{"id":5597,"date":"2020-06-18T13:49:21","date_gmt":"2020-06-18T11:49:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/?p=5597"},"modified":"2024-10-17T13:54:40","modified_gmt":"2024-10-17T11:54:40","slug":"efektiviteti-i-pakos-fiskale-varet-nga-dizajnimi-i-saj","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/analize\/efektiviteti-i-pakos-fiskale-varet-nga-dizajnimi-i-saj\/","title":{"rendered":"Efektiviteti i pakos fiskale varet nga dizajnimi i saj"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Thuhet q\u00eb n\u00ebse i mbledh\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb ekonomist\u00ebt e bot\u00ebs n\u00eb nj\u00eb tavolin\u00eb, nuk i gjen dot dy mendime t\u00eb nj\u00ebjta. Historikisht, dy shkollat kryesore ekonomike jan\u00eb ajo klasike dhe kejnsiane \u2013 apo shkolla e bazuar n\u00eb idet\u00eb e Adam Smith dhe John Maynard Keynes. Ky i fundit, \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb nga autor\u00ebt me m\u00eb s\u00eb shumti influenc\u00eb n\u00eb literatur\u00ebn ekonomike, dhe idet\u00eb e tij jan\u00eb aktuale sidomos n\u00eb koh\u00eb krizash.<\/p>\n

\u2018\u2019Laissez-faire<\/em>\u2019\u2019, apo l\u00ebre t\u00eb lir\u00eb, \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb fraz\u00eb q\u00eb e p\u00ebrdornin ekonomist\u00ebt klasik p\u00ebr t\u00eb argumentuar se tregu m\u00eb se miri funksionon kur lihet i lir\u00eb nga qeveria. Dhe n\u00ebse ka kriza, n\u00eb periudh\u00eb afatgjat\u00eb tregu i lir\u00eb do t\u00eb rregullohet vetvetiu. Kund\u00ebr tyre, kejnsian\u00ebt \u2018pajtoheshin\u2019 q\u00eb n\u00eb koh\u00eb afatgjate tregu do t\u00eb vet rregullohej, porse n\u00eb at\u00eb bot\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb do t\u00eb ishim t\u00eb vdekur.<\/p>\n

Situata ekonomike e krijuar si rrjedhoj\u00eb e pandemis\u00eb k\u00ebrkon nd\u00ebrhyrje t\u00eb shpejt\u00eb nga ana e qeveris\u00eb. Ekonomisti Martin Wolf, n\u00eb nj\u00eb shkrim n\u00eb gazet\u00ebn e famshme Financial Times, shkruan se ekonomit\u00eb n\u00eb zhvillim do ta ken\u00eb goditjen m\u00eb t\u00eb madhe si pasoj e virusit korona. Sipas tij, q\u00eb nga viti 1871, asnj\u00ebher\u00eb p\u00ebrqindja e vendeve n\u00eb recension nuk ka qen\u00eb m\u00eb e madhe. Me fjal\u00eb tjera, mbi 80 p\u00ebr qind e vendeve parashihen t\u00eb shkojn\u00eb n\u00eb recension. Kjo p\u00ebrqindje s\u2019ka qen\u00eb m\u00eb e madhe as n\u00eb kriz\u00ebn e 2008, Luft\u00ebn e Dyt\u00eb Bot\u00ebrore, apo Depresionin e Madh t\u00eb viteve 1929-33. Zotri Wolf nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb i vetmi q\u00eb alarmon p\u00ebr efektet e m\u00ebdha q\u00eb do t\u2019i ket\u00eb pandemia.<\/p>\n

Kosova, si vend n\u00eb zhvillim, padyshim \u00ebsht\u00eb goditur ndjesh\u00ebm n\u00eb k\u00ebrkes\u00ebn agregate. Nd\u00ebrhyrja e qeveris\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e pashmangshme. Debati ekonomik e politik, m\u00eb shum\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb duke u zhvilluar n\u00eb vler\u00ebn monetare t\u00eb pakos fiskale, sesa masat specifike q\u00eb do t\u00eb nd\u00ebrmerren. N\u00eb vazhdim do t\u00eb diskutohen tri teza, t\u00eb cilat jan\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme t\u00eb adresohen n\u00eb pakon e rim\u00ebk\u00ebmbjes ekonomike.<\/p>\n

