{"id":7845,"date":"2016-12-12T11:53:49","date_gmt":"2016-12-12T09:53:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/?p=7845"},"modified":"2024-09-23T13:23:22","modified_gmt":"2024-09-23T11:23:22","slug":"reforma-kunder-pabarazis-ii-sigurimet-dhe-tatimet","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/analize\/reforma-kunder-pabarazis-ii-sigurimet-dhe-tatimet\/","title":{"rendered":"Reforma kund\u00ebr pabarazis\u00eb (II): sigurimet dhe tatimet"},"content":{"rendered":"

Gjysma e t\u00eb ardhurave n\u00eb Kosov\u00eb i shkojn\u00eb 20%-shit m\u00eb t\u00eb pasur t\u00eb shoq\u00ebris\u00eb. N\u00ebse synohet zvog\u00eblimi i pabarazis\u00eb s\u00eb p\u00ebrshkall\u00ebzuar, at\u00ebher\u00eb k\u00ebrkohet reform\u00eb n\u00eb mbrojtjen dhe promovimin e pun\u00ebs.<\/span><\/p>\n

In the key <\/span>bllogun e kaluar<\/span><\/a> t\u00eb Destrata-s \u00ebsht\u00eb trajtuar reforma e mundshme e politikave sociale, q\u00eb financohen nga buxheti komb\u00ebtar, n\u00eb funksion t\u00eb uljes s\u00eb pabarazis\u00eb n\u00eb Kosov\u00eb; \u00ebsht\u00eb folur p\u00ebr dobit\u00eb e uljes s\u00eb pabarazis\u00eb; dhe \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00ebnvizuar se pabarazia n\u00eb vend \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb e larta n\u00eb Europ\u00eb dhe ka qen\u00eb m\u00eb e larta n\u00eb ish-Jugosllavi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Destrata d.m.th. deshtres\u00ebzim; barazi sociale kund\u00ebr dallimeve t\u00eb thelluara klasore. Si\u00e7 shihet n\u00eb figur\u00ebn m\u00eb posht\u00eb, nga pabarazia n\u00eb Kosov\u00eb fiton shtresa ose klasa m\u00eb e pasur. 20-p\u00ebrqind\u00ebshi m\u00eb i pasur merr pothuajse 50% t\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha t\u00eb ardhurave. P\u00ebr dallim, 20-p\u00ebrqind\u00ebshi m\u00eb i varf\u00ebr merr vet\u00ebm 4.7% t\u00eb t\u00eb ardhurave. Ky trend \u00ebsht\u00eb af\u00ebrsisht i ngjash\u00ebm \u00e7do vit.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u00ebse shoq\u00ebria ndahet n\u00eb dhjet\u00eb pjes\u00eb t\u00eb barabarta, at\u00ebher\u00eb 10-p\u00ebrqind\u00ebshi m\u00eb i lart\u00eb del se merr pothuajse 40% t\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha t\u00eb ardhurave.<\/span><\/p>\n

Po t\u00eb b\u00ebhej analiz\u00eb e pasuris\u00eb, pra jo vet\u00ebm e t\u00eb ardhurave familjare, ka gjasa t\u00eb shumta q\u00eb ajo t\u00eb shfaq\u00eb koncentrim edhe m\u00eb t\u00eb madh tek shtresa m\u00eb e lart\u00eb.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Shp\u00ebrndarja e t\u00eb ardhurave familjare t\u00eb disponueshme n\u00eb Kosov\u00eb n\u00ebse shoq\u00ebria ndahet n\u00eb pes\u00eb grupe nga 20% t\u00eb popullat\u00ebs. Kalkulime vetanake bazuar n\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebna burimore t\u00eb ASK-s\u00eb, 2014.\u00a0<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

Kjo gjendje e pabarazis\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e rrezikshme p\u00ebrkah aspekti i siguris\u00eb (sidomos duke e ditur kontekstin prej nga vijm\u00eb), q\u00eb tregon p\u00ebr at\u00eb se si elita vendimarr\u00ebse e sheh shoq\u00ebrin\u00eb, dhe e pengon zhvillimin demokratik.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb bllog argumentohet se politikat sociale t\u00eb financuara nga buxheti komb\u00ebtar dhe t\u00eb reformuara duhet t\u00eb kombinohen me politikat e mbrojtjes dhe promovimit t\u00eb pun\u00ebs, si dhe me politikat tatimore p\u00ebr ta ulur pabarazin\u00eb.<\/span><\/p>\n

