{"id":3050,"date":"2016-11-01T15:34:39","date_gmt":"2016-11-01T13:34:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/?p=3050"},"modified":"2024-12-17T15:36:51","modified_gmt":"2024-12-17T13:36:51","slug":"tirania-e-normalitetit","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/kritike\/tirania-e-normalitetit\/","title":{"rendered":"Tirania e normalitetit"},"content":{"rendered":"
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“Sot m\u00eb vdiq mamaja. Apo ndoshta dje, nuk e di”. K\u00ebshtu fillon “I huaji” nga Albert Kamy. Me narracion n\u00eb vet\u00ebn e par\u00eb, fjal\u00ebt e para t\u00eb romanit mish\u00ebrojn\u00eb mendimin e p\u00ebrgjithsh\u00ebm t\u00eb Mersos\u00eb p\u00ebr jet\u00ebn, indiferenc\u00ebn dhe shk\u00ebputjen e tij nga njer\u00ebzit, tjet\u00ebrsimin e tij pasiv e t\u00eb qet\u00eb nga pjesa tjet\u00ebr e shoq\u00ebris\u00eb. Gjat\u00eb t\u00ebr\u00eb librit, Merso vepron n\u00eb kund\u00ebrshtim me normat. Ai d\u00ebnohet moralisht gjat\u00eb t\u00ebr\u00eb koh\u00ebs, se sjellja e tij nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e pritshme, dhe p\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e pranuar e rrjedhimisht normale.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebrkufizimet e normalitetit ndryshojn\u00eb shum\u00eb nga personi, koha, kultura dhe situata. \u201cNormal\u201d n\u00eb fund t\u00eb fundit \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb perceptim subjektiv, amorf – \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb m\u00eb leht\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrshkruar at\u00eb q\u00eb nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb normale se at\u00eb q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb normale. N\u00eb psikologji, nuk ekziston konsensus se nga \u00e7far\u00eb p\u00ebrb\u00ebhet sjellja \u201cnormale\u201d. P\u00ebrkufizimi operacional i sjelljes adaptive, normale \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb form\u00eb e parazgjedhur; funksionalisht, normale \u00ebsht\u00eb mungesa e sjelljes anormale. Pra, normale \u00ebsht\u00eb gjith\u00e7ka q\u00eb nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb anormale.<\/p>\n

Akademik\u00eb dhe profesionist\u00eb kan\u00eb zhvilluar kritere shum\u00eb specifike p\u00ebr definimin e \u00e7rregullimeve mendore, mir\u00ebpo kritere p\u00ebr definimin e sjelljes \u201cnormale\u201d ende mungojn\u00eb. Manuali diagnostik i par\u00eb listoi 106 \u00e7rregullime, kurse i tanishmi,\u00a0DSM-V<\/a>\u00a0aktualisht liston 297 sosh. Shum\u00eb kritik\u00eb t\u00eb k\u00ebtij manuali argumentojn\u00eb se duke v\u00ebn\u00eb etiketat mjek\u00ebsore ndaj p\u00ebrvojave dhe sjelljeve q\u00eb m\u00eb par\u00eb jan\u00eb konsideruar t\u00eb jen\u00eb normale, do t\u00eb \u00e7ojn\u00eb n\u00eb mbidiagnoza t\u00eb panevojshme dhe p\u00ebrshkrim t\u00eb medikamenteve, t\u00eb cilat kan\u00eb efekte an\u00ebsore serioze.<\/p>\n

