{"id":1391,"date":"2022-02-28T15:04:05","date_gmt":"2022-02-28T14:04:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/?p=1391"},"modified":"2023-12-11T15:06:53","modified_gmt":"2023-12-11T14:06:53","slug":"uck-dhe-e-drejta-nderkombetare-individi-versus-ushtria","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/analize\/uck-dhe-e-drejta-nderkombetare-individi-versus-ushtria\/","title":{"rendered":"U\u00c7K dhe e drejta nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare: individi versus ushtria"},"content":{"rendered":"

N\u00eb tridhjet\u00eb vitet e fundit \u2013 e sidomos pas r\u00ebnies s\u00eb komunizmit – \u00ebsht\u00eb par\u00eb nj\u00eb r\u00ebnie e konsiderueshme e luft\u00ebrave nd\u00ebr-shtet\u00ebrore, dhe nj\u00ebkoh\u00ebsisht nj\u00eb ngritje gati eskponenciale e luft\u00ebrave brenda-shtet\u00ebrore. Disa i quajn\u00eb ato konflikte etnike apo nd\u00ebr-etnike, luft\u00ebra civile, luft\u00ebra t\u00eb reja, etj. Sidoqoft\u00eb, mjafton t\u2019u referohemi atyre si konflikte ose luft\u00ebra brenda-shtet\u00ebrore.<\/p>\n

Me vet\u00eb faktin se jan\u00eb t\u00eb tilla \u2013 pra luft\u00ebra brenda kufijve t\u00eb shteteve ekzistuese \u2013 konfliktet zhvillohen nd\u00ebrmjet nj\u00eb ushtrie t\u00eb mir\u00ebfillt\u00eb t\u00eb shtetit, dhe nj\u00eb apo disa nj\u00ebsiteve ose formacioneve joformale, kuazi-ushtarake. Dikush i quan k\u00ebto nj\u00ebsite rebele, guerile, kryengrit\u00ebse, pastaj l\u00ebvizje popullore p\u00ebr \u00e7lirim, apo grupacione brenda-shtet\u00ebrore t\u00eb armatosura. Bota \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrplot me\u00a0grupacione t\u00eb tilla<\/a>: nga\u00a0Euskadi Ta Askatasuna<\/em>\u00a0(ETA) n\u00eb Baski t\u00eb Spanj\u00ebs tek\u00a0Irish Republican Army<\/em>\u00a0(IRA) n\u00eb Irland\u00eb, nga\u00a0Movimiento 19 de Abril<\/em>\u00a0(M-19) dhe\u00a0Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia<\/em>\u00a0(FARC) n\u00eb Kolumbi tek\u00a0Farabundo Mart\u00ed National Liberation Front<\/em>\u00a0(FMLN) n\u00eb El Salvador, nga\u00a0African National Congress<\/em>\u00a0n\u00eb Afrik\u00eb t\u00eb Jugut n\u00eb\u00a0Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam<\/em>\u00a0(LTTE) n\u00eb Shri Lank\u00eb, nga\u00a0Garakan Acheh Merdaka<\/em>\u00a0(GAM) n\u00eb A\u00e7eh t\u00eb Indonezis\u00eb tek\u00a0South West Africa People\u2019s Organisation<\/em>\u00a0(SWAPO) n\u00eb Namibi. E shum\u00eb e shum\u00eb t\u00eb tjera.<\/p>\n

Mund t\u00eb kemi debate pa fund mbi \u201dpast\u00ebrtin\u00eb\u201d – apo m\u00eb mir\u00eb t\u00eb themi drejt\u00ebsin\u00eb \u2013 e kauzave t\u00eb k\u00ebtyre grupacioneve. Mjafton t\u00eb n\u00ebnvizohet k\u00ebtu se ideologjia dhe veprimtaria e tyre kap nj\u00eb spekt\u00ebr t\u00eb gjer\u00eb: duke filluar prej kauzave fisnike dhe t\u00eb drejta \u2013 si p. sh. liria, autonomia, t\u00eb drejtat themeltare njer\u00ebzore, etj. \u2013 deri n\u00eb raste po aq t\u00eb shpeshta, e ndoshta edhe m\u00eb t\u00eb shpeshta, kur k\u00ebto grupacione p\u00ebrfshihen n\u00eb aktivitete kriminale, korrupsion, trafikim njer\u00ebzish, e madje edhe krime t\u00eb luft\u00ebs e krime kund\u00ebr njer\u00ebzimit.<\/p>\n

