{"id":1532,"date":"2020-10-08T14:12:55","date_gmt":"2020-10-08T13:12:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/?p=1532"},"modified":"2023-12-11T15:07:14","modified_gmt":"2023-12-11T14:07:14","slug":"pandemia-dhe-pandehmat-e-teorise-realiste-ii","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/analize\/pandemia-dhe-pandehmat-e-teorise-realiste-ii\/","title":{"rendered":"Pandemia dhe pandehmat e teoris\u00eb realiste II"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ilustrimi:\u00a0Big Eye<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

Realizmi dhe realiteti nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar: shteti si aktor i pakontestuesh\u00ebm<\/em><\/p>\n

P\u00ebr shum\u00eb koh\u00eb u konsiderua se\u00a0relevanca<\/a>\u00a0e shtetit n\u00eb sistemin nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar \u00ebsht\u00eb duke u venitur, ku si pasoj\u00eb kishte edhe zbehjen e pesh\u00ebs s\u00eb tij si aktori krucial n\u00eb aren\u00ebn nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare. Besohej se aktor\u00eb tjer\u00eb si: organizatat nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare nd\u00ebrqeveritare dhe ato joqeveritare, tregjet globale, korporatat multinacionale etj., do t\u00eb arrinin t\u00eb z\u00ebvend\u00ebsonin shtetin n\u00eb shum\u00eb aspekte, duke e dob\u00ebsuar duksh\u00ebm sovranitetin e tij. Mir\u00ebpo, jo rrall\u00ebher\u00eb, ngjarje t\u00eb ndryshme d\u00ebshmuan se shteti \u00ebsht\u00eb dhe mbetet aktori m\u00eb i r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm n\u00eb sistemin nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar. Ai \u00ebsht\u00eb institucioni i vet\u00ebm t\u00eb cilit njer\u00ebzit i k\u00ebrkojn\u00eb mb\u00ebshtetje dhe zgjidhje kur p\u00ebrball\u00ebn me situata t\u00eb v\u00ebshtira. Pra, n\u00eb secilin rast kur njer\u00ebzit ballafaqohen me sulme nga ndonj\u00eb organizat\u00eb terroriste, grup kriminal apo u cenohet jeta nga ndonj\u00eb katastrof\u00eb eventuale natyrore (zjarre, t\u00ebrmete, cunami, v\u00ebrshime etj.), instinkti i par\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb q\u00eb t\u2019i drejtohen shtetit p\u00ebr ndihm\u00eb, siguri e mb\u00ebshtetje dhe jo ndonj\u00eb organizate nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare apo korporate multinacionale si: Mjek\u00ebt pa Kufij, Organizata e Kombeve t\u00eb Bashkuara, Coca Cola-s apo Microsoft-it. Kur virusi Covid-19 filloi t\u00eb marr\u00eb p\u00ebrmasa globale,\u00a0reagimi\u00a0<\/a>i par\u00eb e shteteve ishte mbyllja e kufijve, vendosja e ndalesave p\u00ebr udh\u00ebtim, zbatimi i kontrolleve n\u00eb eksportin e mallrave dhe injorimi i rolit dhe i r\u00ebnd\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb Organizat\u00ebs Bot\u00ebrore t\u00eb Sh\u00ebndet\u00ebsis\u00eb dhe institucioneve tjera multilaterale. Nd\u00ebrsa njer\u00ebzit t\u00eb hutuar se \u00e7far\u00eb po ndodhte, pasi u udh\u00ebzuan dhe u detyruan t\u00eb mbylleshin n\u00eb sht\u00ebpit\u00eb e tyre, iu drejtuan shtetit dhe agjencive t\u00eb tij p\u00ebr sqarim dhe informata shtes\u00eb sesi t\u00eb silleshin n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb situat\u00eb t\u00eb re e bizare globale dhe, \u00e7far\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishmja, k\u00ebrkuan nga shteti siguri dhe qart\u00ebsi.<\/p>\n