Gjat\u00eb jav\u00ebve t\u00eb kaluara, n\u00eb sbunker.net, duke marr\u00eb si shkas ligjin p\u00ebr tok\u00ebn, \u00ebsht\u00eb argumentuar (nga Bardhyl Salihu (<\/span>I<\/span><\/a>, <\/span>II<\/span><\/a>), <\/span>Krenar Gashi<\/span><\/a> and <\/span>Shkumbin Asllani<\/span><\/a>) p\u00ebr rritje t\u00eb progresivitetit t\u00eb tatimeve dhe taksave duke p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb edhe aplikimin e tij n\u00eb TVSH. Progresiviteti tatimor \u00ebsht\u00eb me r\u00ebnd\u00ebsi vendimtare p\u00ebr uljen dhe trajtimin e pabarazis\u00eb. P\u00ebrve\u00e7 list\u00ebs s\u00eb tatimeve t\u00eb p\u00ebrmendura prej autor\u00ebve n\u00eb fjal\u00eb, qasja progresive duhet t\u00eb p\u00ebrfshij\u00eb edhe tatimin n\u00eb pron\u00eb dhe kontributet n\u00eb skemat publike t\u00eb sigurimit n\u00eb pun\u00eb. Duhet gjithashtu t\u00eb ceket se deri n\u00eb vitin 2008, Kosova n\u00ebn UNMIK-un ka aplikuar edhe shkall\u00ebn prej 20% t\u00eb tatimit n\u00eb t\u00eb ardhurat individuale q\u00eb u hoq brenda nj\u00eb jave (sa pat\u00ebn marr\u00eb dy leximet n\u00eb Parlament) n\u00eb dhjetor t\u00eb atij viti – disa muaj pas shpalljes s\u00eb pavar\u00ebsis\u00eb dhe miratimit t\u00eb Kushtetut\u00ebs.<\/span><\/p>\n

Qeveria at\u00ebkoh\u00eb e arsyetonte ndryshimin si hap kund\u00ebr informalitetit. Pra, ajo thoshte se n\u00ebse tatimet do zbriteshin p\u00ebr t\u00eb pasurit, ata do t\u00eb deklaronin m\u00eb shum\u00eb t\u00eb pun\u00ebsuar dhe do t\u00eb paguanin tatimet. Gjat\u00eb viteve t\u00eb kaluara e kemi par\u00eb sa ka qen\u00eb qeveria e interesuar q\u00eb ta luftoj\u00eb informalitetin dhe n\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi joligjshm\u00ebrin\u00eb. N\u00eb fakt, qeverisja dhe politikat sociale t\u00eb saj jan\u00eb faktor\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm q\u00eb kan\u00eb shkaktuar k\u00ebt\u00eb shkall\u00eb t\u00eb pabarazis\u00eb. Informaliteti nuk ka zbritur. Shkalla e pun\u00ebsimit formal n\u00eb Kosov\u00eb m\u00eb 2014 ka qen\u00eb 22.35% n\u00ebse merren p\u00ebr baz\u00eb llogaritjeje t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat e kursimeve t\u00eb obligueshme nga Trusti.<\/span><\/p>\n

P\u00ebrve\u00e7 kthimit t\u00eb shkall\u00ebs prej 20% n\u00eb tatimin mbi t\u00eb ardhurat individuale t\u00eb atyre q\u00eb marrin rroga t\u00eb m\u00ebdha, reforma q\u00eb synon uljen e pabarazis\u00eb duhet n\u00eb thelb ta promovoj\u00eb pun\u00ebsimin dhe ta b\u00ebj\u00eb informalitetin racionalisht t\u00eb kushtuesh\u00ebm.<\/span><\/p>\n

P\u00ebr shembull, vitin e ardhsh\u00ebm kthehen sigurimet sh\u00ebndet\u00ebsore pas nj\u00eb \u00e7erek shekulli. Miratimi i ligjit me vot\u00ebn e t\u00eb gjitha grupeve parlamentare \u00ebsht\u00eb sinjal i mir\u00eb. \u00cbsht\u00eb skema e par\u00eb q\u00eb p\u00ebrmban shprehjen \u201csigurim\u201d nga t\u00eb gjitha skemat sociale t\u00eb pasluft\u00ebs. Qeveria duhet t\u00eb b\u00ebj\u00eb \u00e7\u2019mos p\u00ebr ta jet\u00ebsuar n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb sa m\u00eb cil\u00ebsore k\u00ebt\u00eb program publik q\u00eb lidhet direkt me sh\u00ebndetin e kosovar\u00ebve, sepse fati i sigurimeve do ta ndikoj\u00eb evoluimin e politik\u00ebs sociale.<\/span><\/p>\n