E drejta nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare n\u00eb veprim<\/strong><\/p>\n

Me rritjen e numrit t\u00eb luft\u00ebrave brenda-shtet\u00ebrore, kemi par\u00eb natyrsh\u00ebm nj\u00eb intensifikim t\u00eb p\u00ebrpjekjeve ligjore nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare p\u00ebr t\u00eb ndar\u00eb drejt\u00ebsi mbi krime t\u00eb kryera n\u00eb k\u00ebto luf\u00ebra. K\u00ebto p\u00ebrpjekje jan\u00eb p\u00ebrshpejtuar pik\u00ebrisht shkaku i rritjes s\u00eb numrit t\u00eb luft\u00ebrave brenda-shtet\u00ebrore, por edhe p\u00ebr arsye t\u00eb paaft\u00ebsis\u00eb apo pamund\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb vet\u00eb shteteve individuale p\u00ebr t\u00eb ndar\u00eb drejt\u00ebsi mbi krime t\u00eb kryera brenda territorit t\u00eb tyre. K\u00ebshtu, m\u00eb 1998 u themelua Gjykata Penale Nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare (International Criminal Court), institucion ky i p\u00ebrhersh\u00ebm me seli n\u00eb Hag\u00eb q\u00eb \u201dheton dhe gjykon individ\u00eb p\u00ebr krimet m\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnda n\u00eb bashk\u00ebsin\u00eb nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare: gjenocid, krime t\u00eb luft\u00ebs, krime kund\u00ebr njer\u00ebzimit, dhe krime t\u00eb agresionit<\/a>\u201d. (Vlen t\u00eb n\u00ebnvizohet k\u00ebtu se ShBA-ja, edhepse ndihmoi n\u00eb themelimin e k\u00ebsaj Gjykate,\u00a0nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb an\u00ebtare e saj<\/a>, pra nuk ka pranuar q\u00eb t\u2019i n\u00ebnshtrohet juridiksionit t\u00eb saj). Puna dhe judiksioni i k\u00ebsaj Gjykate mb\u00ebshtetet me\u00a0Statutin e Rom\u00ebs mbi Gjykat\u00ebn Penale Nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare<\/a>, t\u00eb miratuar nga Organizata e Kombeve t\u00eb Bashkuara (OKB) m\u00eb 1 korrik 2002.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/div>\n

\u00cbsht\u00eb me r\u00ebnd\u00ebsi t\u00eb theksohet se si Statuti i p\u00ebrkufizon krimet me t\u00eb cilat merret kjo Gjykat\u00eb:<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0Gjenocid<\/u><\/strong>: n\u00ebnkuptohen aktet kriminale q\u00eb p\u00ebr q\u00ebllim kan\u00eb shfarosjen e t\u00ebr\u00ebsishme apo t\u00eb pjes\u00ebrishme t\u00eb nj\u00eb grupi komb\u00ebtar, etnik, racor apo fetar.<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0Krime kund\u00ebr njer\u00ebzimit<\/u><\/strong>: p\u00ebrfshihen akte t\u00eb cilat jan\u00eb pjes\u00eb e nj\u00eb sulmi t\u00eb gjer\u00eb apo sistematik kund\u00ebr nj\u00eb popullate civile, si\u00e7 jan\u00eb vrasja, zhdukja, skllav\u00ebrimi, burgosja, tortura, p\u00ebrdhunimi seksual, prostitucioni i detyruar, aparteidi, etj.<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0Krime t\u00eb luft\u00ebs<\/u><\/strong>: jan\u00eb krime t\u00eb b\u00ebra si pjes\u00eb e nj\u00eb plani apo politike dhe q\u00eb bijn\u00eb ndesh me Konventat e Gjenev\u00ebs 1949, ku hyjn\u00eb vrasja e q\u00ebllimshme, tortura apo trajtimi johuman, keqtrajtimi i t\u00eb burgosurve t\u00eb luft\u00ebs, marrja e njer\u00ebzve peng, etj.<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0Agresion<\/u><\/strong>: p\u00ebrkufizohet si planifikimi, p\u00ebrgatitja, inicimi ose ekzekutimi nga nj\u00eb person q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb pozit\u00eb t\u00eb kontrolloj\u00eb apo t\u00eb dirigjoj\u00eb veprimet politike apo ushtarake t\u00eb shtetit. Nj\u00eb akt i till\u00eb agresioni, p\u00ebr nga karakteri, pesha dhe shkalla e tij, p\u00ebrb\u00ebn shkelje t\u00eb drejtp\u00ebrdrejt\u00eb t\u00eb Kart\u00ebs s\u00eb OKB-s\u00eb. Agresion konsiderohet pushtimi apo sulmi i nj\u00eb shteti mbi nj\u00eb shtet tjet\u00ebr, p\u00ebrdorimi i grupacioneve bandite, mercenare nga nj\u00eb shtet p\u00ebr sulm n\u00eb shtet tjet\u00ebr, etj.<\/p>\n