Duke e konsideruar shtetin si aktorin primar n\u00eb politik\u00ebn nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare, teoria realiste nuk i vler\u00ebson institucionet nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare si relevante dhe si faktor\u00eb (aktor\u00eb jo se jo) q\u00eb mund t\u00eb ndikojn\u00eb n\u00eb sistemin nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar. Sipas\u00a0neo-realizmit<\/a>, si n\u00ebnkategori e teoris\u00eb realiste, institucionet nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare jan\u00eb dhe \u00e7do her\u00eb do t\u00eb mbesin fundamentalisht joefektive, duke qen\u00eb se ato nuk mund t\u2019i parandalojn\u00eb shtetet q\u00eb t\u00eb jen\u00eb t\u00eb fokusuara vet\u00ebm n\u00eb interesin e vet dhe t\u2019i pengojn\u00eb ato t\u00eb angazhohen n\u00eb politik\u00ebn e fuqis\u00eb nd\u00ebrmjet vete. Sipas\u00a0John Mearsheimer<\/a>, nj\u00eb nd\u00ebr autor\u00ebt m\u00eb t\u00eb shquar t\u00eb qasjes neorealiste, institucionet nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare kan\u00eb fuqi vet\u00ebm margjinale, si t\u00eb tilla i krijojn\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00eb enorme raportit t\u00eb fuqis\u00eb nd\u00ebrmjet shteteve.<\/p>\n

Pasi virusi goditi Italin\u00eb me t\u00eb gjith\u00eb fuqin\u00eb e vet t\u00eb pam\u00ebshirshme, duke shkaktuar me mij\u00ebra t\u00eb infektuar dhe t\u00eb vdekur n\u00eb baza ditore, Qeveris\u00eb Italiane iu desh q\u00eb e vetme t\u00eb p\u00ebrballej me k\u00ebt\u00eb kriz\u00eb t\u00eb sh\u00ebndetit publik. Duke qen\u00eb pjes\u00eb e Bashkimit Evropian, Qeveria Italiane k\u00ebrkoi q\u00eb t\u00eb aktivizohej mekanizmi i mbrojtjes civile p\u00ebr furnizim me pajisje mjek\u00ebsore. Por, n\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb, asnj\u00eb nga shtetet an\u00ebtare nuk iu p\u00ebrgjigj thirrjes. Italia mori p\u00ebrgjigje vet\u00ebm nga Kina n\u00eb baza bilaterale. Ambasadori italian n\u00eb BE,\u00a0Maurizio Massari<\/a>, vler\u00ebsoi se kjo nuk ishte shenj\u00eb e mir\u00eb e \u201csolidaritetit Evropian\u201d, kurse Kryeministri i k\u00ebtij vendi,\u00a0Guiseppe Conte<\/a>, deklaroi se Bashkimi Evropian \u00ebsht\u00eb v\u00ebrtet n\u00eb rrezik t\u00eb d\u00ebshtimit si projekt n\u00eb p\u00ebrballje me kriz\u00ebn e virusit Covid-19.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebrgjigja e vak\u00ebt e BE-s\u00eb ndaj kriz\u00ebs s\u00eb pandemis\u00eb e dob\u00ebsoi reputacionin e saj edhe tek vet\u00eb qytetar\u00ebt e shteteve an\u00ebtare. U vler\u00ebsua se kjo organizat\u00eb nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare nuk b\u00ebri mjaftuesh\u00ebm p\u00ebr t\u2019i mb\u00ebshtetur shtetet an\u00ebtare, sidomos gjat\u00eb faz\u00ebs fillestare t\u00eb kriz\u00ebs. Sipas nj\u00eb studimi t\u00eb realizuar n\u00eb maj t\u00eb vitit 2020 nga\u00a0Redfield & Wilton Strategies<\/a>, italian\u00ebt kishin kritikat m\u00eb t\u00eb ashpra ndaj BE-s\u00eb, ku 61% t\u00eb tyre konstatuan se pandemia ka dob\u00ebsuar reputacionin e organizat\u00ebs, krahasuar me 40% t\u00eb qytetar\u00ebve gjerman dhe 47% t\u00eb atyre francez. Shumica d\u00ebrrmuese e respondent\u00ebve nga t\u00eb tri vendet deklaruan se roli i BE-s\u00eb n\u00eb muajt e par\u00eb t\u00eb pandemis\u00eb ishte i zbeht\u00eb, andaj secili nga shtetet an\u00ebtare reaguan n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb pavarur. Kurse, dy t\u00eb tretat e t\u00eb anketuarve vler\u00ebsuan se kufijt\u00eb shtet\u00ebror\u00eb t\u00eb vendeve an\u00ebtare jan\u00eb jetik\u00eb p\u00ebr sigurin\u00eb e vendit.<\/p>\n

