{"id":6027,"date":"2021-01-13T11:24:40","date_gmt":"2021-01-13T09:24:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/?p=6027"},"modified":"2024-10-17T11:28:46","modified_gmt":"2024-10-17T09:28:46","slug":"te-ardhurat-bazike-universale-ide-e-vjeter-debat-i-ri","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/analize\/te-ardhurat-bazike-universale-ide-e-vjeter-debat-i-ri\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u00eb ardhurat bazike universale: ide e vjet\u00ebr, debat i ri"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

Krizat ekonomike sjellin pasoja shum\u00ebdimensionale n\u00eb jet\u00ebn e njer\u00ebzve.\u00a0 Gjat\u00eb k\u00ebtyre koh\u00ebrave, papun\u00ebsia e shoq\u00ebruar me varf\u00ebri ekstreme rritet ndjesh\u00ebm. Kur rritet pasiguria, debatet p\u00ebr skemat dhe politikat sociale jan\u00eb n\u00eb trend. N\u00eb muajt e fundit, ekonomist\u00eb t\u00eb ndrysh\u00ebm kan\u00eb ngjallur nj\u00eb debat t\u00eb ri n\u00eb lidhje me nj\u00eb koncept t\u00eb vjet\u00ebr \u2013 t\u00eb ardhurat bazike universale. Filozofi anglez, Thomas More, n\u00eb librin e tij \u2018Utopia\u2019 ishte nd\u00ebr t\u00eb par\u00ebt q\u00eb diskutoi p\u00ebr konceptin e t\u00eb ardhurave bazike universale. Ky koncept p\u00ebrb\u00ebhet nga programet qeveritare q\u00eb u shp\u00ebrndajn\u00eb para t\u00eb gjith\u00eb qytetar\u00ebve n\u00eb mosh\u00eb t\u00eb rritur, n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb vazhdueshme. N\u00eb dukje t\u00eb par\u00eb, kjo ide na kujton dilem\u00ebn e nj\u00eb f\u00ebmije q\u00eb pyeste babin se p\u00ebrse bankat qendrore nuk printojn\u00eb shum\u00eb para, k\u00ebshtu t\u00eb gjith\u00eb do t\u00eb ishin t\u00eb pasur dhe do t\u00eb jetonin t\u00eb lumtur. Th\u00ebn\u00eb ndryshe, ideja e t\u00eb ardhurave bazike universale, nga shum\u00eb ekonomist\u00eb shihet si utopike. Gjithsesi, n\u00eb koh\u00ebt e fundit nuk jan\u00eb t\u00eb pakt\u00eb z\u00ebrat q\u00eb argumentojn\u00eb n\u00eb favor t\u00eb saj.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb fakt, vendet q\u00eb kan\u00eb aplikuar politika t\u00eb tilla nuk jan\u00eb t\u00eb rralla. Finlanda, ShBA-ja, Kanada dhe Irani kan\u00eb zbatuar politik\u00eb t\u00eb ngjashme, por t\u00eb limituara n\u00eb koh\u00eb dhe vler\u00eb t\u00eb programit. Gjat\u00eb periudh\u00ebs me pandemin\u00eb, ShBA-ja u ndau mjete financiare t\u00eb gjith\u00eb qytetar\u00ebve t\u00eb vet. Por, a \u00ebsht\u00eb e mundur q\u00eb k\u00ebto lloj pagesash t\u00eb vazhdojn\u00eb edhe n\u00eb koh\u00eb normale?<\/p>\n

P\u00ebr ta kuptuar m\u00eb mir\u00eb nevoj\u00ebn dhe rezultatet nga k\u00ebto lloj programesh, Martin Sandbu, ekonomist n\u00eb gazet\u00ebn Financial Times, ka realizuar disa intervista me p\u00ebrfitues t\u00eb skem\u00ebs s\u00eb t\u00eb ardhurave bazike universale n\u00eb Alask\u00eb. Ky vend, pothuajse 40 vjet m\u00eb par\u00eb, ka filluar t\u00eb nxjerr\u00eb dhe p\u00ebrpunoj\u00eb naft\u00eb. N\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb nga shtija t\u00eb p\u00ebrfitoj\u00eb i gjith\u00eb komuniteti, \u00ebsht\u00eb krijuar nj\u00eb fond i cili nj\u00eb her\u00eb n\u00eb vit shp\u00ebrndan