N\u00eb vitin 1997 kolosi i t\u00eb drejt\u00ebs penale nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare e at\u00ebbot\u00eb edhe President i Tribunalit Penal Nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar\u00eb p\u00ebr ish-Jugosllavin\u00eb, Antonio Cassese, kur i drejtohej Asambles\u00eb s\u00eb P\u00ebrgjithshme t\u00eb Kombeve t\u00eb Bashkuara p\u00ebr Tribunalin p\u00ebr ish-Jugosllavin\u00eb, p\u00ebrg\u00ebzonte vendet an\u00ebtare q\u00eb i kishin dh\u00ebn\u00eb fund mosnd\u00ebshkimit t\u00eb krimeve t\u00eb luft\u00ebs e mund\u00ebsimit t\u00eb amnezis\u00eb historike, dhe q\u00eb kishin zhb\u00ebr\u00eb praktik\u00ebn imorale t\u00eb miratimit t\u00eb ligjeve q\u00eb amnistojn\u00eb dhe i lirojn\u00eb nga p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebsia fajtor\u00ebt. Ai i b\u00ebnte thirrje Asambles\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb vazhdoj t\u2019i p\u00ebrgjigjet thirrjes t\u00eb viktimave t\u00eb barbaris\u00eb p\u00ebr drejt\u00ebsi dhe kjo praktik\u00eb e mir\u00eb t\u00eb jet\u00eb boshti i ri kurrizor i bashk\u00ebsis\u00eb nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare. Sot 30 vite m\u00eb von\u00eb, \u00ebsht\u00eb hera e tret\u00eb n\u00eb dy vitet e fundit q\u00eb opinioni publik n\u00eb Kosov\u00eb ekspozohet ndaj ides\u00eb dhe diskutimit p\u00ebr amnistin\u00eb p\u00ebr krimet luft\u00ebs.<\/p>\n
Cassese vazhdimisht kur\u00a0komentont<\/a>e n\u00eb punimet e tij akademike r\u00ebnd\u00ebsin\u00eb e pamund\u00ebsimit t\u00eb amnistis\u00eb n\u00eb juridiksionet vendore pas themelimit t\u00eb Tribunalit p\u00ebr ish-Jugosllavin\u00eb, shprehej se nj\u00eb praktik\u00eb e till\u00eb e amnistimit t\u00eb shkeljeve t\u00eb s\u00eb drejt\u00ebs nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare humanitare dhe shkeljeve t\u00eb r\u00ebnda t\u00eb t\u00eb drejtave t\u00eb njeriut, jo q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e pamoralshme por edhe e paligjshme. E pamoralshme sepse t\u00eb lejosh kriminel\u00ebt e luft\u00ebs t\u00eb \u201cshkruajn\u00eb n\u00eb paqe kujtimet e tyre do t\u00eb ishte tallje me t\u00eb vdekurit dhe viktimat\u201d. E paligjshme p\u00ebr shkak se \u201cndalimi i k\u00ebtyre krimeve dhe obligimi i shteteve p\u00ebr ti nd\u00ebshkuar duhet t\u00eb konsiderohen norma t\u00eb patjet\u00ebrsueshme t\u00eb s\u00eb drejt\u00ebs nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare (jus cogens)\u201d. Cassese vazhdon se nuk duhet t\u00eb jet\u00eb e mundshme q\u00eb k\u00ebto \u00e7\u00ebshtje t\u00eb amnistohen me ligje nga shtetet e as t\u00eb b\u00ebhen objekt diskutimi i marr\u00ebveshjeve politike a nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare mes shteteve. Leximi i te drejt\u00ebs penale nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare sipas modelit t\u00eb Cassese\u2019s, sot \u00ebsht\u00eb pjes\u00eb e normave t\u00eb patjet\u00ebrsueshme t\u00eb s\u00eb drejt\u00ebs nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare, t\u00eb cilat jan\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb edhe pjes\u00eb e t\u00eb drejt\u00ebs zakonore nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare, norma me efekt\u00a0erga omnes\u00a0<\/em>respektivisht ndaj t\u00eb gjith\u00eb subjekteve t\u00eb t\u00eb drejt\u00ebs nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare.<\/p>\n Krimet e luft\u00ebs t\u00eb sanksionuara n\u00eb Konventat e Gjenev\u00ebs dhe Protokollet Plot\u00ebsuese, krimet kund\u00ebr njer\u00ebzimit t\u00eb sanksionuara n\u00eb instrumente t\u00eb ndryshme nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare, krimi i gjenocidit i sanksionuar nga Konventa e Gjenocidit dhe shkeljet e tjera serioze t\u00eb t\u00eb drejtave t\u00eb njeriut, nuk mund t\u00eb amnistohen as p\u00ebrmes ndonj\u00eb ligji e as p\u00ebrmes ndonj\u00eb marr\u00ebveshjeje politike. Kategorit\u00eb e sip\u00ebrp\u00ebrmendura konsiderohen krime kund\u00ebr rendit nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar\u00eb dhe krijojn\u00eb obligime p\u00ebr shtetet p\u00ebr ti parandaluar dhe p\u00ebr ti nd\u00ebshkuar ato, dhe amnistimi i tyre do t\u00eb n\u00ebnkuptonte mos p\u00ebrmbushje t\u00eb obligimeve t\u00eb shteteve p\u00ebr parandalim dhe ndjekje penale, dhe mos-realizim t\u00eb t\u00eb drejtave t\u00eb viktimave dhe familjeve t\u00eb tyre. Normat e s\u00eb drejt\u00ebs nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare q\u00eb sanksionojn\u00eb krimet e luft\u00ebs jan\u00eb norma fundamentale dhe t\u00eb patjet\u00ebrsueshme, dhe si rrjedhoj\u00eb duhet t\u00eb respektohen nga t\u00eb gjitha shtetet pavar\u00ebsisht n\u00ebse jan\u00eb apo jo pjes\u00eb e konventave respektive, meq\u00eb k\u00ebto norma p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsojn\u00eb edhe principe themelore t\u00eb s\u00eb drejt\u00ebs zakonore nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare. (GJND,\u00a0Opinioni k\u00ebshillues n\u00eb \u00e7\u00ebshtjen e arm\u00ebve nukleare, 1996, para. 79<\/a>)<\/p>\n Nuk ekziston as mund\u00ebsia e parashkrimit t\u00eb krimeve t\u00eb luft\u00ebs, krimeve kund\u00ebr njer\u00ebzimit dhe krimit t\u00eb gjenocidit. Konventa p\u00ebr Mos-Aplikueshm\u00ebrin\u00eb e Limiteve Statutore p\u00ebr krimet e luft\u00ebs dhe krimet kund\u00ebr njer\u00ebzimit afirmon parimin tjet\u00ebr t\u00eb s\u00eb drejt\u00ebs nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare q\u00eb k\u00ebto krime nuk vjetrohen dhe si pasoj\u00eb nuk mund t\u00eb parashkruhen. Edhe kjo konvent\u00eb konsiderohet se reflekton t\u00eb drejt\u00ebn zakonore, dhe \u00ebsht\u00eb krejt e par\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme n\u00ebse kan\u00eb kaluar 10, 20 apo 50 vite prej koh\u00ebs kur jan\u00eb kryer krimet n\u00eb fjal\u00eb, obligimi i shteteve p\u00ebr ti nd\u00ebshkuar nuk pushon p\u00ebrderisa p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebsit p\u00ebr kryerjen e krimeve t\u00eb luft\u00ebs jan\u00eb gjall\u00eb. P\u00ebrderisa krimet e sip\u00ebrp\u00ebrmendura kategorizohen si krime kund\u00ebr rendit nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar\u00eb t\u00eb ndaluara me norma t\u00eb patjet\u00ebrsueshme, krijohen efekte specifike juridike si (1) obligimi i shteteve p\u00ebr t\u00eb ndjekur dhe nd\u00ebshkuar penalisht apo ekstraduar kryer\u00ebsit; (2) krimet e sip\u00ebrp\u00ebrmendura nuk mund ti n\u00ebnshtrohen limiteve statutore, pra nuk mund t\u00eb parashkruhen; (3) kan\u00eb karakter universal duke krijuar mbi to juridiksion universal.