Parimi i vet\u00ebndihm\u00ebs \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr element i r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm i teoris\u00eb realiste. Duke u gjendur n\u00eb nj\u00eb ambient anarkik dhe n\u00eb munges\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00eb autoriteti qendror n\u00eb sistemin nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar, shtetet jan\u00eb t\u00eb fokusuara n\u00eb fuqit\u00eb dhe kapacitetet e veta p\u00ebr gjetjen e zgjidhjeve p\u00ebr sfidat dhe krizat me t\u00eb cilat p\u00ebrball\u00ebn. Kjo qasje e funksionimit q\u00eb mb\u00ebshtetet n\u00eb postulatin \u201cne t\u00eb par\u00ebt\u201d, u shp\u00ebrfaq mir\u00ebfilli gjat\u00eb pandemis\u00eb. Ndalesat e udh\u00ebtimit apo t\u00eb hyrjes n\u00eb shtete t\u00eb caktuara, mbyllja e kufijve, proteksionizmi farmaceutik apo edhe konkurrenca p\u00ebr pajisje sh\u00ebndet\u00ebsore \u2013 si\u00e7 jan\u00eb maskat apo respirator\u00ebt \u2013 ishin sjellje predominante e shteteve. M\u00eb 31 janar 2020 Presidenti Trump mori\u00a0vendim<\/a>\u00a0q\u00eb t\u2019u ndaloj\u00eb hyrjen n\u00eb ShBA t\u00eb gjith\u00eb qytetar\u00ebve t\u00eb huaj q\u00eb s\u00eb fundi kishin udh\u00ebtuar n\u00eb Kin\u00eb. N\u00eb mars, kur p\u00ebrhapja e virusit filloi t\u00eb marr\u00eb p\u00ebrmasa globale, Presidenti Trump vendosi t\u00eb suspendoj\u00eb fluturimet ajrore nga Evropa p\u00ebr n\u00eb ShBA. Ky vendim i zuri n\u00eb befasi vendet evropiane q\u00eb jan\u00eb edhe aleate t\u00eb ShBA-s\u00eb, sepse u mor pa konsultim paraprak me ta. N\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtin muaj edhe shtete si Brazili, India, Izraeli dhe Rusia vendosen q\u00eb t\u00eb mbyllnin kufijt\u00eb e tyre. Edhe n\u00eb BE, si organizata e vetme supranacionale n\u00eb bot\u00eb, dol\u00ebn n\u00eb pah elemente t\u00eb ve\u00e7anta t\u00eb shteteve an\u00ebtare q\u00eb, duke u bazuar n\u00eb parimin e vet\u00ebndihm\u00ebs, injoruan dhe shkelen vlerat baz\u00eb t\u00eb funksionimit t\u00eb k\u00ebsaj organizate, si\u00e7 jan\u00eb \u201ckat\u00ebr lirit\u00eb e l\u00ebvizjes\u201d s\u00eb \u00a0njer\u00ebzve, mallrave, sh\u00ebrbimeve dhe kapitalit. Shtetet an\u00ebtare vepruan k\u00ebshtu sepse ishte n\u00eb interesin e tyre, duke konfirmuar n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb nj\u00eb nd\u00ebr elementet kryesore t\u00eb teoris\u00eb realiste.<\/p>\n

Mungesa e bashk\u00ebpunimit n\u00eb nivel t\u00eb organizmave multilateral ishte karakteristik\u00eb tjet\u00ebr q\u00eb u shp\u00ebrfaq n\u00eb politik\u00ebn nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare. Nj\u00eb gj\u00eb e till\u00eb ishte shum\u00eb evidente sidomos gjat\u00eb muajve t\u00eb par\u00eb t\u00eb pandemis\u00eb. Kryesisht bashk\u00ebpunimi, n\u00eb intensitet fare t\u00eb limituar, u zhvillua vet\u00ebm n\u00eb nivel bilateral. Organizatat dhe institucionet kryesore multilaterale nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare u treguan t\u00eb ngath\u00ebta q\u00eb t\u00eb organizohen dhe t\u00eb harmonizojn\u00eb interesat me q\u00ebllim t\u00eb prodhimit t\u00eb zgjidhjeve optimale p\u00ebr an\u00ebtar\u00ebt e tyre dhe jo vet\u00ebm.\u00a0Lider\u00ebt e G7<\/a>, q\u00eb p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsojn\u00eb shtat\u00eb vendet demokratike me\u00a0ekonomit\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb zhvilluara<\/a>\u00a0n\u00eb nivel global, nuk arrit\u00ebn t\u00eb takohen deri n\u00eb fillim t\u00eb muajt mars. Edhe kur u takuan nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb se arrit\u00ebn ndonj\u00eb rezultat konkret. N\u00eb an\u00ebn tjet\u00ebr, lider\u00ebt e\u00a0G20<\/a>, ku marrin pjes\u00eb nj\u00ebzet shtetet m\u00eb t\u00eb zhvilluara ekonomikisht dhe shtetet n\u00eb zhvillim, arrit\u00ebn q\u00eb p\u00ebr her\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb t\u00eb takoheshin n\u00eb fund t\u00eb muajt mars, gati tre muaj nga shfaqja