Nga k\u00ebto kat\u00ebr kategori, vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr krim t\u00eb\u00a0agresionit<\/strong>\u00a0p\u00ebrmendet shteti si ekzekutues potencial i krimit. Poashtu, p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb pesh\u00ebs s\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00eb q\u00eb p\u00ebrmban krimi i gjenocidit, lihet t\u00eb n\u00ebnkuptohet se shteti \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebs p\u00ebr ekzekutimin e k\u00ebsaj kategorie, por edhe individ\u00ebt mund t\u00eb ngarkohen me k\u00ebt\u00eb akuz\u00eb. P\u00ebr dy krimet e tjera \u2013 krimet e luft\u00ebs dhe krimet kund\u00ebr njer\u00ebzimit \u2013 shteti nuk p\u00ebmendet n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb eksplicite. N\u00eb fakt, k\u00ebtu m\u00ebtohet q\u00eb t\u00eb konkretizohet p\u00ebrgj\u00ebgjesia n\u00eb nivel individ\u00ebsh. Ata individ\u00eb mund t\u00eb ken\u00eb vepruar n\u00eb em\u00ebr t\u00eb shtetit apo t\u00eb nj\u00eb nj\u00ebsiti politiko-ushtarak \u2013 ta kujtojm\u00eb planin sistematik dhe t\u00eb gjer\u00eb q\u00eb i karakterizon k\u00ebto krime – por n\u00eb gjykat\u00eb ata gjykohen si individ\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Ky \u00ebsht\u00eb konsensusi i gjertanish\u00ebm sa i p\u00ebrket p\u00ebrkufizimit t\u00eb k\u00ebtyre krimeve, si\u00e7 potencohet edhe nga burime si\u00a0Trial International<\/a>, apo\u00a0Office on Genocide Prevention and the Responsibility to Protect<\/a>\u00a0n\u00eb OKB. Duhet theksuar se nga k\u00ebto kat\u00ebr kategori krimesh, vet\u00ebm ajo e krimeve kund\u00ebr njer\u00ebzimit ende nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb kodifikuar nga ndonj\u00eb traktat i s\u00eb drejt\u00ebs nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare. Pra, kjo kategori vazhdon t\u00eb jet\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb gjendje fluide dhe t\u00eb evoluoj\u00eb ashtu si zhvillohen rastet nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare kund\u00ebr individ\u00ebve t\u00eb p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb n\u00eb k\u00ebsilloj krimesh.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebrve\u00e7 nga Gjykata Penale Nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare, e drejta nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare ka testuar n\u00eb praktik\u00eb k\u00ebto kategori krimesh n\u00eb disa gjykata t\u00eb p\u00ebrkohshme. N\u00eb dekadat e fundit ishte\u00a0Tribunali Penal Nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar p\u00ebr ish-Jugosllavi<\/a>\u00a0q\u00eb ka shqyrtuar krime t\u00eb gjenocidit, krime t\u00eb luft\u00ebs dhe krime kund\u00ebr njer\u00ebzimit. Kishim poashtu edhe\u00a0Tribunalin Penal Nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar p\u00ebr Ruand\u00eb<\/a>\u00a0q\u00eb ka gjykuar personat q\u00eb ishin p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebs p\u00ebr gjenocid n\u00eb at\u00eb shtet. Poashtu ishte edhe nj\u00eb\u00a0Gjykat\u00eb Speciale p\u00ebr Sierra Leonen<\/a>, e themeluar si rrjedhoj\u00eb e marr\u00ebveshjes n\u00eb mes t\u00eb OKB-s\u00eb dhe qeveris\u00eb s\u00eb k\u00ebtij shteti, me q\u00ebllim t\u00eb gjykimit t\u00eb rasteve t\u00eb krimeve t\u00eb luft\u00ebs dhe krimeve kund\u00ebr njer\u00ebzimit.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha k\u00ebto raste, e drejta nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare \u00ebsht\u00eb testuar dhe praktikuar\u00a0vis-\u00e0-vis<\/em>\u00a0kat\u00ebr kategorive t\u00eb krimeve t\u00eb lartcekura. N\u00eb nj\u00eb proces t\u00eb natyrsh\u00ebm, secila seanc\u00eb dhe secila gjykat\u00eb ka kontribuar n\u00eb qart\u00ebsimin, konsolidimin dhe kodifikimin e m\u00ebtutjesh\u00ebm t\u00eb k\u00ebtyre krimeve n\u00eb t\u00eb drejt\u00ebn nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare dhe marr\u00ebdh\u00ebniet nd\u00ebkomb\u00ebtare. N\u00ebse flasim p\u00ebr nj\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebt t\u00eb k\u00ebtyre zhvillimeve \u00ebsht\u00eb se fokusi ka qen\u00eb \u00e7do her\u00eb e m\u00eb shum\u00eb n\u00eb individin. Pra, n\u00eb p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebsin\u00eb individuale p\u00ebr krime madhore. K\u00ebshtu, gradualisht, e drejta nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare \u00ebsht\u00eb duke k\u00ebrkuar thuajse t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtin nivel t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebsis\u00eb nga grupacionet ushtarake brenda-shtet\u00ebrore sikurse nga shtetet dhe ushtrit\u00eb formale t\u00eb tyre. Dhe k\u00ebshtu, natyrsh\u00ebm, vijm\u00eb edhe te rasti konkret e aktual i U\u00c7K-s\u00eb, i individ\u00ebve t\u00eb saj, dhe i t\u00eb drejt\u00ebs nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare e marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnieve nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare sot.<\/p>\n

