{"id":8057,"date":"2018-03-09T11:13:13","date_gmt":"2018-03-09T09:13:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/?p=8057"},"modified":"2024-10-08T11:22:59","modified_gmt":"2024-10-08T09:22:59","slug":"pjesemarrja-e-ulet-e-gruas-ne-politike-faktoret","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/analize\/pjesemarrja-e-ulet-e-gruas-ne-politike-faktoret\/","title":{"rendered":"Pjes\u00ebmarrja e ul\u00ebt e gruas n\u00eb politik\u00eb: Faktor\u00ebt"},"content":{"rendered":"

Pjes\u00ebmarrja e ul\u00ebt e gruas kosovare n\u00eb politik\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e nd\u00ebrlidhur pik\u00ebs\u00ebpari me parakushtet socio-ekonomike t\u00eb pafavorshme q\u00eb po tregohen t\u00eb v\u00ebshtira p\u00ebr t’u transformuar.<\/span><\/p>\n

Pjes\u00ebmarrja n\u00eb politik\u00eb p\u00ebrfshin aktivitete t\u00eb shum\u00ebllojta si votimi n\u00eb zgjedhje, angazhimi n\u00eb fushata zgjedhore, an\u00ebtar\u00ebsia aktive n\u00eb parti politike dhe shoqata lobuese, kontaktimi i politikan\u00ebve, dalja n\u00eb protesta dhe tubime tjera publike, n\u00ebnshkrimi i peticioneve, bojkotimi i produkteve t\u00eb caktuara etj. P\u00ebrve\u00e7 ndikimit t\u00eb mundsh\u00ebm n\u00eb trajektoret dhe rezultatet e politikave publike, pjes\u00ebmarrja e gjall\u00eb n\u00eb politik\u00eb konsiderohet e mir\u00eb n\u00eb vetvete n\u00eb sistemet demokratike. Ajo p\u00ebrhap konsultimin qytetar, vet\u00ebdijen p\u00ebr tema publike, legjitimitetin e politikave, shanset p\u00ebr jet\u00eb dhe p\u00ebrmbushje.<\/span><\/p>\n

Mir\u00ebpo, shum\u00eb demokraci p\u00ebrballen sot me trende t\u00eb r\u00ebnies ose pjes\u00ebmarrjes s\u00eb ul\u00ebt politike, sidomos t\u00eb formave tradicionale (jo-alternative). Ndon\u00ebse shpjegimet p\u00ebr k\u00ebto trende n\u00eb k\u00ebrkimet empirike sociale jan\u00eb diverse dhe jokonkluzive, nj\u00eb nga argumentet m\u00eb me ndikim nd\u00ebrlidh pjes\u00ebmarrjen e ul\u00ebt politike ose r\u00ebnien e pjes\u00ebmarrjes s\u00eb gjith\u00eb popullat\u00ebs, apo kategorive t\u00eb ve\u00e7uara shoq\u00ebrore, n\u00eb Europ\u00ebn Juglindore me parakushtet e pafavorshme socio-ekonomike dhe p\u00ebrkeq\u00ebsimin e tyre. K\u00ebshtu, sa m\u00eb shum\u00eb q\u00eb njer\u00ebzit gjenden n\u00eb rrethana t\u00eb pafavorshme, t\u00eb p\u00ebrkeq\u00ebsuara sociale n\u00eb krahasim me t\u00eb tjer\u00ebt, aq m\u00eb shum\u00eb apatik\u00eb b\u00ebhen ata ndaj politik\u00ebs.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ky argument shpjegon n\u00eb mas\u00eb t\u00eb madhe edhe pjes\u00ebmarrjen e ul\u00ebt t\u00eb gruas kosovare n\u00eb politik\u00eb: parakushtet socio-ekonomike jan\u00eb t\u00eb pafavorshme p\u00ebr t\u00eb dhe ato po tregohen t\u00eb v\u00ebshtira p\u00ebr t\u2019u transformuar n\u00eb munges\u00eb t\u00eb struktur\u00ebs adekuate institucionale dhe akter\u00ebve t\u00eb interesuar p\u00ebr ndryshime radikale.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Si\u00e7 demonstron Figura 1, e cila bazohet n\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebna q\u00eb Komisioni Qendror i Zgjedhjeve (KQZ) ka ndar\u00eb me Fondacionin Nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar t\u00eb Sistemeve Zgjedhore (IFES), pjes\u00ebmarrja e gruas kosovare n\u00eb zgjedhje si votuese ka qen\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsisht m\u00eb e ul\u00ebt se e burrave. P\u00ebrderisa pjes\u00ebmarrja e p\u00ebrgjithshme n\u00eb kat\u00ebr pal\u00eb zgjedhje parlamentare dhe lokale ka qen\u00eb mesatarisht 43%, pjes\u00ebmarrja e gruas ka qen\u00eb mesatarisht 40%. Pjes\u00ebmarrja m\u00eb e ul\u00ebt \u00ebsht\u00eb regjistruar n\u00eb zgjedhjet e fundit t\u00eb analizuara (2014). N\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha rastet, pjes\u00ebmarrja e grave dhe burrave t\u00eb rinj ka qen\u00eb m\u00eb e madhe. Zgjedhjet e m\u00ebvonshme, m\u00eb 2017, nuk e kan\u00eb ndryshuar k\u00ebt\u00eb mesatare t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjithshme t\u00eb pjes\u00ebmarrjes.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Figura 1: Pjes\u00ebmarrja n\u00eb zgjedhje parlamentare dhe lokale 2009-2014<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Burimi i t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave: IFES, Dalja e rinis\u00eb s\u00eb Kosov\u00ebs n\u00eb zgjedhje, 2016, fq.32.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