zyrtare e virusit Covid-19 n\u00eb Kin\u00eb. Por, edhe n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb takim nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb se u mor\u00ebn vendime dhe u nd\u00ebrmor\u00ebn veprime t\u00eb shpejta e konkrete n\u00eb p\u00ebrballje me pandemin\u00eb. N\u00eb an\u00ebn tjet\u00ebr, K\u00ebshilli i Sigurimit, si organi kryesor i Kombeve t\u00eb Bashkuara, ishte pothuajse inekzistent p\u00ebr nj\u00eb periudh\u00eb jo t\u00eb shkurt\u00ebr. Kina q\u00eb n\u00eb mars mbante presidenc\u00ebn e k\u00ebtij organi, e bllokoj t\u00ebr\u00ebsisht procesin dhe nuk e lejoj as t\u00eb vinte n\u00eb konsiderat\u00eb ndonj\u00eb rezolut\u00eb eventuale p\u00ebr pandemin\u00eb me arsyetimin e paq\u00ebndruesh\u00ebm se \u00e7\u00ebshtjet e sh\u00ebndetit publik jan\u00eb jasht\u00eb domenit \u201cgjeopolitik\u201d t\u00eb K\u00ebshillit. Ky konstatim ishte krejt\u00ebsisht irrelevant sepse kjo nuk ishte hera e par\u00eb q\u00eb ky organi i OKB-s\u00eb merrej me \u00e7\u00ebshtje t\u00eb sh\u00ebndetit publik. N\u00eb 2014 K\u00ebshilli i Sigurimit miratoi\u00a0Rezolut\u00ebn 2177<\/a>\u00a0(2014), ku p\u00ebrcaktonte epidemin\u00eb e Ebola-s n\u00eb Afrik\u00ebn Per\u00ebndimore si \u201ck\u00ebrc\u00ebnim p\u00ebr paqen dhe sigurin\u00eb nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare\u201d. U nevojit\u00ebn 7 muaj q\u00eb nga shfaqja p\u00ebr her\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb e virusit Covid-19 n\u00eb Kin\u00eb dhe 111 dit\u00eb q\u00eb kur Organizata Bot\u00ebrore e Sh\u00ebndet\u00ebsis\u00eb e shpalli at\u00eb pandemi globale q\u00eb K\u00ebshilli i Sigurimit, m\u00eb 1 korrik 2020, t\u00eb aprovonte Rezolut\u00ebn\u00a02532 (2020)<\/a>\u00a0p\u00ebrmes s\u00eb cil\u00ebs \u201ckonsideronte<\/em>\u00a0se zgjatja e paprecedent\u00eb e pandemis\u00eb Covid-19 ka t\u00eb ngjar\u00eb t\u00eb rrezikoj\u00eb ruajtjen e paqes dhe t\u00eb siguris\u00eb nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare\u201d.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb fakt, n\u00ebse v\u00ebshtrohen m\u00eb v\u00ebmendje, sjelljet e shteteve sa i p\u00ebrket munges\u00ebs s\u00eb bashk\u00ebpunimit n\u00eb nivel nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar interpretohen shum\u00eb qart\u00eb p\u00ebrmes teoris\u00eb realiste. Kjo pandehm\u00eb teorike supozon se arritja e bashk\u00ebpunimit nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb efektive nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb \u00e7\u00ebshtje shum\u00eb e thjesht\u00eb, p\u00ebrkund\u00ebr nevoj\u00ebs dhe domosdoshm\u00ebris\u00eb q\u00eb kjo t\u00eb ndodh\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb bot\u00eb t\u00eb nd\u00ebrvarur.\u00a0Realist\u00ebt<\/a>\u00a0e pranojn\u00eb se bashk\u00ebpunimi n\u00eb aren\u00ebn nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare \u00ebsht\u00eb prezent gjat\u00eb gjith\u00eb koh\u00ebs. Normat, parimet dhe institucionet natyrisht q\u00eb u sh\u00ebrbejn\u00eb shteteve q\u00eb t\u00eb bashk\u00ebpunojn\u00eb, mir\u00ebpo kjo ndodh vet\u00ebm kur vler\u00ebsohet nga vet\u00eb shtetet se ky bashk\u00ebpunim \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb interesin e tyre. Teoria realiste gjithashtu paralajm\u00ebron se bashk\u00ebpunimi nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar shum\u00eb shpesh \u00ebsht\u00eb tejet fragjil. Kjo,\u00a0sipas tyre<\/a>, ndodh p\u00ebr dy arsye kryesore: e para, shtetet druajn\u00eb se vendet tjera nuk do t\u00eb respektojn\u00eb dhe p\u00ebrmbushin zotimet e tyre. E dyta, sepse shtetet besojn\u00eb se nga nj\u00eb bashk\u00ebpunim eventual