Duke marr\u00eb parasysh norm\u00ebn e lart\u00eb t\u00eb interesit krahasuar me vendet per\u00ebndimore, \u00ebsht\u00eb e domosdoshme q\u00eb t\u00eb subvencionohen pjesa m\u00eb e madhe e tyre p\u00ebr bizneset e prekura. Pra, bizneset q\u00eb pas pandemis\u00eb \u2013 pas ri-hapjes t\u00eb ekonomis\u00eb \u2013\u00a0 kan\u00eb probleme me pages\u00ebn e k\u00ebsteve, duhet q\u00eb t\u00eb ristrukturojn\u00eb kredit\u00eb dhe penaltit\u00eb eventuale duhet t\u00eb merren p\u00ebrsip\u00ebr nga buxheti i rim\u00ebk\u00ebmbjes. Por, bizeset q\u00eb kan\u00eb pasur vonesa edhe para fillimit t\u00eb pandemis\u00eb, nuk do t\u00eb ishte e udh\u00ebs t\u00eb subvencionohen. Ato biznese edhe ashtu kan\u00eb d\u00ebshtuar t\u00eb mbijetojn\u00eb n\u00eb \u2018kushtet e barabarta.\u2019 Subvencionimi i normave t\u00eb interesit duhet t\u00eb merret parasysh edhe p\u00ebr bizneset q\u00eb nuk kan\u00eb obligime n\u00eb banka, por q\u00eb e kan\u00eb t\u00eb nevojshme qasjen n\u00eb financa.<\/p>\n

Masa monetare e subvencionimit nuk duhet t\u00eb jet\u00eb e nj\u00ebjt\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjitha bizneset. Bizneset e vogla dhe t\u00eb mesme kan\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsi vitale p\u00ebr nivelin e pun\u00ebsimit dhe barazis\u00eb. K\u00ebshtu, k\u00ebto biznese, e ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht ato q\u00eb udh\u00ebhiqen nga grat\u00eb, duhet t\u00eb subvencionohen m\u00eb shum\u00eb. Nobelisti Muhammad Yunus, i cili njihet edhe si themeluesi i mikrofinancave, argumenton q\u00eb grat\u00eb jan\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb afta n\u00eb menaxhimin e parave nga huamarrja. Pa dyshim, promovimi i bizneseve q\u00eb udh\u00ebhiqen nga grat\u00eb do t\u00eb kishe efekte t\u00eb q\u00ebndrueshme n\u00eb ekonomi.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebrve\u00e7 subvencionimit t\u00eb normave t\u00eb interesit, pauza n\u00eb pages\u00ebn e k\u00ebsteve t\u00eb kredis\u00eb do t\u00eb ishte nj\u00eb ndihm\u00eb e madhe. Natyrisht, kjo p\u00ebr bankat komerciale do t\u00eb krijonte kosto shtes\u00eb, t\u00eb cilat do t\u00eb duhej t\u2019i p\u00ebrfshij fondi i rim\u00ebk\u00ebmbjes. Pra, p\u00ebrve\u00e7 sigurimit t\u00eb \u2018grace periudh\u00ebs\u2019 s\u00eb p\u00ebrshtatshme \u00a0p\u00ebr bizneset, pauza disa mujore n\u00eb pages\u00ebn e k\u00ebsteve do t\u00eb duhej t\u00eb vazhdohej.<\/p>\n