Sado q\u00eb mund t\u00eb jemi personalisht t\u00eb bindur se mund t\u00eb dallojm\u00eb “normalen” nga “jonormalja”, provat nuk jan\u00eb aq bind\u00ebse. “Eksperimenti i Rosenhanit\u201d ishte eksperiment q\u00eb shtjelloi po k\u00ebt\u00eb: validitetin e diagnoz\u00ebs n\u00eb spitale psikiatrike – ku mendohet se normalja dhe jonormalja jan\u00eb t\u00eb qarta dhe ku nuk ka vend p\u00ebr gabime. Studimi konsiderohet si nj\u00eb kritik\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme sa i p\u00ebrket diagnozave psikiatrike. Studimi u shtjellua n\u00eb dy pjes\u00eb. Pjesa e par\u00eb p\u00ebrfshinte bashk\u00ebpunimin me njer\u00ebz t\u00eb sh\u00ebndetsh\u00ebm apo ‘pseudopacient\u00eb’ t\u00eb cil\u00ebt shkurtimisht simuluan halucinacione d\u00ebgjimore n\u00eb nj\u00eb p\u00ebrpjekje p\u00ebr t’u pranuar n\u00eb 12 spitale t\u00eb ndryshme psikiatrike n\u00eb shtete t\u00eb ndryshme, n\u00eb SHBA. Asnj\u00eb nga pseudopacient\u00ebt nuk u zbuluan dhe t\u00eb gjith\u00eb u pranuan n\u00eb reparte psikiatrike me diagnoz\u00eb t\u00eb skizofrenis\u00eb, n\u00eb fund duke u shkarkuar me nj\u00eb diagnoz\u00eb t\u00eb “skizofrenis\u00eb n\u00eb remision”. Pseudopaceint\u00ebt q\u00ebndruan n\u00eb spital nga 7 n\u00eb 52 dit\u00eb. T\u00eb gjith\u00eb ishin t\u00eb detyruar t\u00eb pranojn\u00eb q\u00eb kishin s\u00ebmundje dhe t\u00eb pranonin t\u00eb merrnin droga antipsikotike si kusht p\u00ebr lirimin e tyre. N\u00eb pjes\u00ebn pasuese, personeli i nj\u00eb spitali, i cili ishte ndjer\u00eb i ofenduar nga studimet e Rosenhanit, e sfiduan at\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb d\u00ebrgoj\u00eb pseudopaceint\u00eb n\u00eb repartin e tyre. N\u00eb jav\u00ebt n\u00eb vijim nga 193 paceint\u00ebt e ri, stafi identifikoi 41 prej tyre si pseudopacient\u00eb t\u00eb mundsh\u00ebm. N\u00eb fakt, Rosenhani nuk kishte d\u00ebrguar ask\u00ebnd n\u00eb at\u00eb spital. Studimi arriti n\u00eb p\u00ebrfundimin, “\u00ebsht\u00eb e qart\u00eb se ne nuk mund t\u00eb dallojm\u00eb normalen nga t\u00eb \u00e7mendur\u00ebn n\u00eb spitalet psikiatrike.”<\/p>\n

Sipas Marie Jahod\u00ebs – e cila shpiku konceptin e “Shendetit Mendor Pozitiv” – koncepti i \u201cs\u00ebmundjes\u201d mendore \u00ebsht\u00eb shkenc\u00ebrisht problematik, duke pasur parasysh se ajo q\u00eb konsiderohet si “s\u00ebmundje mendore” varet shum\u00eb nga konventat sociale t\u00eb nj\u00eb vendi, e jo si di\u00e7ka q\u00eb vjen e natyrshme n\u00eb mendjen e njeriut. Shum\u00eb m\u00eb inkurajuese, besoi ajo, ishte koncepti i sh\u00ebndetit mendor pozitiv q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb funksionimi normal i mendjes n\u00eb kontesktin e duhur social. N\u00eb disa shoq\u00ebri, nj\u00eb individ i sh\u00ebndosh\u00eb mend\u00ebrisht pavar\u00ebsohet dhe fiton autonomi t\u00eb plot\u00eb mbi jet\u00ebn e tyre, kurse n\u00eb shoq\u00ebri t\u00eb tjera personi i sh\u00ebndosh\u00eb mend\u00ebrisht supozohet t\u00eb jet\u00eb i bindur dhe kompliant ndaj rregullave q\u00eb ve\u00e7 ekzistojn\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb mir\u00ebmbajtur rendin social. N\u00eb ‘Ideologji dhe Marr\u00ebzi’, Szasz argumentoi se njer\u00ebzit p\u00ebrdorin etiketa t\u00eb tilla si t\u00eb s\u00ebmur\u00eb