\u00cbsht\u00eb th\u00ebn\u00eb shum\u00eb her\u00eb se n\u00eb historin\u00eb e grupacioneve gruerile kryengrit\u00ebse, apo ushtrive joformale brenda-shtet\u00ebrore, Ushtria \u00c7lirimtare e Kosov\u00ebs (U\u00c7K) \u00ebsht\u00eb sigurisht storia m\u00eb e sukseshme. Kauza e saj ishte e drejt\u00eb \u2013 liri, pavar\u00ebsi nga zgjedha nj\u00ebshekullore – e rrjedhimisht edhe lufta e saj ishte e drejt\u00eb. Pra, k\u00ebtu preferoj t\u00eb flas p\u00ebr drejt\u00ebsin\u00eb e jo p\u00ebr past\u00ebrtin\u00eb, edhepse kur p\u00ebmendet lufta ne shpesh i referohemi k\u00ebsaj t\u00eb fundit. Kjo sepse \u201dpast\u00ebrtia<\/em>\u201d nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb ndonj\u00eb koncept real e objektiv q\u00eb njihet n\u00eb t\u00eb drejt\u00ebn nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare. \u00c7\u2019n\u00ebnkuptojm\u00eb me past\u00ebrti? P\u00ebr at\u00eb ne duhet t\u00eb flasim p\u00ebr t\u00eb drejt\u00ebn, apo drejt\u00ebsin\u00eb e luft\u00ebs s\u00eb U\u00c7K-s\u00eb. N\u00eb fakt besoj se kur flasim p\u00ebr past\u00ebrtin\u00eb ne e kemi fjal\u00ebn pik\u00ebrisht p\u00ebr t\u00eb drejt\u00ebn, apo drejt\u00ebsin\u00eb. Por p\u00ebr dallim nga past\u00ebrtia, e drejta si koncept \u00ebsht\u00eb e normatizuar n\u00eb t\u00eb drejt\u00ebn nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare e n\u00eb marr\u00ebdh\u00ebniet nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare. Mjafton k\u00ebtu t\u00eb p\u00ebrmendim\u00a0kriteret e luft\u00ebs s\u00eb drejt\u00eb<\/a>:<\/p>\n

\u2022 E drejta apo drejt\u00ebsia p\u00ebr t\u00eb hyr\u00eb n\u00eb luft\u00eb (Jus ad bellum<\/em>): A ekziston kauza dhe q\u00ebllimet e drejta p\u00ebr t\u00eb luftuar? A \u00ebsht\u00eb lufta opsioni i fundit i mundsh\u00ebm?<\/p>\n