pala tjet\u00ebr do t\u00eb p\u00ebrfitoj\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb. E treta, shtetet zakonisht duan q\u00eb t\u00eb shmangin bartjen e nj\u00eb pjese joproporcionale t\u00eb kostove. Kuptohet, kjo nuk n\u00ebnkupton se shtetet nuk arrijn\u00eb dot q\u00eb t\u00eb gjejn\u00eb rrug\u00eb dhe modaliteteve t\u00eb bashk\u00ebpunimit, n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb mb\u00ebshtesin nj\u00ebra tjetr\u00ebn n\u00eb gjetjen e zgjidhjeve dhe adresimin e problemeve globale. Por, nuk do mend t\u00eb kuptohet se kur sjelljet e shteteve mb\u00ebshteten mbi k\u00ebto parimet e sip\u00ebrp\u00ebrmendura, sidomos n\u00eb koh\u00eb krizash, efektiviteti i tyre p\u00ebr t\u00eb ofruar zgjidhje kolektive minimizohet duksh\u00ebm.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebrfundimi i Luft\u00ebs s\u00eb Ftoht\u00eb dhe deklarimi triumfalist nga disa i \u201cfundit t\u00eb historis\u00eb<\/a>\u201d krijoi p\u00ebrshtypjen se realizmi, si qasje teorike, e ka humbur fuqin\u00eb shpjeguese t\u00eb \u00e7\u00ebshtjeve nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare dhe si e till\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb shnd\u00ebrruar n\u00eb nj\u00eb \u201cdinozaur teorik\u201d jorelevant p\u00ebr koh\u00ebn dhe rrethanat e reja. U besua verb\u00ebrisht se bota p\u00ebrfundimisht u b\u00eb nj\u00eb rrjet i nd\u00ebrlidhur ngusht\u00eb ku nd\u00ebrvar\u00ebsia dhe institucionet multinacionale globale si OKB-ja, apo ato regjionale si BE-ja, do t\u00eb jen\u00eb mekanizma t\u00eb mjaftuesh\u00ebm p\u00ebr t\u00eb ofruar zgjidhje p\u00ebr \u00e7\u00ebshtje dhe problemet nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare, p\u00ebrtej dhe pavar\u00ebsisht shteteve. P\u00ebrkund\u00ebr k\u00ebsaj, n\u00eb periudh\u00ebn e pas Luft\u00ebs s\u00eb Ftoht\u00eb marr\u00ebdh\u00ebniet nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare u karakterizuan nga luft\u00ebra t\u00eb ndryshme ku shtetet ishin aktor\u00ebt kryesor\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb, pa dakordimin e t\u00eb cil\u00ebve zgjidhjet ishin v\u00ebshtir\u00eb t\u00eb arritshme. P\u00ebr me tep\u00ebr, rritja e zhvillimit ekonomik t\u00eb Kin\u00ebs dhe projektimi i k\u00ebtij zhvillimi si fuqi politike e diplomatike gjithandej n\u00eb bot\u00eb dhe rikthimi gjeopolitik i Rusis\u00eb n\u00eb sken\u00eb, ka hapur nj\u00eb epok\u00eb t\u00eb re t\u00eb gar\u00ebs dhe konkurrenc\u00ebs p\u00ebr pushtet e ndikim n\u00eb mes t\u00eb tri shteteve q\u00eb aktualisht e dominojn\u00eb sistemin nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar (ShBA, Kin\u00eb, Rusi), duke e zhvendosur polaritetin e sistemit nga \u201cmomenti unipolar<\/a>\u201d, t\u00eb dominuar nga ShBA-ja q\u00eb nga fundi i Luft\u00ebs s\u00eb Ftoht\u00eb, n\u00eb at\u00eb multipolar. Kjo, nd\u00ebr t\u00eb tjera, n\u00ebnkupton se edhe fuqia shpjeguese e teoris\u00eb realiste ka rifituar r\u00ebnd\u00ebsin\u00eb e saj dometh\u00ebn\u00ebse. Kriza epidemiologjike e shkaktuar nga virusi Covid-19 ka riforcuar dhe rikthyer n\u00eb v\u00ebmendje edhe m\u00eb shum\u00eb pandehmat e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme t\u00eb k\u00ebsaj teorie. Efekti i par\u00eb dhe m\u00eb i r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm \u00ebsht\u00eb rikonfirmimi se shtetet jan\u00eb aktor\u00ebt kryesor n\u00eb marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnie nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare. Kjo nuk n\u00ebnkupton se institucionet e tjera si organizatat nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare, korporatat multinacionale