mendor\u00eb, t\u00eb huaj, etj., n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrjashtojn\u00eb individ\u00eb nga grupi. Njer\u00ebzit t\u00eb cil\u00ebt jan\u00eb ndryshe nga grupi dominant zakonisht stigmatizohen. Diagnoza psikiatrike i jep pacientit nj\u00eb identitet t\u00eb ri – p.sh. “skizofrenik” dhe ia rr\u00ebnon identitetin paraprak. \u00a0Mbeten natyrisht shqet\u00ebsime t\u00eb konsiderueshme etike p\u00ebr etiketimin, t\u00eb cilat rezultojn\u00eb nga identifikimi i sjelljes s\u00eb dikujt si anormale, pasi q\u00eb nj\u00eb diagnoz\u00eb psikiatrike mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb etiket\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00ebr\u00eb jet\u00ebn. Edhe n\u00eb qoft\u00eb se pacienti nuk shfaq m\u00eb simptoma, etiketa “\u00e7rregullimi n\u00eb remision” ende mbetet.<\/p>\n

Nj\u00eb \u00e7\u00ebshtje tjet\u00ebr etike n\u00eb diagnoz\u00eb i referohet paragjykimit konfirmues. Paragjykimi n\u00eb konfirmim \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb lloj paragjykimi kognitiv q\u00eb p\u00ebrfshin favorizimin e nj\u00eb informacioni q\u00eb konfirmon opinionet tona ekzistuese. Kur pacient\u00ebt pranohen n\u00eb nj\u00eb institucion psikiatrik bashk\u00ebngjiten aspekte t\u00eb tjera q\u00eb i kontribuojn\u00eb v\u00ebshtir\u00ebsis\u00eb n\u00eb vler\u00ebsimin e pacient\u00ebve me sakt\u00ebsi. Pafuqia dhe depersonalizimi prodhohet n\u00ebp\u00ebr institucione p\u00ebrmes munges\u00ebs s\u00eb t\u00eb drejtave, privat\u00ebsis\u00eb, si dhe abuzimit verbal e madje edhe fizik nga punonj\u00ebsit. T\u00eb gjith\u00eb k\u00ebto shembuj t\u00eb pafuqis\u00eb dhe depersonalizimit ilustrohen n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb briliante n\u00eb filmin “One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest”. Njer\u00ebzit priren t\u00eb sillen n\u00eb at\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb pritet nga ata prej t\u00eb tjer\u00ebve. Kjo profeci vet\u00ebp\u00ebrmbush\u00ebse fillon kur individ\u00ebt fillojn\u00eb t\u00eb internalizojn\u00eb rolin e “nj\u00eb t\u00eb s\u00ebmuri mendor”, \u00e7ka mund mund t\u00eb \u00e7oj\u00eb edhe n\u00eb rritje t\u00eb simptomave.<\/p>\n

Shpesh nj\u00eb vendim n\u00eb lidhje me sjelljen e nj\u00eb individi – se a \u00ebsht\u00eb normale apo anormale – varet nga nj\u00eb seri e gjykimeve dhe vlerave t\u00eb bazuara n\u00eb p\u00ebrshtypjet subjektive. P\u00ebrkufizimet e “normalitetit” jan\u00eb pjes\u00eb e procesit diagonstikues, p\u00ebr at\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb esenciale q\u00eb t\u00eb vendosen disa kritere objektive. Aktualisht, ka tendenc\u00eb q\u00eb diagnozat t\u00eb mb\u00ebshteten me vler\u00ebsime subjektive t\u00eb stafit n\u00eb kombinim me mjetet diagnostikuese t\u00eb sistemeve t\u00eb klasifikimit. N\u00ebse jemi realist\u00eb, normaliteti psikologjik ka t\u00eb ngjar\u00eb t\u00eb mbetet pak a shum\u00eb aty ku \u00ebsht\u00eb: nj\u00eb standard i presupozuar me an\u00eb t\u00eb t\u00eb cilit shoq\u00ebria e gjer\u00eb dhe teoricien\u00ebt e praktikuesit e autorizuar t\u00eb sh\u00ebndetit mendor do t\u00eb vazhdojn\u00eb gjykimin e tyre q\u00eb thot\u00eb se devijimi nga ‘vijat normale’ p\u00ebrfshin \u00e7rregullime mendore. \u201cTirania e normalitetit\u201d do t\u00eb vazhdoj\u00eb t\u00eb sundoj\u00eb p\u00ebr sa koh\u00eb q\u00eb p\u00ebrkufizimi arbitrar i ‘sh\u00ebndetit mendor’ artificialisht imponohet mbi ne.