dividend\u00eb te banor\u00ebt e vendit \u2013 \u00a0sillet n\u00eb mes 1-2 mij\u00eb dollar\u00eb. Pra, \u00e7do qytetar i zon\u00ebs merr k\u00ebto t\u00eb ardhura nj\u00eb her\u00eb n\u00eb vit. Ata q\u00eb i din\u00eb \u00e7mimet n\u00eb ShBA e kuptojn\u00eb q\u00eb k\u00ebto mjete financiare nuk jan\u00eb ndonj\u00eb vler\u00eb e madhe. Pra, nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb se njer\u00ebzit mund t\u00eb jetojn\u00eb nga t\u00eb ardhurat bazike universale. Megjithat\u00eb, p\u00ebr ata q\u00eb jetojn\u00eb n\u00eb margjina, k\u00ebto mjete kan\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsi pivotale n\u00eb raste t\u00eb caktuara. Ata mund t\u2019i blejn\u00eb gomat e dimrit p\u00ebr makin\u00eb, paguaj k\u00ebstin e kredis\u00eb jasht\u00eb sezonit t\u00eb pun\u00ebs, apo kursejn\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb ardhmen e f\u00ebmij\u00ebve t\u00eb tyre.<\/p>\n

Kund\u00ebrshtar\u00ebt e t\u00eb ardhurave bazike universale argumentojn\u00eb se ky lloj programi nxit njer\u00ebzit ta l\u00ebn\u00eb pun\u00ebn, pasi n\u00eb nj\u00eb periudh\u00eb, sado e shkurt\u00ebr q\u00eb t\u00eb jet\u00eb, nj\u00eb familje do t\u00eb ket\u00eb likuiditet. Gjithsesi, studimet tregojn\u00eb q\u00eb nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb gjetur evidenc\u00eb e till\u00eb n\u00eb Alask\u00eb. P\u00ebrkundrazi, argumentojn\u00eb ekonomist\u00ebt pro k\u00ebtij programi, kjo politik\u00eb ka ndikim pozitiv n\u00eb tregun e pun\u00ebs. Kjo pasi atyre q\u00eb u p\u00eblqen puna, por nuk paguhen mir\u00eb, do jen\u00eb t\u00eb gatsh\u00ebm t\u00eb vazhdojn\u00eb pasi do t\u00eb marrin nj\u00eb shtes\u00eb ekstra. Nd\u00ebrkaq atyre q\u00eb s\u2019u p\u00eblqen, do t\u00eb ken\u00eb nj\u00eb lloj sigurie deri n\u00eb gjetjen e nj\u00eb pune t\u00eb re. N\u00eb fund t\u00eb fundit, puna \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb lloj socializimi p\u00ebr njer\u00ebzit, andaj t\u00eb ardhurat bazike nuk do t\u00eb duhej ta stimulonin papun\u00ebsin\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Finlanda ka testuar programe m\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdha sesa shembulli i Alask\u00ebs. Gjat\u00eb implementimit t\u00eb programit jan\u00eb hulumtuar efektet n\u00eb sfera t\u00eb ndryshme. Gjetjet e studimeve tregojn\u00eb q\u00eb ndikimet n\u00eb rritjen e papun\u00ebsis\u00eb ishin shum\u00eb t\u00eb vogla. Dividendi duket se ua jep njer\u00ebzve lirin\u00eb e veprimit. Po ashtu, lufton vendet eksploatuese t\u00eb pun\u00ebs, pasi njer\u00ebzit nuk do t\u00eb detyrohen t\u00eb punojn\u00eb \u00e7far\u00ebdo lloj pune. P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, gjetjet nga eksperimenti n\u00eb Finland\u00eb tregojn\u00eb se kur njer\u00ebzit kan\u00eb nj\u00eb lloj t\u00eb ardhure bazike, jan\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb prir\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb rrezikuar n\u00eb hapjen e biznesit individual. Por, kritik\u00ebt argumentojn\u00eb se shembujt e Alask\u00ebs dhe Finland\u00ebs jan\u00eb t\u00eb limituar n\u00eb vler\u00eb dhe koh\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Si