{"id":6847,"date":"2024-03-08T14:28:59","date_gmt":"2024-03-08T13:28:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/?p=6847"},"modified":"2024-07-19T14:36:28","modified_gmt":"2024-07-19T13:36:28","slug":"lufta-ne-ukraine-lufte-e-grave","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/analize\/lufta-ne-ukraine-lufte-e-grave\/","title":{"rendered":"Lufta n\u00eb Ukrain\u00eb, luft\u00eb e grave"},"content":{"rendered":"

Pushtimi i Ukrain\u00ebs nga Rusia ka rikthyer debate n\u00eb qarqe akademike dhe t\u00eb politikave mbi konceptin e <\/span>realpolitik\u00ebs<\/span><\/i> dhe gjeopolitik\u00ebs, i cili debat disa vite m\u00eb par\u00eb dukej i tejkaluar. An\u00ebtar\u00ebsimi i Suedis\u00eb n\u00eb NATO, nj\u00eb vendi me histori m\u00eb shum\u00eb se 200 vje\u00e7are t\u00eb \u201cneutralitetit ushtarak\u201d e d\u00ebshmon pik\u00ebrisht k\u00ebt\u00eb. Por lufta n\u00eb Ukrain\u00eb ka rikthyer edhe nj\u00eb debat po aq t\u00eb vjet\u00ebr akademik e shoq\u00ebror \u2013 rolin e grave n\u00eb ushtri dhe n\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi n\u00eb \u00e7\u00ebshtje t\u00eb siguris\u00eb.<\/span><\/p>\n

Imazhe t\u00eb grave ukrainase n\u00eb uniforma ushtarake pushtuan mediat nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare, me tituj si \u201cGrat\u00eb ukrainase shpejtojn\u00eb ta mbrojn\u00eb Ukrain\u00ebn\u201d (Agence France Press, 2022); \u201cGrat\u00eb ukrainase q\u00ebndrojn\u00eb t\u00eb forta p\u00ebrball\u00eb pushtuesit rus\u201d (O\u2019Grady dhe Khudov, 2022); \u201cGrat\u00eb ukrainase jan\u00eb vullnetare p\u00ebr t\u00eb luftuar, jo p\u00ebr t\u00eb ikur\u201d (Miranda, 2022). Ky narracion na risjell v\u00ebmendjen te \u201cmilitarizimi i grave\u201d, nj\u00ebkoh\u00ebsisht duke na rikujtuar q\u00eb pjes\u00ebmarrja e grave n\u00eb ushtri \u00ebsht\u00eb di\u00e7ka e \u201djasht\u00ebzakonshme\u201d. Q\u00eb nga viti 2014 grat\u00eb e Ukrain\u00ebs jan\u00eb paraqitur vullnetarisht n\u00eb ushtri, nd\u00ebrsa sot <\/span>sistemi mbrojt\u00ebs i Ukrain\u00ebs num\u00ebron m\u00eb shum\u00eb se 60,000 gra<\/span><\/a>; rreth 43,000 jan\u00eb pjes\u00ebtare t\u00eb ushtris\u00eb nga t\u00eb cilat 5,000 jan\u00eb n\u00eb pozita luftarake dhe rreth 19,000 si pun\u00ebtore civile.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Pas pushtimit nga RusiaUkraina fillon t\u00eb b\u00ebj\u00eb ndryshime n\u00eb legjislacion p\u00ebr ta p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsuar qasjen n\u00eb ushtri p\u00ebr grat\u00eb. Presidenti Zelensky n\u00eb adresimet e tij u drejtohet edhe burrave dhe grave si \u201cmbrojt\u00ebs t\u00eb vendit\u201d. <\/span>Ministria e Mbrojtjes e Ukrain\u00ebs<\/span><\/a> thot\u00eb se ka filluar t\u00eb zbatoj\u00eb politika p\u00ebr t\u2019i rehatuar sa m\u00eb shum\u00eb grat\u00eb derisa jan\u00eb n\u00eb sh\u00ebrbim, duke p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb k\u00ebtu akomodim t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb, si dhe uniforma t\u00eb dizajnuara pos\u00e7\u00ebrisht p\u00ebr to.