Pavar\u00ebsisht debateve n\u00eb lidhje me regjistrin e votuesve, pjes\u00ebmarrja e gruas n\u00eb votime \u00ebsht\u00eb e ul\u00ebt. Pjes\u00ebmarrja e saj politike del edhe m\u00eb e ul\u00ebt n\u00ebse merren p\u00ebr baz\u00eb indikator\u00eb tjer\u00eb nga Figura 2. Edhe pse pjes\u00ebmarrja e t\u00ebr\u00eb popullat\u00ebs \u00ebsht\u00eb kryesisht e ul\u00ebt, n\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb indikator\u00ebt pjes\u00ebmarrja \u00ebsht\u00eb duksh\u00ebm m\u00eb e ul\u00ebt n\u00eb rastin e gruas. Ky trend konfirmohet edhe nga nj\u00eb seri anketash e Institutit Demokracia p\u00ebr Zhvillim (D4D) q\u00eb n\u00eb raportin \u201cTrendet zgjedhore 2000-2014\u201d (2015., fq.43) tregon se, p\u00ebr shembull, mesatarisht 12% e grave kan\u00eb kontaktuar me politikan\u00ebt n\u00eb krahasim me mesatarisht 21.2% t\u00eb burrave. Gjithashtu, Instituti i Kosov\u00ebs p\u00ebr Demokraci (KDI) n\u00eb raportin e v\u00ebzhgimit t\u00eb zgjedhjeve komunale (2017, fq.10) tregon se pjes\u00ebmarrja e grave n\u00eb fushat\u00ebn e monitoruar zgjedhore ishte n\u00ebn 10%, nd\u00ebrsa grat\u00eb p\u00ebrb\u00ebnin 21% t\u00eb fol\u00ebsve gjat\u00eb fushat\u00ebs.<\/span><\/p>\n

Figura 2: Aspekte t\u00eb ndryshme t\u00eb pjes\u00ebmarrjes politike n\u00eb Kosov\u00eb sipas gjinis\u00eb, %<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Burimi: Anketa Sociale Europiane (ESS), 2012; nuk jan\u00eb p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb mosdeklarimet.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

Kushtet e pafavorshme socio-ekonomike p\u00ebr pjes\u00ebmarrje\u00a0\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n