etj., nuk kan\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsi, por efikasiteti i tyre varet kryek\u00ebput nga vullneti i shtetit. Fakti se gjat\u00eb faz\u00ebs s\u00eb par\u00eb t\u00eb pandemis\u00eb bashk\u00ebpunimi nd\u00ebrmjet shteteve \u2013 n\u00eb ve\u00e7anti n\u00eb nivel t\u00eb institucioneve multilaterale \u2013 ka qen\u00eb pothuajse inekzistent, p\u00ebr t\u2019u konsoliduar dhe intensifikuar m\u00eb von\u00eb, ka n\u00ebnvizuar faktin se parimi i vet\u00eb-ndihm\u00ebs \u00ebsht\u00eb ende postulat udh\u00ebheq\u00ebs p\u00ebr shtetet n\u00eb sistemin nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ilustrimi:\u00a0Big Eye Realizmi dhe realiteti nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar: shteti si aktor i pakontestuesh\u00ebm P\u00ebr shum\u00eb koh\u00eb u konsiderua se\u00a0relevanca\u00a0e shtetit n\u00eb sistemin nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar \u00ebsht\u00eb duke u venitur, ku si pasoj\u00eb kishte edhe zbehjen e pesh\u00ebs s\u00eb tij si aktori krucial n\u00eb aren\u00ebn nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare. Besohej se aktor\u00eb tjer\u00eb si: organizatat nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare nd\u00ebrqeveritare dhe ato joqeveritare, tregjet globale, korporatat […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":402,"featured_media":1537,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[13],"tags":[646,687,767],"ppma_author":[688],"class_list":["post-1532","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-analize","tag-covid-19","tag-foreign-policy","tag-pandemic"],"authors":[{"term_id":688,"user_id":402,"is_guest":0,"slug":"alfred-marleku","display_name":"Alfred Marleku","avatar_url":{"url":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_0067-min-scaled-1-e1725456797811.jpg","url2x":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_0067-min-scaled-1-e1725456797811.jpg"},"user_url":"","last_name":"Marleku","first_name":"Alfred","description":"Alfred Marleku ka p\u00ebrfunduar studimet bachelor, master dhe ato t\u00eb doktorat\u00ebs n\u00eb shkenca politike. Aktualisht \u00ebsht\u00eb ligj\u00ebrues n\u00eb Kolegjin \u201cUBT\u201d, Fakultetin e Shkencave Politike.\r\n\r\nP\u00ebr shum\u00eb vjet ka punuar si menaxher i projekteve t\u00eb ndryshme t\u00eb financuara nga Komisioni Evropian, USAID-i, Ambasada Amerikane etj., t\u00eb cilat fokusohen, kryesisht, n\u00eb reformat e arsimit t\u00eb lart\u00eb n\u00eb Kosov\u00eb, ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht n\u00eb k\u00ebrkim dhe zhvillim (R&D); kthimin e trurit; zhvillimin e plan-programeve n\u00eb harmoni me nevojat e tregut etj. P\u00ebrve\u00e7 k\u00ebsaj, p\u00ebr nj\u00eb koh\u00eb ka qen\u00eb i angazhuar edhe n\u00eb sektorin publik si k\u00ebshilltar politik n\u00eb fush\u00ebn e bashk\u00ebpunimit juridik nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar."}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1532","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/402"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1532"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1532\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1538,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1532\/revisions\/1538"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1537"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1532"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1532"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1532"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ppma_author?post=1532"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}