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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“Sot m\u00eb vdiq mamaja. Apo ndoshta dje, nuk e di”. K\u00ebshtu fillon “I huaji” nga Albert Kamy. Me narracion n\u00eb vet\u00ebn e par\u00eb, fjal\u00ebt e para t\u00eb romanit mish\u00ebrojn\u00eb mendimin e p\u00ebrgjithsh\u00ebm t\u00eb Mersos\u00eb p\u00ebr jet\u00ebn, indiferenc\u00ebn dhe shk\u00ebputjen e tij nga njer\u00ebzit, tjet\u00ebrsimin e tij pasiv e t\u00eb qet\u00eb nga pjesa tjet\u00ebr e shoq\u00ebris\u00eb. […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":11280,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[14],"tags":[2088,2087],"ppma_author":[267],"class_list":["post-3050","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-kritike","tag-normaliteti","tag-tirania"],"authors":[{"term_id":267,"user_id":0,"is_guest":1,"slug":"eurisa-rukovci","display_name":"Eurisa Rukovci","avatar_url":{"url":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/rukovci.jpeg","url2x":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/rukovci.jpeg"},"user_url":"","last_name":"","first_name":"","description":"Eurisa Rukovci \u00ebsht\u00eb e lindur m\u00eb 1994. Shkollimin fillor dhe t\u00eb mes\u00ebm e ka p\u00ebrfunduar n\u00eb Kosov\u00eb dhe ShBA, kurse studimet i ka p\u00ebrfunduar n\u00eb Universitetin e Prishtin\u00ebs \u2013 Departamentin e Psikologjis\u00eb. \u00cbsht\u00eb ideatore e aplikacionit t\u00eb par\u00eb p\u00ebr sh\u00ebndetin seksual \u201cShnet\u201d dhe q\u00eb nga viti 2015 shkruan si kolumniste nga Kosova p\u00ebr media regjionale. Eurisa \u00ebsht\u00eb marr\u00eb vazhdimisht me aktiviz\u00ebm, posa\u00e7\u00ebrisht n\u00eb lidhje me t\u00eb drejtat e grave, si dhe ka b\u00ebr\u00eb nj\u00eb s\u00ebr\u00eb hulumtimesh shkencore nga fusha e psikologjis\u00eb sociale dhe kulturore. Fushat e vokacionit t\u00eb saj jan\u00eb psikologjia sociale, sh\u00ebndeti seksual, historiku i l\u00ebvizjeve feministe n\u00eb bot\u00eb dhe kritika e kultur\u00ebs, posa\u00e7\u00ebrisht historia e muzik\u00ebs rock."}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3050","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3050"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3050\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11282,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3050\/revisions\/11282"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/11280"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3050"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3050"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3050"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ppma_author?post=3050"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}