Parakushtet socio-ekonomike jan\u00eb t\u00eb pafavorshme p\u00ebr kosovar\u00ebt n\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi, por korrelacioni nd\u00ebrmjet pjes\u00ebmarrjes s\u00eb ul\u00ebt t\u00eb gruas n\u00eb politik\u00eb dhe kushteve m\u00eb t\u00eb pafavorshme – n\u00eb krahasim me burrat – \u00ebsht\u00eb edhe m\u00eb i duksh\u00ebm.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Indikatori kryesor, shkalla e pun\u00ebsimit, tregon se shkalla e pun\u00ebsimit t\u00eb grave \u00ebsht\u00eb mbi 20 pik\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrqindjes m\u00eb e ul\u00ebt sesa e burrave.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0Bazuar n\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat e Fondit t\u00eb Kursimeve Pensionale t\u00eb Kosov\u00ebs – Trustit, gjat\u00eb t\u00ebr\u00eb pasluft\u00ebs t\u00eb ardhurat mesatare t\u00eb grave nga puna kan\u00eb qen\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb ul\u00ebta sesa t\u00eb burrave dhe shumica e grave t\u00eb pun\u00ebsuara kan\u00eb punuar n\u00eb sektorin publik. Ndon\u00ebse n\u00eb periudh\u00ebn 2011-2015, shkalla e pun\u00ebsimit \u00ebsht\u00eb rritur p\u00ebr t\u00eb dy gjinit\u00eb, kjo rritje ka ndodhur kryesisht n\u00eb sektorin privat dhe shpesh ka p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb t\u00eb ardhura minimale. T\u00eb ardhurat e ul\u00ebta, n\u00ebn 125 euro n\u00eb muaj, jan\u00eb zvog\u00ebluar larg m\u00eb ndjesh\u00ebm p\u00ebr burrat n\u00eb krahasim me grat\u00eb (Figura 3). Pra, ka pasur rritje t\u00eb shkall\u00ebs s\u00eb pun\u00ebsimit t\u00eb grave, por rritja ka qen\u00eb rritje gjer\u00ebsisht jocil\u00ebsore; dometh\u00ebn\u00eb grat\u00eb q\u00eb hyjn\u00eb rishtazi n\u00eb pun\u00eb kan\u00eb gjasa t\u00eb m\u00ebdha t\u00eb hyjn\u00eb n\u00eb pun\u00eb m\u00eb jocil\u00ebsore p\u00ebr kah t\u00eb ardhurat.<\/span><\/p>\n

P\u00ebrkund\u00ebr se kushtet n\u00eb tregun e pun\u00ebs jan\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb pafavorshme p\u00ebr gruan, edhe politika e transfereve sociale favorizon m\u00eb tep\u00ebr burrat. Sipas t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave t\u00eb Ministris\u00eb s\u00eb Pun\u00ebs dhe Mir\u00ebqenies Sociale (MPMS) dhe Agjencis\u00eb s\u00eb Statistikave t\u00eb Kosov\u00ebs (ASK), p\u00ebrve\u00e7 q\u00eb p\u00ebrgjat\u00eb viteve ka pasur m\u00eb shum\u00eb p\u00ebrfitues burra t\u00eb pagesave me para n\u00eb dor\u00eb, grat\u00eb m\u00eb s\u00eb shumti marrin pjes\u00eb n\u00eb skemat q\u00eb japin pagesat m\u00eb t\u00eb vogla: pensionet baz\u00eb t\u00eb mosh\u00ebs dhe ndihm\u00ebn sociale t\u00eb varf\u00ebris\u00eb. K\u00ebshtu, politika sociale e Kosov\u00ebs d\u00ebshmon se nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e interesuar p\u00ebr t\u00eb balancuar kushtet nd\u00ebrmjet gjinive n\u00eb pun\u00eb ose p\u00ebr t\u2019i korrektuar ato dhe kushtet e trash\u00ebguara p\u00ebrgjat\u00eb dekadave – p\u00ebrmes ridistribuimit (transfereve dhe taksave).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Figura 3: Indikator\u00eb baz\u00eb socio-ekonomik\u00eb sipas gjinis\u00eb, %, 2011-2015<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