\u2022 E drejta apo drejt\u00ebsia gjat\u00eb koh\u00ebs s\u00eb luft\u00ebs (Jus in bellum<\/em>): a ushtrohet proporcionalitet dhe p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebsi gjat\u00eb luft\u00ebs? A respektohet jeta e civil\u00ebve?<\/p>\n

\u2022 E drejta apo drejt\u00ebsia pas luft\u00ebs (Jus post bellum<\/em>): a tregohet p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebsi e drejt\u00ebsi karshi popullat\u00ebs civile pas luft\u00ebs? K\u00ebtu \u00ebsht\u00eb fjala sidomos karshi pal\u00ebs s\u00eb mundur, viktimave.<\/p>\n

Lufta e U\u00c7K-s\u00eb tregoi nj\u00eb sukses t\u00eb jasht\u00ebzakonsh\u00ebm sepse q\u00eb nga krijimi i celulave t\u00eb para e deri t\u00eb arritja e q\u00ebllimit t\u00eb saj \u2013 \u00e7lirimi i vendit \u2013 kaluan pak m\u00eb shum\u00eb se pes\u00eb vjet. Nuk ka dilem\u00eb se lufta u fitua edhe fal\u00eb fushat\u00ebs ajrore t\u00eb NATO-s, por kjo nuk e shlyen kontributin e U\u00c7K-s\u00eb n\u00eb arritjen e q\u00ebllimit t\u00eb saj n\u00eb koh\u00eb rekord. Ka grupacione t\u00eb shumta anek\u00ebnd bot\u00ebs q\u00eb sorollaten n\u00ebp\u00ebr male p\u00ebr dekada me radh\u00eb, pa asnj\u00eb shans p\u00ebr t\u00eb arritur synimet e tyre.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebsia para gjykat\u00ebs: individ\u00a0versus<\/em>\u00a0ushtri<\/strong><\/p>\n

Si\u00e7 dihet,\u00a0Dhomat e Specializuara dhe Zyra e Prokurorit t\u00eb Specializuar t\u00eb Kosov\u00ebs<\/a>\u00a0u themeluan \u201dn\u00eb baz\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00eb marr\u00ebveshjeje nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare t\u00eb miratuar nga Kuvendi i Kosov\u00ebs, nj\u00eb amendamenti kushtetues, si dhe n\u00eb baz\u00eb t\u00eb Ligjit p\u00ebr Dhomat e Specializuara dhe Zyr\u00ebn e Prokurorit t\u00eb Specializuar t\u00eb Kosov\u00ebs\u201d. Si institucione t\u00eb p\u00ebrkohshme q\u00eb operojn\u00eb sipas legjislacionit t\u00eb Kosov\u00ebs, ato kan\u00eb mandat dhe juridiksion p\u00ebr krime kund\u00ebr njer\u00ebzimit, krime lufte dhe krime t\u00eb tjera, q\u00eb p\u00ebrfshijn\u00eb periudh\u00ebn prej 1 janar 1998 deri m\u00eb 31 dhjetor 2000 n\u00eb Kosov\u00eb.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb debatin p\u00ebr Gjykat\u00ebn Speciale \u2013 si\u00e7 quhet shkurt \u2013 shpesh \u00ebsht\u00eb pohuar se rastet gjyq\u00ebsore kan\u00eb n\u00eb sh\u00ebnjest\u00ebr individ\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebt pretendohet se kan\u00eb kryer krime lufte, krime kund\u00ebr njer\u00ebzimit apo krime t\u00eb tjera. \u00cbsht\u00eb theksuar n\u00eb vazhdim\u00ebsi se, edhepse k\u00ebta individ\u00eb ishin n\u00eb pozita udh\u00ebheq\u00ebse n\u00eb U\u00c7K, vet\u00eb ushtria nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb cak i gjykat\u00ebs. Pra, individi \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb bank\u00ebn e t\u00eb akuzuarve, jo U\u00c7K-ja.<\/p>\n