kund\u00ebrp\u00ebrgjigje, Martin Sandbu sjell shembullin e fisit indian \u2018Cherokee\u2019, i cili zot\u00ebron tok\u00eb n\u00eb ShBA, n\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn \u00ebsht\u00eb nd\u00ebrtuar kazino. T\u00eb ardhurat nga renta i shp\u00ebrndajn\u00eb te t\u00eb gjith\u00eb banor\u00ebt e fisit, e cila n\u00eb koh\u00eb normale arrin vler\u00ebn prej 6 mij\u00eb dollar\u00ebsh. K\u00ebto mjete jan\u00eb p\u00ebrdorur vazhdimisht p\u00ebr edukimin e f\u00ebmij\u00ebve dhe p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsimin e sh\u00ebndetit mendor. Rezultatet duken mbres\u00ebl\u00ebn\u00ebse, pasi numri i personave t\u00eb shkolluar t\u00eb fisit \u00ebsht\u00eb rritur konsideruesh\u00ebm. Kritik\u00ebt shpesh argumentojn\u00eb se ardhurat bazike universale mund t\u00eb rrisin p\u00ebrdorimin e drog\u00ebs dhe alkoolit. N\u00eb fakt, n\u00eb rastin e fisit indian n\u00eb ShBA \u00ebsht\u00eb provuar e kund\u00ebrta, pasi p\u00ebrdorimi i k\u00ebtyre substancave \u00ebsht\u00eb zvog\u00ebluar n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb drastike.<\/p>\n

Por, n\u00ebse t\u00eb ardhurat bazike universale kan\u00eb p\u00ebr q\u00ebllim rritjen e siguris\u00eb tek individ\u00ebt me t\u00eb hyra mesatare dhe zvog\u00eblimin apo zhdukjen e varf\u00ebris\u00eb, pse do t\u00eb duhej q\u00eb nga ky program t\u00eb p\u00ebrfitonin t\u00eb pasurit? Pra, problemi i universalitetit \u00ebsht\u00eb argumenti kryesor i ekonomist\u00ebve q\u00eb studiojn\u00eb pabarazin\u00eb. Ekonomisti i famsh\u00ebm Dani Rodrik thot\u00eb se \u201cShkenca e v\u00ebrtet\u00eb e ekonomis\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb kontekstuale, jo universale.\u201d E th\u00ebn\u00eb ndryshe, nj\u00eb politik\u00eb nuk mund t\u00eb prodhoj\u00eb efekte uniforme p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjith\u00eb njer\u00ebzit. Sidoqoft\u00eb, ekonomist\u00ebt pro t\u00eb ardhurave bazike argumentojn\u00eb se problem kryesor me k\u00ebt\u00eb qasje besohet t\u00eb jet\u00eb pika e prerjes, pra kufiri n\u00eb mes t\u00eb p\u00ebrfituesve dhe jo p\u00ebrfituesve. Personat q\u00eb jan\u00eb af\u00ebr kufirit do t\u00eb ishin m\u00eb t\u00eb dekurajuar n\u00ebse do t\u00eb ishin n\u00eb mesin e atyre q\u00eb nuk p\u00ebrfitojn\u00eb, ndon\u00ebse jan\u00eb shum\u00eb af\u00ebr me ata nga ana tjet\u00ebr e kufirit.<\/p>\n

Pra, kjo do t\u00eb ishte nj\u00eb lloj penalizmi i njer\u00ebzve q\u00eb fitojn\u00eb relativisht m\u00eb shum\u00eb, duke i larguar nga lista e p\u00ebrfituesve. Kjo do t\u00eb mund t\u00eb prodhonte stimuj negativ\u00eb q\u00eb njer\u00ebzit t\u00eb punojn\u00eb m\u00eb tep\u00ebr. Me fjal\u00eb t\u00eb tjera, kur njer\u00ebzit jan\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb suksessh\u00ebm duke fituar m\u00eb shum\u00eb, nuk do t\u00eb duhej t\u2019i demotivonim. Gjithsesi, ky argument mund t\u00eb mos jet\u00eb i q\u00ebndruesh\u00ebm n\u00eb shum\u00eb vende. P\u00ebr ta kuptuar k\u00ebt\u00eb do t\u00eb duhet ta shohim shp\u00ebrndarjen e pasuris\u00eb te popullsia. N\u00ebse shp\u00ebrndarja do t\u00eb ishte normale \u2013 n\u00eb form\u00eb t\u00eb ziles \u2013 