\u00ebrore dhe kulturore e p\u00ebrcaktojn\u00eb dhe e kufizojn\u00eb sjelljen, individ\u00ebt pastaj fillojn\u00eb t\u00eb besojn\u00eb se \u00ebsht\u00eb e nevojshme q\u00eb t\u00eb veprojn\u00eb p\u00ebrmes kanaleve joformale p\u00ebr t\u2019i arritur objektivat e tyre personale. Pasi t\u00eb krijohen k\u00ebto modele korruptive, p\u00ebrjet\u00ebsohen dhe vazhdohen p\u00ebr shkak se thyerja e k\u00ebtyre modeleve do t\u00eb rikrijonte pasiguri.<\/p>\n

Tiparet e personalitetit<\/strong><\/p>\n

D\u00ebshmit\u00eb eksperimentale gjithashtu sugjerojn\u00eb se karakteristikat specifike t\u00eb personalitetit mund t\u00eb jen\u00eb faktor p\u00ebr korruptim. DeCelles konkludoi se njer\u00ebzit q\u00eb abuzojn\u00eb me pushtetin q\u00eb iu \u00ebsht\u00eb besuar kan\u00eb tendenc\u00eb t\u00eb ken\u00eb identitet t\u00eb dob\u00ebt moral, nd\u00ebrsa Levine argumenton se ata kan\u00eb \u2018mendim moral primitiv\u2019 sepse e vler\u00ebsojn\u00eb besnik\u00ebrin\u00eb personale para rregullave formale.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, disa studime ekonometrie theksojn\u00eb se tipare t\u00eb caktuara t\u00eb personalitetit kan\u00eb korrelacion me nivele t\u00eb larta t\u00eb korrupsionit. Studimet e tilla p\u00ebrdorin t\u00eb dh\u00ebna nga databazat t\u00eb cilat regjistrojn\u00eb variabla kulturore q\u00eb rendisin vendet e ndryshme t\u00eb bot\u00ebs n\u00eb terma t\u00eb orientimeve morale, karakteristikave kulturore dhe karakteristikave t\u00eb personalitetit t\u00eb qytetar\u00ebve t\u00eb tyre. Gjetjet e k\u00ebtyre studimeve tregojn\u00eb se nivelet e larta t\u00eb neuroticizmit, indeksit t\u00eb distanc\u00ebs s\u00eb pushtetit, maskulinitetit dhe shmangies s\u00eb pasiguris\u00eb brenda popullsive specifike lidhen pozitivisht me fenomenin e korrupsionit, nd\u00ebrsa nivelet e larta t\u00eb ekstroversionit jan\u00eb karakteristik\u00eb e shoq\u00ebrive me nivele t\u00eb ul\u00ebta t\u00eb korrupsionit.<\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Progresi nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb i pamundsh\u00ebm. Megjithat\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb, shum\u00eb i v\u00ebshtir\u00eb. N\u00eb procesin e zhvillimit dhe transformimit t\u00eb ekonomis\u00eb s\u00eb Kosov\u00ebs, lufta kund\u00ebr korrupsionit \u00ebsht\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb prioritet p\u00ebr \u00e7dok\u00ebnd q\u00eb d\u00ebshiron ta p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsoj\u00eb vendin ku jeton. Korrupsioni, zakonisht i p\u00ebrkufizuar si ‘abuzim i pushtetit t\u00eb besuar p\u00ebr p\u00ebrfitime private’, \u00ebsht\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb fjal\u00eb e zakont\u00eb n\u00eb […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":8807,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[13],"tags":[664],"ppma_author":[267],"class_list":["post-5491","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-analize","tag-kosovo"],"authors":[{"term_id":267,"user_id":0,"is_guest":1,"slug":"eurisa-rukovci","display_name":"Eurisa Rukovci","avatar_url":{"url":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/rukovci.jpeg","url2x":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/rukovci.jpeg"},"user_url":"","last_name":"","first_name":"","description":"Eurisa Rukovci \u00ebsht\u00eb e lindur m\u00eb 1994. Shkollimin fillor dhe t\u00eb mes\u00ebm e ka p\u00ebrfunduar n\u00eb Kosov\u00eb dhe ShBA, kurse studimet i ka p\u00ebrfunduar n\u00eb Universitetin e Prishtin\u00ebs \u2013 Departamentin e Psikologjis\u00eb. \u00cbsht\u00eb ideatore e aplikacionit t\u00eb par\u00eb p\u00ebr sh\u00ebndetin seksual \u201cShnet\u201d dhe q\u00eb nga viti 2015 shkruan si kolumniste nga Kosova p\u00ebr media regjionale. Eurisa \u00ebsht\u00eb marr\u00eb vazhdimisht me aktiviz\u00ebm, posa\u00e7\u00ebrisht n\u00eb lidhje me t\u00eb drejtat e grave, si dhe ka b\u00ebr\u00eb nj\u00eb s\u00ebr\u00eb hulumtimesh shkencore nga fusha e psikologjis\u00eb sociale dhe kulturore. Fushat e vokacionit t\u00eb saj jan\u00eb psikologjia sociale, sh\u00ebndeti seksual, historiku i l\u00ebvizjeve feministe n\u00eb bot\u00eb dhe kritika e kultur\u00ebs, posa\u00e7\u00ebrisht historia e muzik\u00ebs rock."}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5491","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5491"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5491\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8947,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5491\/revisions\/8947"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/8807"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5491"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5491"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5491"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ppma_author?post=5491"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}