Duket q\u00eb ekziston momentumi p\u00ebr krijimin e nj\u00eb politike industriale. P\u00ebr shum\u00eb vite, Kosova ka pasur nj\u00eb qasje tejet neoklasike ndaj ekonomis\u00eb. \u00cbsht\u00eb m\u00eb se e nevojshme promovimi i bizneseve t\u00eb reja, qoft\u00eb n\u00eb prodhimin e produkteve apo edhe sh\u00ebrbimeve \u2013 n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb t\u00eb fundit Kosova ka nj\u00eb potencial t\u00eb jasht\u00ebzakonsh\u00ebm, pasi q\u00eb kemi edhe bilanc pozitiv tregtar. Profesori Dani Rodrik, kur flet p\u00ebr grantet argumenton q\u00eb burokrat\u00ebt e administrat\u00ebs duhet t\u00eb mbahen larg nga vendimmarrja n\u00eb shp\u00ebrndarje. N\u00eb vend t\u00eb k\u00ebsaj, propozon q\u00eb dikush nga niveli i lart\u00eb politik t\u00eb merr p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebsi t\u00eb udh\u00ebheq\u00eb k\u00ebto politika. Kjo sepse dikush nga stafi i lart\u00eb politik do t\u00eb kishte mund\u00ebsi t\u2019i ndalte dhe ri-destinonte mjetet n\u00eb koh\u00eb rekorde, pasi q\u00eb detyr\u00eb e qeveris\u00eb nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb t\u2019i p\u00ebrzgjedh fituesit, por t\u00eb dij\u00eb kur ka nj\u00eb humb\u00ebs. Pra, qeveria mund t\u00eb b\u00ebj\u00eb gabime, dhe n\u00ebse ajo nuk b\u00ebn\u00eb gabime, i bie q\u00eb nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb duke punuar sa duhet, vazhdon profesori Rodrik.<\/p>\n

Por, forma e stimulimit nuk do t\u00eb duhej t\u00eb bazohej parimisht n\u00eb grante. Nobelist\u00ebt e ekonomis\u00eb t\u00eb vitit 2019, Abhijit Banerjee dhe Esther Duflo, n\u00eb vazhd\u00ebn e hulumtimeve n\u00eb fush\u00ebn e ekonomis\u00eb zhvillimore, gjejn\u00eb se kur ndihmat sh\u00ebndet\u00ebsore ofrohen falas, ata injorohen dhe shpesh her\u00eb as nuk pranohen. N\u00eb an\u00ebn tjet\u00ebr, kur personat duhet t\u00eb paguajn\u00eb, qoft\u00eb edhe nj\u00eb shum\u00eb simbolike, jan\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjegjsh\u00ebm dhe ia din\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb vler\u00ebn ila\u00e7eve. Nj\u00eb paralele do t\u00eb mund t\u00eb t\u00ebrhiqet edhe n\u00eb aspektin e granteve. Personat q\u00eb marrin para te gatshme nga qeveria kan\u00eb tendenc\u00eb t\u2019i keq menaxhojn\u00eb ato. Tek e fundit, thon\u00eb ata, s\u2019jan\u00eb pare t\u2019mija.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb vend t\u00eb k\u00ebsaj, kredit\u00eb e buta, dhe mund\u00ebsisht pa norm\u00eb interesi, do t\u00eb ishin z\u00ebvend\u00ebsuese t\u00eb granteve. K\u00ebshtu, n\u00ebn premtimin p\u00ebr t\u00eb kthyer mjetet financiare, personat q\u00eb nuk kan\u00eb q\u00ebllim investimin por qasjen n\u00eb \u201cfree money\u2019\u2019, do t\u00eb mbaheshin larg nga formular\u00ebt e aplikimit. N\u00eb vend t\u00eb tyre, individ\u00eb tjer\u00eb t\u00eb motivuar p\u00ebr pun\u00eb nuk do t\u00eb hezitonin t\u00eb b\u00ebheshin pjes\u00eb e programit.<\/p>\n