Megjithat\u00eb, ligji ka disa mang\u00ebsi. Mang\u00ebsia kryesore \u00ebsht\u00eb se nuk mbron n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb eksplicite t\u00eb papun\u00ebt. K\u00ebshtu, l\u00eb pa mbrojtje nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb t\u00eb konsiderueshme t\u00eb shoq\u00ebris\u00eb. Mang\u00ebsia tjet\u00ebr \u00ebsht\u00eb se ka kopjuar praktik\u00ebn e kursimeve pensionale duke aplikuar shkall\u00ebn e nj\u00ebtrajtshme – prej 3.5% (7%) t\u00eb kontributeve – p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjith\u00eb. P\u00ebr t\u2019i kontribuuar barazis\u00eb, duhet t\u00eb ket\u00eb shkall\u00eb zero p\u00ebr pjes\u00ebn e t\u00eb pun\u00ebsuarve me t\u00eb ardhura minimale dhe shkall\u00eb tjera progresive. Progresiviteti i kontribuon edhe promovimit t\u00eb pun\u00ebsimit.<\/span><\/p>\n

Sigurimet sh\u00ebndet\u00ebsore do t\u00eb mund t\u2019i kontribuonin promovimit t\u00eb pun\u00ebsimit sikur t\u00eb ofronin edhe kompensim cash (me para) p\u00ebr t\u00eb pun\u00ebsuarit n\u00eb rast s\u00ebmundjesh. Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb mang\u00ebsia tjet\u00ebr e sigurimeve sh\u00ebndet\u00ebsore. Ky kompensim do t\u2019i p\u00ebrkrahte edhe pun\u00ebdh\u00ebn\u00ebsit (pasi ata do t\u00eb bartnin m\u00eb pak rrezik) edhe t\u00eb pun\u00ebsuarit p\u00ebr t\u00eb cil\u00ebt vlera e vendit t\u00eb pun\u00ebs do t\u00eb rritej. Kosova e ka pasur k\u00ebt\u00eb institucion n\u00eb koh\u00ebn e autonomis\u00eb dhe t\u00eb gjitha vendet n\u00eb Ballkan e kan\u00eb edhe sot.<\/span><\/p>\n

E nj\u00ebjta gj\u00eb duhet t\u00eb ndodh\u00eb me pensionet. Kosova duhet t\u00eb krijoj\u00eb skem\u00eb t\u00eb re sigurimesh pensionale krahas kursimeve private n\u00eb Trust. P\u00ebrve\u00e7se kursimet e sotme jan\u00eb bast tejet i madh n\u00eb tregun nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar, ato do ta bartin pabarazin\u00eb n\u00eb pension me shtimin e pesh\u00ebs s\u00eb tyre (moshimin e gjenerat\u00ebs s\u00eb sotme t\u00eb pun\u00ebs). Kjo gjenerat\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e vetmja n\u00eb t\u00ebr\u00eb Ballkanin q\u00eb ka v\u00ebn\u00eb bast t\u00eb plot\u00eb n\u00eb treg. Sigurimi pensional, p\u00ebrve\u00e7 se do t\u00eb rriste sigurin\u00eb e pensioneve dhe do ta plot\u00ebsonte k\u00ebt\u00eb sektor (treg plus sigurime si kudo n\u00eb Ballkan), duhet t\u00eb krijoj\u00eb solidaritet me pun\u00ebtor\u00ebt e gjeneratave t\u00eb m\u00ebhershme duke ua paguar pensionet sipas kontributit t\u00eb tyre.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u00ebse k\u00ebtyre skemave u shtohen programet p\u00ebr mbrojtje t\u00eb papun\u00ebsis\u00eb dhe transfereve p\u00ebr f\u00ebmij\u00ebt, q\u00eb duhet t\u00eb ngriten, at\u00ebher\u00eb pun\u00ebsimi do t\u00eb promovohej, do t\u2019ia vlej\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb q\u00eb njeriu t\u00eb punoj\u00eb, dhe informaliteti do t\u00eb b\u00ebhej m\u00eb i kushtuesh\u00ebm (pra shteti duhet ta b\u00ebj\u00eb pun\u00ebn formale t\u00ebrheq\u00ebse). Gjithashtu, shoq\u00ebria do t\u00eb ofronte drejt\u00ebsi p\u00ebr gjeneratat e mashtruara meritat e t\u00eb cilave u shfryt\u00ebzohen sot (shkollat, rrug\u00ebt, kontributi shkencor etj).<\/span><\/p>\n