at\u00ebher\u00eb argumenti i prik\u00ebs s\u00eb prerjes do vihej n\u00eb pah. Por vendet me shp\u00ebrndarje t\u00eb till\u00eb t\u00eb t\u00eb ardhurave jan\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb rralla se diamanti. N\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi, top 10% e njer\u00ebzve me t\u00eb pasur do t\u00eb mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrjashtoheshin nga t\u00eb ardhurat bazike universale, pa u b\u00ebr\u00eb shum\u00eb zhurm\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Nj\u00eb dilem\u00eb tjet\u00ebr dhe m\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00ebnyra e financimit. Akuzat se ideja e t\u00eb ardhurave bazike universale \u00ebsht\u00eb utopike nuk jan\u00eb t\u00eb pabaza. Kjo p\u00ebr faktin se kosto buxhetore e programeve t\u00eb tilla shkon p\u00ebrtej hap\u00ebsirave fiskale q\u00eb kan\u00eb vendet. P\u00ebrkeq\u00ebsimi i deficitit buxhetor \u00ebsht\u00eb shqet\u00ebsues p\u00ebr shum\u00eb vende, t\u00eb cilat i druhen thellimit apo p\u00ebrshkall\u00ebzimit t\u00eb kriz\u00ebs. K\u00ebshtu, duket se zbatimi i nismave t\u00eb tilla do t\u00eb jet\u00eb praktikisht i pamundur pa reforma rr\u00ebnj\u00ebsore. K\u00ebto reforma nuk na garantojn\u00eb domosdo suksesin e politik\u00ebs. Pra, situata mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrkeq\u00ebsohet.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb analiz\u00ebn e tij, Martin Sandbu jep nj\u00eb shembull konkret se si mund Britania e Madhe t\u00eb aplikoj\u00eb t\u00eb ardhurat bazike universale pa e r\u00ebnduar shum\u00eb buxhetin nacional. Sandbu propozon q\u00eb shuma e t\u00eb ardhurave bazike t\u00eb jet\u00eb rreth 7 mij\u00eb funte n\u00eb vit, p\u00ebr \u00e7do person t\u00eb mosh\u00ebs s\u00eb rritur. Kjo do t\u00eb gjeneronte nj\u00eb kosto t\u00eb barabart\u00eb me 18% t\u00eb GDP-s\u00eb nacionale. N\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb leht\u00ebsohej zbatimi, Sandbu sugjeron q\u00eb t\u00eb ardhurat bazike universale t\u00eb z\u00ebvend\u00ebsojn\u00eb pensionin bazik t\u00eb shtetit, i cili ka t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn shum\u00eb. Vlera e kursyer do t\u00eb ishte rreth 5 % e GDP-s\u00eb. Propozimi i dyt\u00eb lidhet me t\u00eb ardhurat e patatueshme. N\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi, sistemet tatimore n\u00ebp\u00ebr bot\u00eb nuk i tatimojn\u00eb pagat deri n\u00eb nj\u00eb shum\u00eb t\u00eb caktuar minimale. Sandbu argumenton se tatimimi i \u00e7do funte do t\u00eb siguronte edhe 8% t\u00eb tjera t\u00eb GDP-s\u00eb. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb, kosto shtes\u00eb e zbatimit t\u00eb programit t\u00eb t\u00eb ardhurave bazike do t\u00eb ishte praktikisht e mundshme. Kjo duke e pasur parasysh q\u00eb k\u00ebto jan\u00eb vet\u00ebm dy propozime ad-hoc dhe n\u00eb nd\u00ebrkoh\u00eb mund t\u00eb dalin edhe sugjerime t\u00eb tjera q\u00eb potencialisht do t\u00eb siguronin zbatimin e politik\u00ebs n\u00eb fjal\u00eb me zero kosto shtes\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Rim\u00ebk\u00ebmbja e shpejt\u00eb e ekonomis\u00eb globale rrezikon ta ul\u00eb