T\u00eb dh\u00ebnat p\u00ebr ndihm\u00ebn sociale (MPMS), transferet tjera sociale (ASK). N\u00eb transfere nuk p\u00ebrfshihen pagesat p\u00ebr f\u00ebmij\u00ebt (p\u00ebrve\u00e7 ndihm\u00ebs sociale), t\u00eb burgosurit politik\u00eb dhe personat n\u00eb strehimore. T\u00eb dh\u00ebnat tjera, Trusti.<\/span><\/i>
\n<\/span><\/i>
\n<\/span><\/i>Si pasoj\u00eb e rrethanave t\u00eb pun\u00ebs dhe politikave t\u00eb ridistribuimit, trajektorja e t\u00eb hyrave n\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi shkon kund\u00ebr grave. Si\u00e7 shihet n\u00eb Figur\u00ebn 4, grat\u00eb dominojn\u00eb n\u00eb popullat\u00ebn q\u00eb ka t\u00eb hyra mujore n\u00ebn 290 Euro, nd\u00ebrsa jan\u00eb gati 18 pika t\u00eb p\u00ebrqindjes m\u00eb pak n\u00eb popullat\u00ebn mbi 291 euro. Mbi 35% e tyre m\u00eb 2012 jetonin n\u00eb varf\u00ebri – n\u00ebn 60% t\u00eb median\u00ebs s\u00eb t\u00eb hyrave t\u00eb disponueshme n\u00eb Kosov\u00eb, m\u00eb shum\u00eb se 32.3% e burrave.<\/span><\/p>\n

Figura 4: Varf\u00ebria dhe t\u00eb hyrat e disponueshme sipas gjinis\u00eb, %, 2012<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

A<\/span>nketa Sociale Europiane (ESS), 2012; nuk jan\u00eb p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb mosdeklarimet.<\/span><\/i>
\n<\/span><\/i>
\n<\/span><\/i>T\u00eb dh\u00ebnat e m\u00ebsip\u00ebrme tregojn\u00eb se sektori m\u00eb i gjer\u00eb publik favorizon grat\u00eb edhe n\u00eb shtete n\u00eb zhvillim si Kosova, nd\u00ebra t\u00eb gjeturat e IFES-it sugjerojn\u00eb q\u00eb grat\u00eb gjejn\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00eb t\u00eb angazhimit n\u00eb stafin zgjedhor n\u00eb partit\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb reja politike sesa n\u00eb partit\u00eb tradicionalisht m\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdha, Lidhjen Demokratike t\u00eb Kosov\u00ebs (LDK) dhe Partin\u00eb Demokratike e Kosov\u00ebs (PDK). N\u00eb zgjedhjet e fundit parlamentare, partit\u00eb e majta – q\u00eb jan\u00eb edhe m\u00eb t\u00eb reja dhe mb\u00ebshtesin zgjerimin e sektorit publik p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb n\u00eb sh\u00ebrbimet sociale t\u00eb cilat zakonisht m\u00eb shum\u00eb pun\u00ebsojn\u00eb grat\u00eb – mor\u00ebn m\u00eb shum\u00eb vota n\u00eb krahasim me rezultatet e kaluara t\u00eb s\u00eb majt\u00ebs kosovare, por ato ende nuk kan\u00eb n\u00eb dor\u00eb timonin e qeveris\u00eb.<\/span><\/p>\n