<\/p>\n Amnistit\u00eb q\u00eb lirojn\u00eb nga p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebsit\u00eb individ\u00eb q\u00eb kan\u00eb kryer krime t\u00eb natyr\u00ebs s\u00eb trajtuar m\u00eb lart dhe q\u00eb pengojn\u00eb realizimin e t\u00eb drejtave t\u00eb viktimave jan\u00eb n\u00eb kund\u00ebrshtim me t\u00eb drejt\u00ebn nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare, dhe si pasoj\u00eb ekspozojn\u00eb shtetet ndaj p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebsis\u00eb n\u00eb rast t\u00eb mos p\u00ebrmbushjes s\u00eb obligimeve t\u00eb tyre. T\u00eb dy shpjegimet m\u00eb lart lidhur me raportin mes amnistis\u00eb dhe krimeve t\u00eb karakterit universal na sjellin n\u00eb p\u00ebrfundimin q\u00eb amnistimi i k\u00ebtyre krimeve, pavar\u00ebsisht kur dhe sa koh\u00eb pasi q\u00eb k\u00ebto krime kan\u00eb ndodhur, p\u00ebrmes miratimit t\u00eb ligjeve n\u00eb juridiksionet e brendshme ose p\u00ebrmes marr\u00ebveshjeve politike mes shteteve, do t\u00eb p\u00ebrb\u00ebnte shkelje flagrant\u00eb t\u00eb s\u00eb drejt\u00ebs nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare. Kjo reflektohet edhe n\u00eb t\u00eb drejt\u00ebn ton\u00eb t\u00eb brendshme pasi legjislacioni jon\u00eb nuk njeh mund\u00ebsin\u00eb e amnistimit e as t\u00eb parashkrimit t\u00eb krimeve t\u00eb luft\u00ebs.<\/p>\n Tash q\u00eb e konstatuam q\u00eb amnistimi i k\u00ebtyre krimeve do ishte shkelje e r\u00ebnd\u00eb e t\u00eb drejt\u00ebs nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare, p\u00ebrgjigjen n\u00eb pyetjen se a mund t\u00eb amnistohen krimet e luft\u00ebs n\u00eb nj\u00eb marr\u00ebveshje p\u00ebrfundimtare mes Kosov\u00ebs dhe Serbis\u00eb duhet ta k\u00ebrkojm\u00eb tek nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb tjet\u00ebr e s\u00eb drejt\u00ebs nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare. Marr\u00ebveshja p\u00ebrfundimtare, q\u00eb do t\u00eb jet\u00eb baza juridike e marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnieve nd\u00ebrshtet\u00ebrore mes Kosov\u00ebs dhe Serbis\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00eb ardhmen, do t\u00eb qeveriset patjet\u00ebr nga Konventa e Vjen\u00ebs p\u00ebr t\u00eb Drejt\u00ebn e Traktateve dhe nga e drejta e traktateve n\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi. Neni 53 i Konvent\u00ebs s\u00eb Vjen\u00ebs p\u00ebr t\u00eb Drejt\u00ebn e Traktateve (tutje KVDT), shprehet q\u00eb nj\u00eb traktat \u00ebsht\u00eb i pavlefsh\u00ebm n\u00eb rast se \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb konflikt me nj\u00eb norm\u00eb fundamentale ose t\u00eb patjet\u00ebrsueshme,\u00a0jus cogens<\/em>, t\u00eb s\u00eb drejt\u00ebs nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare. Ky nen p\u00ebrcakton rregull\u00ebn e invaliditetit t\u00eb traktateve kur marrja dhe zbatimi i obligimeve q\u00eb rrjedhin prej nj\u00eb traktati do t\u00eb qonte n\u00eb shkelje t\u00eb nj\u00eb norme\u00a0jus cogens<\/em>. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb rast, nj\u00eb traktat apo nj\u00eb marr\u00ebveshje nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare do t\u00eb ishte null, e pavlefshme, e cila nuk prodhon kurrfar\u00eb efekte juridike\u00a0ab inito<\/em>. Neni 53 parasheh invaliditet automatik t\u00eb traktatit n\u00ebse ai ose pjes\u00eb t\u00eb tij jan\u00eb n\u00eb kund\u00ebrshtim me normat e patjet\u00ebrsueshme.