intensitetin e debatit, pasi aktualisht n\u00eb shum\u00eb vende t\u00eb bot\u00ebs vullneti politik nuk duket i mjaftuesh\u00ebm p\u00ebr t\u00eb shtyr\u00eb politika t\u00eb tilla. Dhe implementimi i programeve t\u00eb t\u00eb ardhurave bazike universale nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb duke u ndar\u00eb nga ideologjit\u00eb politike, pasi kemi qeveri t\u00eb djathta q\u00eb kan\u00eb provuar politika t\u00eb tilla dhe qeveri t\u00eb majta q\u00eb kan\u00eb qen\u00eb t\u00eb z\u00ebshme kund\u00ebr zbatimit t\u00eb tyre.<\/p>\n

*Q\u00ebndrimet e shprehura n\u00eb artikull jan\u00eb t\u00eb autorit dhe nuk p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsojn\u00eb\u00a0institucionin n\u00eb t\u00eb cilin ai punon.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n
\n

\n<\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Krizat ekonomike sjellin pasoja shum\u00ebdimensionale n\u00eb jet\u00ebn e njer\u00ebzve.\u00a0 Gjat\u00eb k\u00ebtyre koh\u00ebrave, papun\u00ebsia e shoq\u00ebruar me varf\u00ebri ekstreme rritet ndjesh\u00ebm. Kur rritet pasiguria, debatet p\u00ebr skemat dhe politikat sociale jan\u00eb n\u00eb trend. N\u00eb muajt e fundit, ekonomist\u00eb t\u00eb ndrysh\u00ebm kan\u00eb ngjallur nj\u00eb debat t\u00eb ri n\u00eb lidhje me nj\u00eb koncept t\u00eb vjet\u00ebr \u2013 t\u00eb ardhurat […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":441,"featured_media":8496,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[13],"tags":[1365,1366,1364],"ppma_author":[1012],"class_list":["post-6027","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-analize","tag-debat","tag-ekonomia","tag-ide"],"authors":[{"term_id":1012,"user_id":441,"is_guest":0,"slug":"albian-krasniqi","display_name":"Albian Krasniqi","avatar_url":{"url":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/albiani.png","url2x":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/albiani.png"},"user_url":"","last_name":"Krasniqi","first_name":"Albian","description":"Albian Krasniqi \u00ebsht\u00eb kandidat p\u00ebr doktoratur\u00eb n\u00eb Universitetin Teknologjik t\u00eb Dublinit, duke u specializuar p\u00ebr tregun e pun\u00ebs. Paraprakisht ka mbaruar studimet master p\u00ebr ekonomi t\u00eb zhvillimit, n\u00eb Universitetin e Sussexit, n\u00eb Angli. Albiani ka p\u00ebrvoj\u00eb pune si ekonomist n\u00eb institucionet vendore dhe organizatat nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare."}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6027","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/441"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6027"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6027\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8497,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6027\/revisions\/8497"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/8496"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6027"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6027"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6027"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ppma_author?post=6027"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}