Kjo logjik\u00eb e argumentimit p\u00ebrputhet edhe me praktikat e m\u00ebhershme n\u00eb gjykata t\u00eb ngjashme. Mir\u00ebpo k\u00ebtu duhet rikujtuar se p\u00ebrkufizimi p\u00ebr krime t\u00eb luft\u00ebs dhe krime kund\u00ebr njer\u00ebzimit p\u00ebrfshin nj\u00eb element ky\u00e7 q\u00eb i b\u00ebn k\u00ebto krime t\u00eb kategorive t\u00eb r\u00ebnda, e ai \u00ebsht\u00eb planifikimi i gjer\u00eb dhe sistematik. Sipas k\u00ebtyre p\u00ebrkufizimeve, sqarohet se krimet e luft\u00ebs dhe krimet kund\u00ebr njer\u00ebzimit kryhen n\u00eb p\u00ebrpjekje t\u00eb avansimit t\u00eb nj\u00eb politike apo q\u00ebllimi politik nga nj\u00eb entitet, organizat\u00eb apo grupacion i caktuar. \u00a0Pra, p\u00ebr t’u kryer nj\u00eb krim i till\u00eb, ka gjasa q\u00eb mbrapa tij q\u00ebndron n\u00ebse jo shteti, at\u00ebher\u00eb ndonj\u00eb lloj organizate apo entiteti politiko-ushtarak-ideologjik. Patjet\u00ebr se individi mund t\u00eb ngarkohet m\u00eb t\u00eb tilla krime t\u00eb r\u00ebnda, por gjasat jan\u00eb q\u00eb ekzekutimi i tyre t\u00eb jet\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb n\u00eb suaza t\u00eb nj\u00eb planifikimi m\u00eb t\u00eb gjer\u00eb dhe sistematik. Nga kjo rrjedh se krimet e nj\u00eb qytetari t\u00eb thjesht\u00eb, sado makabre qofshin ato, nuk do t\u00eb arrinin pragun e krimeve t\u00eb luft\u00ebs apo krimeve kund\u00ebr njer\u00ebzimit, p\u00ebrderisa ai qytetar nuk vepron n\u00eb em\u00ebr t\u00eb nj\u00eb platforme m\u00eb t\u00eb gjer\u00eb organizative. P\u00ebr m\u00eb shum\u00eb, krimet me motive personale si hakmarrja, armiq\u00ebsia n\u00eb mes individ\u00ebsh, s\u2019para kualifikohen si krime lufte apo krime kund\u00ebr njer\u00ebzimit, anipse mund t\u00eb jen\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb gjat\u00eb luft\u00ebs apo periudh\u00ebs menj\u00ebher\u00eb pas saj.<\/p>\n

Dihet se U\u00c7K-ja \u00ebsht\u00eb shp\u00ebrb\u00ebr\u00eb n\u00eb qershor 1999, nd\u00ebrsa procesi i \u00e7armatimit dhe demobilizimit \u00ebsht\u00eb rrumbullak\u00ebsuar suksessh\u00ebm n\u00eb shtator t\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtit vit. N\u00eb an\u00ebn tjet\u00ebr, Gjykata Speciale ka ngritur pretendime p\u00ebr krime kund\u00ebr njer\u00ebzimit q\u00eb kapin edhe periudh\u00ebn pas k\u00ebtij procesi, m\u00eb sakt\u00ebsisht deri m\u00eb 31 dhjetor 2000.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/div>\n

Me synimin e arritjes s\u00eb pragut t\u00eb krimeve t\u00eb luft\u00ebs dhe krimeve kund\u00ebr njer\u00ebzimit, prokuroris\u00eb i duhet t\u00eb bind\u00eb trupin gjykues se nd\u00ebr t\u00eb tjera veprimet e t\u00eb akuzuarve nuk ishin thjesht veprime individuale, por se ishin t\u00eb koordinuara dhe i p\u00ebrkisnin nj\u00eb grupacioni t\u00eb qart\u00eb organizativ. Kjo na sjell\u00eb deri te shprehja \u201dNd\u00ebrmarrje e P\u00ebrbashk\u00ebt Kriminale\u201d q\u00eb si duket po p\u00ebrdoret nga prokuroria p\u00ebr t\u00eb justifikuar akuzat e ngritura, pra q\u00eb t\u00eb ngarkoj\u00eb lidershipin me p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebsi komanduese p\u00ebr krimet q\u00eb pretendohet se jan\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb nga dikush tjet\u00ebr, apo p\u00ebr krime q\u00eb pretendohet se nuk jan\u00eb parandaluar nga ky lidership.<\/p>\n