<\/p>\n N\u00eb rast se provizione t\u00eb caktuara t\u00eb nj\u00eb traktati jan\u00eb n\u00eb konflikt me normat e patjet\u00ebrsueshme, jo vet\u00ebm provizionet specifike por i gjith\u00eb traktati \u00ebsht\u00eb i pavlefsh\u00ebm. Neni 44(5) KVDT parasheh q\u00eb n\u00eb \u00e7\u00ebshtjet e parapara me nenet 51-53, ndarja e provizioneve t\u00eb traktateve nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e lejueshme, pra ndarja dhe suspendimi i provizioneve respektive pa prishur integritetin e gjith\u00eb traktatit nuk do t\u00eb ishte i mundur. E drejta nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare \u00ebsht\u00eb paranojake dhe fanatike n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb aspekt, dhe kur vjen n\u00eb pyetje konflikti me normat e patjet\u00ebrsueshme, ajo obligon shtetet t\u00eb nd\u00ebrmarrin nj\u00eb lloj ekzorcizmi dhe dekontaminimi legal pasi k\u00ebrkon nga to t\u00eb shlyejn\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha gjurm\u00ebt dhe t\u00eb gjitha derivatet q\u00eb mund t\u00eb ken\u00eb rrjedhur nga nj\u00eb traktat q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb konflikt me normat e patjet\u00ebrsueshme. Pra nj\u00eb marr\u00ebveshje mes Kosov\u00ebs dhe Serbis\u00eb q\u00eb do t\u00eb trajtonte \u00e7\u00ebshtjen e amnistimit t\u00eb krimeve t\u00eb luft\u00ebs, do t\u00eb ishte nj\u00eb let\u00ebr e vdekur q\u00eb nuk do t\u00eb prodhonte kurrfar\u00eb efekti juridik a obligimi p\u00ebr pal\u00ebt, p\u00ebrve\u00e7 se potencialisht p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebsi p\u00ebr shkelje t\u00eb s\u00eb drejt\u00ebs nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare. Normat\u00a0jus cogens\u00a0<\/em>q\u00ebndrojn\u00eb p\u00ebrmbi traktatet dhe t\u00eb drejt\u00ebn zakonore e si t\u00eb tilla kan\u00eb fuqin\u00eb invaliduese t\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha normave q\u00eb jan\u00eb n\u00eb kund\u00ebrshtim me to, dhe n\u00eb rast se shtetet nuk p\u00ebrmbushin obligimet e tyre n\u00eb garantimin dhe respektimin e tyre, mund t\u00eb mbahen p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebse p\u00ebr shkelje t\u00eb s\u00eb drejt\u00ebs nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare dhe mund t\u00eb jen\u00eb objekt i kund\u00ebrmasave t\u00eb ndryshme.<\/p>\n Cassese n\u00eb punimin e p\u00ebrmendur n\u00eb fillim t\u00eb k\u00ebtij shkrimi, citon Desmond Tutu\u2019n kur thot\u00eb q\u00eb politikan\u00ebt kur jan\u00eb n\u00eb pyetje shkeljet e r\u00ebnda t\u00eb t\u00eb drejtave t\u00eb njeriut, zgjedhin pajtimin p\u00ebrpara drejt\u00ebsis\u00eb. Sidoqoft\u00eb edhe n\u00ebse politikan\u00ebt tan\u00eb do t\u00eb preferonin t\u00eb zgjidhnin amnistimin p\u00ebrpara drejt\u00ebsis\u00eb si mjet m\u00eb t\u00eb kollajsh\u00ebm politik, nj\u00eb gj\u00eb e till\u00eb nuk do t\u00eb ishte e realizueshme. N\u00eb rastin e bisedimeve Kosov\u00eb-Serbi dhe n\u00eb rastin e arritjes s\u00eb nj\u00eb marr\u00ebveshjeje finale, amnistimi jo q\u00eb nuk mund t\u00eb gjej\u00eb vend n\u00eb marr\u00ebveshje, por nuk mund as t\u00eb jet\u00eb tem\u00eb e bisedimeve. Edhe n\u00eb rast se pal\u00ebt do t\u00eb shprehnin vullnetin e tyre q\u00eb ta b\u00ebnin amnistin\u00eb pjes\u00eb t\u00eb agjend\u00ebs, kjo gj\u00eb do t\u00eb ishte e pamundur: (1) p\u00ebr shkak se \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb kund\u00ebrshtim me t\u00eb drejt\u00ebn nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare; (2) do ta reduktonte marr\u00ebveshjen n\u00eb t\u00eb pavlefshme dhe n\u00eb nj\u00eb let\u00ebr q\u00eb nuk prodhon kurrfar\u00eb efektesh; dhe (3) nuk do lejohej nga nd\u00ebrmjet\u00ebsuesit q\u00eb do garantojn\u00eb marr\u00ebveshjen, si Bashkimi Europian dhe SHBA\u2019t\u00eb, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt jan\u00eb pionier\u00eb n\u00eb forcimin e sundimit t\u00eb ligjit dhe garantimit t\u00eb t\u00eb drejtave t\u00eb njeriut n\u00eb bot\u00eb.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" N\u00eb vitin 1997 kolosi i t\u00eb drejt\u00ebs penale nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare e at\u00ebbot\u00eb edhe President i Tribunalit Penal Nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar\u00eb p\u00ebr ish-Jugosllavin\u00eb, Antonio Cassese, kur i drejtohej Asambles\u00eb s\u00eb P\u00ebrgjithshme t\u00eb Kombeve t\u00eb Bashkuara p\u00ebr Tribunalin p\u00ebr ish-Jugosllavin\u00eb, p\u00ebrg\u00ebzonte vendet an\u00ebtare q\u00eb i kishin dh\u00ebn\u00eb fund mosnd\u00ebshkimit t\u00eb krimeve t\u00eb luft\u00ebs e mund\u00ebsimit t\u00eb amnezis\u00eb historike, dhe q\u00eb […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":8096,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[13],"tags":[1246],"ppma_author":[867],"class_list":["post-2833","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-analize","tag-e-drejta-nderkombetare-kosova"],"authors":[{"term_id":867,"user_id":0,"is_guest":1,"slug":"arber-ahmeti","display_name":"Arb\u00ebr Ahmeti","avatar_url":{"url":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Arber-Ahmeti.jpeg","url2x":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Arber-Ahmeti.jpeg"},"user_url":"","last_name":"","first_name":"","description":"Arb\u00ebr Ahmeti \u00ebsht\u00eb jurist dhe hulumtues me specializim n\u00eb t\u00eb drejt\u00ebn nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare. Interesat e tij studimore jan\u00eb n\u00eb fush\u00ebn e t\u00eb drejt\u00ebs dhe siguris\u00eb nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare, drejt\u00ebsis\u00eb penale dhe t\u00eb drejt\u00ebs humanitare, si dhe n\u00eb t\u00eb drejt\u00ebn n\u00eb shtetet e dala nga konfliktet. Ai ka qen\u00eb hulumtues i ftuar n\u00eb Institutin p\u00ebr Paqe dhe Menaxhim t\u00eb Konflikteve n\u00eb Akademin\u00eb Komb\u00ebtare t\u00eb Mbrojtjes n\u00eb Austri ku ka mbuluar Kosov\u00ebn dhe Ballkanin Per\u00ebndimor, si dhe kontribuues n\u00eb Raportet e Oksfordit p\u00ebr t\u00eb Drejt\u00ebn Nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare ku mbulon juridiksionin e Shqip\u00ebris\u00eb."}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2833","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2833"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2833\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8097,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2833\/revisions\/8097"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/8096"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2833"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2833"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2833"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ppma_author?post=2833"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}