Kosovanuk duhet t\u2019i frik\u00ebsohet shp\u00ebrndarjes s\u00eb t\u00eb ardhurave, por koncentrimit t\u00eb tyre. Kjo reform\u00eb nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb ideale, por minimale. Gjendja si\u00e7 \u00ebsht\u00eb sot e p\u00ebrkrah\u00eb papun\u00ebsin\u00eb dhe pasurimin e m\u00ebtejm\u00eb t\u00eb 10-p\u00ebrqindshit m\u00eb t\u00eb pasur. Basti i vet\u00ebm shum\u00eb i sigurt\u00eb k\u00ebtu \u00ebsht\u00eb se nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb e mir\u00eb e k\u00ebsaj shtrese t\u00eb pasur mund t\u00eb njihet edhe me em\u00ebr tjet\u00ebr – at\u00eb t\u00eb mafias.<\/span><\/p>\n

Sektori i forcuar i pun\u00ebsimit, qoft\u00eb edhe p\u00ebrmes programeve qeveritare, \u00ebsht\u00eb forcim i demokracis\u00eb. Ministrit\u00eb e financave dhe t\u00eb pun\u00ebs kan\u00eb njoftuar n\u00eb muajt e kaluar se kan\u00eb zvog\u00ebluar harxhime t\u00eb tep\u00ebrta n\u00eb m\u00ebditje t\u00eb sektorit publik dhe n\u00eb transfere jo-adekuate t\u00eb skemave pensionale. Sado q\u00eb kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb e mir\u00ebseardhur, pa k\u00ebt\u00eb reform\u00eb gjithp\u00ebrfshir\u00ebse kund\u00ebr pabarasiz\u00eb, interesimi p\u00ebr politik\u00ebn e sotme b\u00ebhet vet\u00ebm \u00e7\u00ebshtje e arg\u00ebtimit (normalisht kur n\u00eb televizion nuk jepet ndeshje futbolli!). Deri kur nj\u00eb dit\u00eb t\u00eb b\u00ebhet \u00e7\u00ebshtje e nd\u00ebrrimit radikal t\u00eb saj.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Pra, pyetja mbetet: Politika, do t\u00eb nis\u00eb, apo kur do t\u00eb b\u00ebhet t\u00eb niset?<\/span><\/p>\n

_________<\/span><\/p>\n

Bllogu mb\u00ebshtetet nga Friedrich-Ebert-Stifftung, zyra n\u00eb Kosov\u00eb.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

Mendimet e shprehura n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb bllog nuk paraqesin medoemos besimet e Friedrich-Ebert-Stifftung<\/span><\/i><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Gjysma e t\u00eb ardhurave n\u00eb Kosov\u00eb i shkojn\u00eb 20%-shit m\u00eb t\u00eb pasur t\u00eb shoq\u00ebris\u00eb. N\u00ebse synohet zvog\u00eblimi i pabarazis\u00eb s\u00eb p\u00ebrshkall\u00ebzuar, at\u00ebher\u00eb k\u00ebrkohet reform\u00eb n\u00eb mbrojtjen dhe promovimin e pun\u00ebs. N\u00eb bllogun e kaluar t\u00eb Destrata-s \u00ebsht\u00eb trajtuar reforma e mundshme e politikave sociale, q\u00eb financohen nga buxheti komb\u00ebtar, n\u00eb funksion t\u00eb uljes s\u00eb pabarazis\u00eb […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":403,"featured_media":7815,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[13],"tags":[1199],"ppma_author":[689],"class_list":["post-7845","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-analize","tag-destrata"],"authors":[{"term_id":689,"user_id":403,"is_guest":0,"slug":"artan-mustafa","display_name":"Artan Mustafa","avatar_url":{"url":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/artan.jpg","url2x":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/artan.jpg"},"user_url":"","last_name":"Mustafa","first_name":"Artan","description":"Artan Mustafa \u00ebsht\u00eb hulumtues dhe ligj\u00ebrues n\u00eb fush\u00ebn e politik\u00ebs sociale. Ka studiuar shkenc\u00eb politike dhe zhvillim t\u00eb q\u00ebndruesh\u00ebm n\u00eb Universitetin e Vjen\u00ebs, Universitetin Uppsala dhe Universitetin e Prishtin\u00ebs, si dhe ka pasur q\u00ebndrime n\u00eb Universitetin e Missouri-t, t\u00eb Tokios dhe t\u00eb Oslos. Ka punuar n\u00eb gazetari q\u00eb nga viti 2001 dhe ka qen\u00eb kryeredaktor i Gazet\u00ebs Jeta n\u00eb Kosov\u00eb (2011-2013)."}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7845","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/403"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7845"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7845\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7858,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7845\/revisions\/7858"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/7815"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7845"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7845"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7845"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ppma_author?post=7845"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}