Ky, pra, \u00ebsht\u00eb paradoksi i par\u00eb i identifikuar: n\u00eb nj\u00ebr\u00ebn an\u00eb pretendohet se k\u00ebto jan\u00eb raste kund\u00ebr individ\u00ebve t\u00eb caktuar e jo kund\u00ebr U\u00c7K-s\u00eb. Nd\u00ebrsa n\u00eb an\u00ebn tjet\u00ebr, prokuroria e di se p\u00ebr t\u00eb justifikuar akuzat p\u00ebr kategorin\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00eb t\u00eb krimeve, duhet argumetuar se prapa k\u00ebtyre krimeve q\u00ebndronte nj\u00eb plan i gjer\u00eb dhe sistematik, q\u00eb sipas tyre ishte i organizuar dhe i koordinuar nga \u201dNd\u00ebrmarrja\u2026\u201d. Nd\u00ebrsa fakti se k\u00ebta individ\u00eb ishin pjes\u00eb e udh\u00ebheq\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb ushtris\u00eb duket si ironi e trisht\u00eb. Rezulton se n\u00eb bank\u00eb t\u00eb t\u00eb akuzuarve jan\u00eb v\u00ebrtet individ\u00ebt. Por, n\u00eb an\u00ebn tjet\u00ebr, s\u2019do mend se jasht\u00eb korniz\u00ebs s\u00eb Gjykat\u00ebs dhe debateve n\u00eb mes ekspert\u00ebsh t\u00eb s\u00eb drejt\u00ebs nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare dhe marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnieve nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare, opinioni publik nuk do t\u00eb b\u00ebj\u00eb dallimin. N\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb, ka t\u00eb ngjar\u00eb q\u00eb p\u00ebr pjes\u00ebn d\u00ebrrmuese t\u00eb publikut, individi, ushtria dhe nd\u00ebrrmarja shkrihen n\u00eb nj\u00eb t\u00eb vetme.<\/p>\n

T\u00eb mbrosh duke mohuar<\/strong><\/p>\n

Paradoksin e dyt\u00eb q\u00eb mund ta hasim gjat\u00eb seancave t\u00eb k\u00ebsaj Gjykate ka t\u00eb b\u00ebj\u00eb me raportin e prokuroris\u00eb, respektivisht t\u00eb mbrojtjes, me U\u00c7K-n\u00eb dhe trash\u00ebgimin\u00eb e saj. Paradoksalisht, p\u00ebr t\u00eb qen\u00eb t\u00eb suksessh\u00ebm n\u00eb akuzat e ngritura, prokuroria duhet t\u00eb bind\u00eb trupin gjykues se v\u00ebrtet ekzistonte nj\u00eb zinxhir komandues q\u00eb ishte funksional dhe q\u00eb, rrjedhimisht, involvon udh\u00ebheq\u00ebsin\u00eb (lexo: t\u00eb akuzuarit) me krimet e kryera n\u00eb terren. Pra, duhet t\u00eb argumentoj\u00eb se kjo struktur\u00eb, q\u00eb n\u00eb fakt ishte struktura e U\u00c7K-s\u00eb, ishte funksionale dhe e mir\u00ebfillt\u00eb. Me fjal\u00eb t\u00eb tjera, se funksiononte si ushtrit\u00eb e rregullta shtet\u00ebrore. N\u00eb nj\u00eb logjik\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrmbysur t\u00eb gj\u00ebrave, p\u00ebr t\u00eb qen\u00eb t\u00eb suksessh\u00ebm n\u00eb p\u00ebrndjekjen penale, \u00ebsht\u00eb prokuroria ajo q\u00eb do t\u00eb kontribuojn\u00eb n\u00eb konsolidimin e imazhit t\u00eb nj\u00eb ushtrie rebele kryengrit\u00ebse, dhe ngritjen e statusit t\u00eb saj n\u00eb nivel\u00a0de facto<\/em>\u00a0t\u00eb ushtris\u00eb s\u00eb rregullt.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb an\u00ebn tjet\u00ebr, ka mund\u00ebsi q\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb rr\u00ebzuar pretendimet e prokuroris\u00eb mbrojtja duhet t\u00eb b\u00ebj\u00eb pik\u00ebrisht t\u00eb kund\u00ebrt\u00ebn: t\u00eb pretendoj\u00eb se p\u00ebr krimet e p\u00ebrmendura nuk mund t\u00eb faj\u00ebsohen t\u00eb akuzuarit pasi q\u00eb zinxhiri komandues nuk ishte p\u00ebrnj\u00ebmend funksional. Pra, p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsuesit e t\u00eb akuzuarve duhet ta mohojn\u00eb vet\u00eb struktur\u00ebn organizative t\u00eb ushtris\u00eb duke pretenduar se ajo ishte m\u00eb shum\u00eb nj\u00eb grupacion i \u00e7rregullt ushtarak q\u00eb funksiononte n\u00eb celula t\u00eb vogla q\u00eb jo domosdoshm\u00ebrisht koordinoheshin me nj\u00ebra tjetr\u00ebn. Pra, p\u00ebrs\u00ebri n\u00eb nj\u00eb logjik\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrmbysur t\u00eb gj\u00ebrave, p\u00ebr t\u00eb bindur trupin gjykues n\u00eb pafaj\u00ebsi duhet mohuar mbase vet\u00eb ushtrin\u00eb si formacion i rregullt e koheziv organizativ.<\/p>\n