Prandaj, t\u00eb p\u00ebrballura me shkall\u00eb thell\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb ul\u00ebt t\u00eb pun\u00ebsimit, t\u00eb hyra m\u00eb t\u00eb vogla dhe varf\u00ebri m\u00eb t\u00eb madhe – realitete q\u00eb mbeten p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsisht t\u00eb ngurta p\u00ebrgjat\u00eb viteve – grat\u00eb kan\u00eb m\u00eb pak interes p\u00ebr t\u00eb marr\u00eb pjes\u00eb n\u00eb politik\u00eb, pasi zakonisht dalin m\u00eb t\u00eb humbura. Megjithat\u00eb, fuqizimi i ngadalt\u00eb i partive t\u00eb reja, t\u00eb majta, q\u00eb korrelon me pjes\u00ebmarrjen m\u00eb t\u00eb madhe t\u00eb grave t\u00eb reja (n\u00ebn 29 vje\u00e7) n\u00eb votime gjersa edhe shkalla e pun\u00ebsimit sado jocil\u00ebsore rritet, jan\u00eb shpres\u00eb q\u00eb edhe struktura institucionale edhe parakushtet socio-ekonomike ngadal\u00eb do t\u00eb l\u00ebvizin n\u00eb favor t\u00eb gruas. Ose, duhet t\u00eb b\u00ebhen t\u00eb l\u00ebvizin.<\/span><\/p>\n

Normalisht, pjes\u00ebmarrja politike ndikohet edhe prej faktor\u00ebve tjer\u00eb si arsimimi, trash\u00ebgimia kulturore, dallimet e gjeneratave n\u00eb sjellje politike etj., por parakushtet ekonomike jan\u00eb shpesh vendimtare edhe p\u00ebr to. P\u00ebr t\u2019i transformuar k\u00ebto parakushte p\u00ebr gruan, p\u00ebrvojat e shpeshta europiane tregojn\u00eb se k\u00ebrkohet dominimi afatgjat\u00eb i s\u00eb majt\u00ebs me nj\u00eb agjend\u00eb konkrete p\u00ebr barazi gjinore dhe sociale.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

__________<\/span><\/p>\n

Sh\u00ebnim: Artikulli \u00ebsht\u00eb botuar fillimisht n\u00eb \u201cKoha p\u00ebr grat\u00eb\u201d \/ Qendra Kosovare p\u00ebr Studime Gjinore, m\u00eb 8 mars 2018.<\/span><\/i><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Pjes\u00ebmarrja e ul\u00ebt e gruas kosovare n\u00eb politik\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e nd\u00ebrlidhur pik\u00ebs\u00ebpari me parakushtet socio-ekonomike t\u00eb pafavorshme q\u00eb po tregohen t\u00eb v\u00ebshtira p\u00ebr t’u transformuar. Pjes\u00ebmarrja n\u00eb politik\u00eb p\u00ebrfshin aktivitete t\u00eb shum\u00ebllojta si votimi n\u00eb zgjedhje, angazhimi n\u00eb fushata zgjedhore, an\u00ebtar\u00ebsia aktive n\u00eb parti politike dhe shoqata lobuese, kontaktimi i politikan\u00ebve, dalja n\u00eb protesta dhe […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":403,"featured_media":8055,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[13],"tags":[1199],"ppma_author":[689],"class_list":["post-8057","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-analize","tag-destrata"],"authors":[{"term_id":689,"user_id":403,"is_guest":0,"slug":"artan-mustafa","display_name":"Artan Mustafa","avatar_url":{"url":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/artan.jpg","url2x":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/artan.jpg"},"user_url":"","last_name":"Mustafa","first_name":"Artan","description":"Artan Mustafa \u00ebsht\u00eb hulumtues dhe ligj\u00ebrues n\u00eb fush\u00ebn e politik\u00ebs sociale. Ka studiuar shkenc\u00eb politike dhe zhvillim t\u00eb q\u00ebndruesh\u00ebm n\u00eb Universitetin e Vjen\u00ebs, Universitetin Uppsala dhe Universitetin e Prishtin\u00ebs, si dhe ka pasur q\u00ebndrime n\u00eb Universitetin e Missouri-t, t\u00eb Tokios dhe t\u00eb Oslos. Ka punuar n\u00eb gazetari q\u00eb nga viti 2001 dhe ka qen\u00eb kryeredaktor i Gazet\u00ebs Jeta n\u00eb Kosov\u00eb (2011-2013)."}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8057","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/403"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8057"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8057\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8069,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8057\/revisions\/8069"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/8055"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8057"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8057"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8057"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ppma_author?post=8057"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}