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb kontekst, \u00e7far\u00eb na tregon numri i rritjes s\u00eb grave n\u00eb ushtrin\u00eb ukrainase? N\u00eb literatur\u00ebn feministe argumentohet se n\u00ebse ekziston pabarazi e madhe gjinore n\u00eb koh\u00eb paqeje, kjo natyrisht se do t\u00eb reflektohet edhe n\u00eb koh\u00eb lufte, duke i vendosur grat\u00eb n\u00eb pozit\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb ndjeshme por edhe duke sh\u00ebnuar rritje t\u00eb krimeve ndaj tyre. Historia, n\u00eb an\u00ebn tjet\u00ebr, na tregon se n\u00eb koh\u00ebn e pas-luft\u00ebs, edhe n\u00ebse grat\u00eb kan\u00eb marr\u00eb pjes\u00eb n\u00eb \u00e7far\u00ebdo m\u00ebnyre n\u00eb ushtri dhe luft\u00eb, shoq\u00ebria mjaft shpejt i rikthen ato n\u00eb rolet e m\u00ebparshme gjinore. Pra, testi i v\u00ebrtet\u00eb i emancipimit shoq\u00ebror nuk ka t\u00eb b\u00ebj\u00eb me at\u00eb se a marrin pjes\u00eb grat\u00eb n\u00eb ushtri, por se si i trajton shoq\u00ebria ato pasi luft\u00ebs.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Cynthia Enloe n\u00eb \u201cDymb\u00ebdhjet\u00eb M\u00ebsime Feministe t\u00eb Luft\u00ebs\u201d [Twelve Feminist Lessons of War, 2023] tregon n\u00eb detaje situat\u00ebn e grave n\u00eb Ukrain\u00eb para dhe gjat\u00eb konfliktit. P\u00ebr shembull, grat\u00eb n\u00eb Ukrain\u00eb kan\u00eb arritur ta zhdukin gati n\u00eb t\u00ebr\u00ebsi analfabetizmin (n\u00eb vet\u00ebm 10%). P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, n\u00eb fillim t\u00eb shekullit t\u00eb kaluar m\u00eb shum\u00eb gra ukrainase studionin n\u00eb universitete dhe paralelisht gjenin pun\u00eb. Mir\u00ebpo, n\u00eb nisje t\u00eb luft\u00ebs s\u00eb tanishme, Enloe shpjegon q\u00eb grat\u00eb n\u00eb Ukrain\u00eb ishin larg s\u00eb qeni t\u00eb barabarta me burrat: p\u00ebr shembull vet\u00ebm pes\u00eb gra, nga nj\u00ebzet e pes\u00eb n\u00eb total, qen\u00eb pjes\u00eb e qeveris\u00eb. Nj\u00ebkoh\u00ebsisht, statistikat tregojn\u00eb se n\u00eb Ukrain\u00eb vet\u00ebm 51% e grave kishin pun\u00eb q\u00eb paguheshin, n\u00eb krahasim me 62% t\u00eb burrave, ndon\u00ebse m\u00eb shum\u00eb se gjysma e familjeve n\u00eb Ukrain\u00eb varen nga grat\u00eb. P\u00ebr disa kjo mund t\u00eb duket si emancipim, por n\u00eb realitet nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb ashtu, sepse n\u00eb Ukrain\u00eb grat\u00eb paguhen rreth 23% m\u00eb pak se burrat. Rrjedhimisht, lufta i gjeti grat\u00eb e Ukrain\u00ebs m\u00eb t\u00eb varfra sesa burrat.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Megjith\u00ebk\u00ebt\u00eb, plot gra iu bashkuan ushtris\u00eb. Disa prej tyre tani <\/span>raportojn\u00eb<\/span><\/a> se p\u00ebrballen me seksiz\u00ebm brenda institucionit, shpesh duke d\u00ebgjuar nga koleg\u00ebt burra se ato \u201cdo t\u00eb duhej t\u00eb ishin n\u00eb sht\u00ebpi p\u00ebr t\u2019u kujdesur p\u00ebr familjen\u201d.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Ekziston nj\u00eb bindje e p\u00ebrgjithshme se ushtria \u00ebsht\u00eb fush\u00ebveprim i burrave dhe institucion \u201cmaskilist\u201d. Mbase ushtria dhe lufta jan\u00eb dy prej temave p\u00ebr t\u00eb cilat studiuesit\/et feminist\/e pajtohen m\u00eb s\u00eb paku. N\u00eb fakt, analiza feministe p\u00ebr ushtrin\u00eb dhe luft\u00ebn i ndan studiuesit\/et feminist\/e n\u00eb dy kampe t\u00eb m\u00ebdha: n\u00eb nj\u00ebr\u00ebn an\u00eb, jan\u00eb ata q\u00eb thon\u00eb se lufta dhe ushtria jan\u00eb institucione n\u00eb thelb maskiliste dhe p\u00ebrfshirja e grave n\u00eb to nuk p\u00ebrb\u00ebn akt emancipues domosdoshm\u00ebrisht. Ky grup ka prirje t\u00eb esencializoj\u00eb burrat dhe grat\u00eb n\u00eb \u201ct\u00eb dhunsh\u00ebm\u201d dhe \u201cpaq\u00ebsor\u00eb\u201d. Kampi tjet\u00ebr e pranon se ushtria \u00ebsht\u00eb institucion i hegjemonis\u00eb mashkullore, por e sheh pjes\u00ebmarrjen e grave n\u00eb ushtri si akt emancipues jo vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr to, por edhe p\u00ebr institucionin e ushtris\u00eb n\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi. Sipas k\u00ebsaj pik\u00ebpamjeje, grat\u00eb nuk jan\u00eb thjesht dhe vet\u00ebm viktima t\u00eb luft\u00ebs, por edhe agjente t\u00eb dhun\u00ebs.