Sido q\u00eb t\u00eb jet\u00eb, kjo p\u00ebrvoj\u00eb e t\u00eb akuzuarve me drejt\u00ebsin\u00eb nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare (anipse me ligj t\u00eb Kosov\u00ebs) do t\u00eb kontribuoj\u00eb n\u00eb normatizimin dhe kodifikimin e m\u00ebtutjesh\u00ebm t\u00eb s\u00eb drejt\u00ebs nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare dhe marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnieve nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare. Do t\u00eb kontribuoj\u00eb ve\u00e7mas n\u00eb v\u00ebnien n\u00eb pah t\u00eb rolit t\u00eb ushtrive guerile, kryengrit\u00ebse, si dhe ngritjen e llogaridh\u00ebnies dhe marrjes s\u00eb p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebsis\u00eb karshi bashk\u00ebsis\u00eb nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare. N\u00eb proces e sip\u00ebr, e drejta nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare dhe marr\u00ebdh\u00ebniet nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare evoluojn\u00eb edhe karshi k\u00ebtyre ushtrive brenda-sht\u00ebterore, duke i trajtuar ato gati nj\u00ebjt\u00eb me ushtrit\u00eb e mir\u00ebfillta shtet\u00ebtore.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

N\u00eb tridhjet\u00eb vitet e fundit \u2013 e sidomos pas r\u00ebnies s\u00eb komunizmit – \u00ebsht\u00eb par\u00eb nj\u00eb r\u00ebnie e konsiderueshme e luft\u00ebrave nd\u00ebr-shtet\u00ebrore, dhe nj\u00ebkoh\u00ebsisht nj\u00eb ngritje gati eskponenciale e luft\u00ebrave brenda-shtet\u00ebrore. Disa i quajn\u00eb ato konflikte etnike apo nd\u00ebr-etnike, luft\u00ebra civile, luft\u00ebra t\u00eb reja, etj. Sidoqoft\u00eb, mjafton t\u2019u referohemi atyre si konflikte ose luft\u00ebra brenda-shtet\u00ebrore. […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":405,"featured_media":1394,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[13],"tags":[725,664,692],"ppma_author":[698],"class_list":["post-1391","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-analize","tag-kla","tag-kosovo","tag-law"],"authors":[{"term_id":698,"user_id":405,"is_guest":0,"slug":"armend-bekaj","display_name":"Armend Bekaj","avatar_url":{"url":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/armend-bekaj.png","url2x":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/armend-bekaj.png"},"user_url":"","last_name":"Bekaj","first_name":"Armend","description":"Armend Bekaj \u00ebsht\u00eb Ligj\u00ebrues n\u00eb Departamentin p\u00ebr K\u00ebrkime t\u00eb Paqes dhe Konfliktit n\u00eb Universitetin e Uppsala-s, Suedi. Ka punuar p\u00ebr nj\u00eb s\u00ebr\u00eb organizatash nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare, p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb International IDEA n\u00eb Suedi. Ka t\u00eb kryer doktorat\u00ebn n\u00eb shkenca politike n\u00eb Universitetin e Sheffield, Britani t\u00eb Madhe."}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1391","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/405"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1391"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1391\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1401,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1391\/revisions\/1401"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1394"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1391"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1391"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1391"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ppma_author?post=1391"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}