Ata q\u00eb kan\u00eb m\u00eb s\u00eb shumti nevoj\u00eb p\u00ebr ndihm\u00eb, s\u2019kan\u00eb para n\u00eb Trust. Kuptohet, q\u00ebllimi i k\u00ebsaj mase q\u00eb po diskutohet \u00ebsht\u00eb rritja e k\u00ebrkes\u00ebs agregate, dhe jo ndihmave sociale. Por, pun\u00ebtor\u00ebt pa letra jan\u00eb pjes\u00eb e madhe e tregut t\u00eb pun\u00ebs. Rrjedhimisht, p\u00ebrs\u00ebri do t\u00eb privilegjoheshin t\u00eb privilegjuarit dhe do t\u00eb p\u00ebrjashtoheshin nevojtar\u00ebt. Nj\u00eb person q\u00eb ka mjete n\u00eb Trust, gjasat q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb i pun\u00ebsuar i ka m\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdha dhe mjetet shtes\u00eb ka tendenc\u00eb t\u2019i shpenzoj n\u00eb mallra dhe sh\u00ebrbime luksi, q\u00eb mund t\u00eb ken\u00eb ndikim negativ n\u00eb ekonomin\u00eb vendore. N\u00ebse mund\u00ebsohet t\u00ebrheqja e 10 p\u00ebr qind t\u00eb mjeteve nga Trusti, shum\u00ebkush do t\u00eb mendonte p\u00ebr pushimet verore. T\u00eb tjer\u00ebt do t\u00eb blinin nj\u00eb telefon t\u00eb ri. E k\u00ebshtu me radh\u00eb. Natyrisht, n\u00eb zinxhirin e k\u00ebtyre shit-blerjeve do t\u00eb kishte firma q\u00eb p\u00ebrfitojn\u00eb, por ndikimi pozitiv n\u00eb ekonomi do t\u00eb ishte minimal \u2013 tendenca e madhe p\u00ebr importe mbetet k\u00ebrc\u00ebnimi kryesor.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, deklaratat se t\u00ebrheqja e k\u00ebtyre mjeteve \u00ebsht\u00eb d\u00ebshirore, \u00ebsht\u00eb e pakuptueshme. N\u00ebse t\u00eb lejohet t\u00ebrheqja e 10 p\u00ebr qind e kursimeve t\u00eb Trustit, me premtimin q\u00eb qeveria do t\u2019i kompensoj shumic\u00ebn apo nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb t\u00eb tyre, at\u00ebher\u00eb a \u00ebsht\u00eb e mundur q\u00eb dikush do ta l\u00ebshonte k\u00ebt\u00eb mund\u00ebsi? Personalisht, edhe n\u00ebse nuk do t\u00eb m\u00eb rimbursoheshin fare, do t\u2019i kisha t\u00ebrheq\u00eb k\u00ebto mjete. P\u00ebrfitimin m\u00eb t\u00eb madh nga to, v\u00ebshtir\u00eb q\u00eb do ta kishte ekonomia jon\u00eb, por potencialisht vendet me turiz\u00ebm veror\u00eb.<\/p>\n

N\u00ebse planifikohet shfryt\u00ebzimi i rreth 200 milion\u00eb euro nga mjetet e Trustit, do t\u00eb ishte e udh\u00ebs t\u00eb shfryt\u00ebzohen p\u00ebr projekte t\u00eb reja kapitale. P\u00ebr shembull, nga viti 2000 e k\u00ebndej, \u00ebsht\u00eb diskutuar mund\u00ebsia e nd\u00ebrtimit t\u00eb nj\u00eb termocentrali t\u00eb ri. Momentum m\u00eb t\u00eb mir\u00eb se tash p\u00ebr t\u00eb filluar nd\u00ebrtimin nuk ka pasur. Termocentralet aktuale jan\u00eb vjetruar dhe mir\u00ebmbajtja e tyre q\u00eb nga pas lufta ka qen\u00eb shum\u00eb e kushtueshme. Rinovimi i tyre \u00ebsht\u00eb shoq\u00ebruar me dyshime p\u00ebr keq p\u00ebrdorime. Sidoqoft\u00eb, nga nj\u00eb termocentral i ri, p\u00ebrfitimet do t\u00eb ishin shum\u00eb dimensionale \u2013 ndotje m\u00eb t\u00eb ul\u00ebt, pun\u00ebsim, rritje t\u00eb kapaciteteve prodhuese n\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi, e k\u00ebshtu me radh\u00eb. P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, n\u00ebse rezervat e qymyrit nuk shfryt\u00ebzohen n\u00eb 10 vitet e ardhshme, at\u00ebher\u00eb v\u00ebshtir\u00eb q\u00eb do t\u00eb futeshin n\u00eb funksion pas 10 vjet\u00ebsh \u2013 besoj q\u00eb importi i energjis\u00eb n\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb do t\u00eb ishte me i lir\u00eb se prodhimi vendor nga qymyri.<\/p>\n