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb drejtim, studiuesit jan\u00eb t\u00eb interesuar t\u00eb kuptojn\u00eb se si riprodhohen k\u00ebto diskurse, dhe si ndikojn\u00eb k\u00ebto diskurse n\u00eb performativitetin e gjinis\u00eb (p\u00ebr burrat, grat\u00eb e personat jobinar\u00eb) m\u00eb tep\u00ebr sesa pse grat\u00eb vendosin t\u00eb marrin pjes\u00eb n\u00eb ushtri dhe n\u00eb luft\u00eb.<\/span><\/p>\n

Fakti q\u00eb grat\u00eb ukrainase n\u00eb numra aq t\u00eb m\u00ebdhenj rrezikojn\u00eb jet\u00ebt p\u00ebr mbrojtjen e vendit, q\u00ebndron n\u00eb kund\u00ebrshti t\u00eb thell\u00eb me stereotip\u00ebt gjinor\u00eb, p\u00ebrmes t\u00eb cil\u00ebve jemi m\u00ebsuar t\u2019i shohim grat\u00eb si \u201cviktima civile\u201d t\u00eb luft\u00ebs dhe burrat si \u201cmbrojt\u00ebs\u201d e \u201cluft\u00ebtar\u00eb\u201d. \u00cbsht\u00eb i qart\u00eb dhe i pakontestuesh\u00ebm fakti se n\u00eb mas\u00ebn m\u00eb t\u00eb madhe grat\u00eb jan\u00eb viktima t\u00eb luft\u00ebs, n\u00eb ve\u00e7anti t\u00eb p\u00ebrdhunimit si mjet lufte. Mir\u00ebpo, p\u00ebrfshirja e grave ukrainase n\u00eb ushtri reflekton nj\u00eb trend global t\u00eb ngritjes s\u00eb numrit t\u00eb grave n\u00eb ushtri, gj\u00eb q\u00eb e nd\u00eblikon edhe m\u00eb shum\u00eb kontekstin para, gjat\u00eb dhe pas luft\u00ebs.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Edhe pse grat\u00eb historikisht kan\u00eb marr\u00eb pjes\u00eb n\u00eb ushtri, ndon\u00ebse jo direkt n\u00eb luft\u00eb, ato kan\u00eb qen\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrfshira n\u00eb operacione ushtarake dhe n\u00eb pjes\u00ebn administrative t\u00eb ushtris\u00eb. M\u00eb tep\u00ebr se kaq, grat\u00eb gjat\u00eb koh\u00ebs s\u00eb luft\u00ebs, p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb ndarjes tradicionale t\u00eb \u201croleve\u201d gjinore, detyrohen t\u00eb rrin\u00eb n\u00eb sht\u00ebpi dhe t\u00eb kujdesen p\u00ebr f\u00ebmij\u00ebt dhe t\u00eb moshuarit duke u b\u00ebr\u00eb k\u00ebshtu drejtp\u00ebrdrejt cak i armikut.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Kontributi i grave, por gjithashtu edhe krimet e luft\u00ebs ndaj tyre, u njoh\u00ebn p\u00ebr her\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb edhe formalisht n\u00eb vitin 2000 kur K\u00ebshilli i Sigurimit i Kombeve t\u00eb Bashkuara kaloi <\/span>Rezolut\u00ebn 1325<\/span><\/a> mbi Grat\u00eb, Paqen dhe Sigurin\u00eb. Me gjith\u00eb kritikat p\u00ebr (mos)implementimin e saj, Rezoluta sh\u00ebnon nj\u00eb hap historik drejt formalizimit t\u00eb asaj q\u00eb ne sot e njohim si Agjenda p\u00ebr Grat\u00eb, Paqen dhe Sigurin\u00eb.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Megjithat\u00eb, kjo Rezolut\u00eb nuk e adreson luft\u00ebn, por n\u00eb fakt e mir\u00ebmban statuskuon\u00eb, duke b\u00ebr\u00eb thirrje p\u00ebr p\u00ebrfshirje sa ma t\u00eb madhe t\u00eb grave n\u00eb proceset e \u201cnd\u00ebrtimit t\u00eb paqes\u201d, p\u00ebrderisa nj\u00ebkoh\u00ebsisht e njeh faktin q\u00eb grat\u00eb n\u00eb mas\u00eb t\u00eb madhe jan\u00eb viktima t\u00eb luft\u00ebs. Rezoluta 1325 e qart\u00ebson q\u00eb pas koh\u00ebs s\u00eb luft\u00ebs grat\u00eb duhet t\u00eb p\u00ebrfshihen direkt n\u00eb nd\u00ebrtimin e paqes dhe n\u00eb vendim-marrje n\u00eb nivelet m\u00eb t\u00eb larta.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Gruaja e Par\u00eb e Ukrain\u00ebs Olena Zelenska p\u00ebrmbledh rolin e grave n\u00eb ushtrin\u00eb ukrainase duke th\u00ebn\u00eb: \u201crezistenca jon\u00eb, ashtu sikur fitorja jon\u00eb e ardhshme, ka marr\u00eb nj\u00eb fytyr\u00eb feminine\u201d. Grat\u00eb n\u00eb ushtrin\u00eb e Ukrain\u00ebs po sfidojn\u00eb \u00e7do dit\u00eb narrativ\u00ebn seksiste mbizot\u00ebruese jo vet\u00ebm t\u00eb Ukrain\u00ebs, por edhe t\u00eb nj\u00eb sistemi t\u00eb t\u00ebr\u00eb nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar, i vendosur t\u00eb punoj\u00eb kund\u00ebr agjencis\u00eb s\u00eb grave. Me gjith\u00eb margjinalizimin n\u00eb koh\u00eb \u201cpaqeje\u201d, k\u00ebto gra jan\u00eb t\u00eb dedikuara t\u00eb tregojn\u00eb q\u00eb nuk jan\u00eb thjesht \u201dviktima\u201d por kan\u00eb agjenci mbi jet\u00ebn e tyre. Ato jan\u00eb tashm\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb pozit\u00eb thuajse perfekte p\u00ebr ta d\u00ebrguar k\u00ebt\u00eb rikonceptualizim t\u00eb roleve gjinore p\u00ebrtej luft\u00ebs. Mbetet t\u00eb shihet n\u00ebse forcat patriarkale do t\u2019u rezistojn\u00eb edhe at\u00ebher\u00eb.\u00a0 <\/span><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Pushtimi i Ukrain\u00ebs nga Rusia ka rikthyer debate n\u00eb qarqe akademike dhe t\u00eb politikave mbi konceptin e realpolitik\u00ebs dhe gjeopolitik\u00ebs, i cili debat disa vite m\u00eb par\u00eb dukej i tejkaluar. An\u00ebtar\u00ebsimi i Suedis\u00eb n\u00eb NATO, nj\u00eb vendi me histori m\u00eb shum\u00eb se 200 vje\u00e7are t\u00eb \u201cneutralitetit ushtarak\u201d e d\u00ebshmon pik\u00ebrisht k\u00ebt\u00eb. Por lufta n\u00eb Ukrain\u00eb […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":182,"featured_media":6899,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[13],"tags":[1008,637,1007,1009,671],"ppma_author":[211],"class_list":["post-6847","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-analize","tag-lufte","tag-nato","tag-te-drejtat-e-grave","tag-te-drejtat-e-njeriut","tag-ukraine"],"authors":[{"term_id":211,"user_id":182,"is_guest":0,"slug":"rudine-jakupi","display_name":"Rudin\u00eb Jakupi","avatar_url":{"url":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/download-7-8.jpg","url2x":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/download-7-8.jpg"},"user_url":"","last_name":"Jakupi","first_name":"Rudin\u00eb","description":""}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6847","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/182"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6847"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6847\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6894,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6847\/revisions\/6894"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6899"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6847"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6847"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6847"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ppma_author?post=6847"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}