Kuptohet, shuma prej 200 milion\u00eb euro t\u00eb Trustit nuk do t\u00eb mjaftonte p\u00ebr ndertimin e k\u00ebtij termocentrali, por rritja e borxhit publik mbetet nj\u00eb mund\u00ebsi reale. Edhe ashtu, borxhi q\u00eb do t\u2019i bartet gjenerat\u00ebs s\u00eb ardhshme do t\u00eb kishte si kund\u00ebrvler\u00eb astete t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme strategjike. Gjithsesi, \u00ebsht\u00eb mir\u00eb t\u00eb theksohet q\u00eb promovimi i nd\u00ebrtimit t\u00eb nj\u00eb termocentrali nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrkrahje p\u00ebr projektin e filluar koh\u00eb m\u00eb her\u00ebt.<\/p>\n

Krejt n\u00eb fund, mbes me shpres\u00eb q\u00eb diskutimi p\u00ebr pakon e rim\u00ebk\u00ebmbjes t\u00eb ket\u00eb v\u00ebmendje m\u00eb t\u00eb madhe t\u00eb opinioni publik, duke pasur parasysh r\u00ebnd\u00ebsin\u00eb e saj p\u00ebr t\u00eb ardhmen e ekonomis\u00eb ton\u00eb.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Thuhet q\u00eb n\u00ebse i mbledh\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb ekonomist\u00ebt e bot\u00ebs n\u00eb nj\u00eb tavolin\u00eb, nuk i gjen dot dy mendime t\u00eb nj\u00ebjta. Historikisht, dy shkollat kryesore ekonomike jan\u00eb ajo klasike dhe kejnsiane \u2013 apo shkolla e bazuar n\u00eb idet\u00eb e Adam Smith dhe John Maynard Keynes. Ky i fundit, \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb nga autor\u00ebt me m\u00eb s\u00eb […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":441,"featured_media":8552,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[13],"tags":[1006,1388,1186],"ppma_author":[1012],"class_list":["post-5597","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-analize","tag-ekonomi","tag-pako-fiskale","tag-pandemia"],"authors":[{"term_id":1012,"user_id":441,"is_guest":0,"slug":"albian-krasniqi","display_name":"Albian Krasniqi","avatar_url":{"url":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/albiani.png","url2x":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/albiani.png"},"user_url":"","last_name":"Krasniqi","first_name":"Albian","description":"Albian Krasniqi \u00ebsht\u00eb kandidat p\u00ebr doktoratur\u00eb n\u00eb Universitetin Teknologjik t\u00eb Dublinit, duke u specializuar p\u00ebr tregun e pun\u00ebs. Paraprakisht ka mbaruar studimet master p\u00ebr ekonomi t\u00eb zhvillimit, n\u00eb Universitetin e Sussexit, n\u00eb Angli. Albiani ka p\u00ebrvoj\u00eb pune si ekonomist n\u00eb institucionet vendore dhe organizatat nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare."}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5597","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/441"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5597"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5597\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8553,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5597\/revisions\/8553"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/8552"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5597"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5597"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5597"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ppma_author?post=5597"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}