{"id":3284,"date":"2016-09-15T16:29:00","date_gmt":"2016-09-15T14:29:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/?p=3284"},"modified":"2024-12-10T16:32:41","modified_gmt":"2024-12-10T14:32:41","slug":"permes-industrializimit-tek-inovacioni-schumpeter-dhe-reinert-ii","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/analize\/permes-industrializimit-tek-inovacioni-schumpeter-dhe-reinert-ii\/","title":{"rendered":"P\u00ebrmes industrializimit tek inovacioni: Schumpeter dhe Reinert (II)"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

N\u00eb artikullin e kaluar<\/a>\u00a0fol\u00ebm p\u00ebr Schumpeter-in, inovacionin dhe si inovacioni shpjegon profitet dhe zhvillimin ekonomik. Perspektiva e Schumpeter-it mund te ket\u00eb qen\u00eb interesante edhe mund t\u00eb ket\u00eb kontribuar n\u00eb t\u00eb konceptuarit e ekonomis\u00eb. Mir\u00ebpo, n\u00eb fund t\u00eb fundit nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb q\u00eb ka th\u00ebn\u00eb di\u00e7ka shum\u00eb unike apo ka kritikuar teorit\u00eb e mainstream-it n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb t\u2019i ndryshoj\u00eb ato. Gjithashtu n\u00eb nivel politikash, inovacioni sigurisht q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb i r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm dhe nj\u00eb teori m\u00eb shum\u00eb n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb drejtim nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb q\u00eb b\u00ebri shum\u00eb dallim. Kjo ishte qasja e ekonomist\u00ebve mainstream dhe politikb\u00ebr\u00ebsve ndaj Schumpeter-it.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n
\n

Por me nj\u00eb perspektiv\u00eb t\u00eb till\u00eb nuk pajtohet Erik Reinert. N\u00eb librin e tij me titull t\u00eb tmerrsh\u00ebm, por me p\u00ebrmbajtje fantastike \u201cSi vendet e pasura u b\u00ebn\u00eb t\u00eb pasura\u2026 dhe vendet e varfra mbesin t\u00eb varfra<\/em>\u201d ai argumenton q\u00eb jo t\u00eb gjitha aktivitetet ekonomike jan\u00eb t\u00eb krijuara nj\u00ebsoj \u2013 pak a shume si\u00e7 argumentojn\u00eb ekonomist\u00ebt e mainstream-it. Ai b\u00ebn dallimin nd\u00ebrmjet aktiviteteve Schumpeteriane dhe atyre Malthusiane \u2013 t\u00eb em\u00ebrtuara n\u00eb baz\u00eb t\u00eb perspektivave ekonomike t\u00eb Joseph Schumpeter dhe Thomas Robert Malthus respektivisht. Perspektiv\u00ebn Schumpeteriane vet\u00ebm sa e kemi p\u00ebrmendur shkurtimisht, \u00a0nd\u00ebrsa perspektiva ekonomike e Thomas Malthus ishte nj\u00eb perspektiv\u00eb e zymt\u00eb. Ai besonte q\u00eb sado q\u00eb prodhimi i ushqimit t\u00eb rritej, k\u00ebto surpluse, apo k\u00ebto p\u00ebrparime, gjithmon\u00eb do t\u00eb zhdukeshin nga rritja e popullsis\u00eb. Pra, n\u00eb fund, njer\u00ebzimi gjithmon\u00eb do t\u00eb ishte n\u00eb nivelin e mbijetes\u00ebs, dhe n\u00ebse stoku i ushqimit do t\u00eb shtohej bashk\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb do t\u00eb shtohej edhe popullsia, nd\u00ebrsa n\u00ebse stoku i ushqimit do t\u00eb binte, at\u00ebher\u00eb bashk\u00eb me t\u00eb do t\u00eb binte edhe popullsia. K\u00ebshtu, njer\u00ebzimi ishte i d\u00ebnuar t\u00eb jetonte gjithmon\u00eb n\u00eb varf\u00ebri. N\u00eb an\u00ebn tjet\u00ebr, produktiviteti i prodhimit t\u00eb ushqimit bie me rritjen e prodhimit pasi q\u00eb inputet gjithashtu shkojn\u00eb duke degraduar: njeriu m\u00eb s\u00eb pari vendos t\u00eb punoj\u00eb tok\u00ebn pjellore e pastaj m\u00eb pak pjellore e k\u00ebshtu me radh\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Le t\u00eb marrim nj\u00eb shembull p\u00ebr t\u00eb dy k\u00ebto aktivitete. Sa her\u00eb q\u00eb shkojm\u00eb n\u00eb qendra tregtare, shohim q\u00eb dyqanet kan\u00eb zbritje. Por si mund t\u00eb ket\u00eb zbritje n\u00eb produkte? N\u00ebse \u00e7mimi bie p\u00ebr 50%, a nuk n\u00ebnkupton kjo q\u00eb \u00e7mimi fillestar ka qen\u00eb i fryr\u00eb \u2018artificialisht\u2019? Apo ndoshta, me zbritje tash dyqani funksionon me humbje? Por si \u00ebsht\u00eb e mundur t\u00eb funksionosh me humbje e t\u00eb vazhdosh t\u00eb mbash biznesin? \u00a0Pra p\u00ebrgjigjja \u00ebsht\u00eb tek inovacioni dhe konkurrenca joperfekte. Momentin kur nj\u00eb kompani ka krijuar nj\u00eb pal\u00eb xhinse t\u00eb reja, ato xhinse kan\u00eb qen\u00eb t\u00eb rralla n\u00eb treg dhe p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb arsye kompania ka caktuar nj\u00eb \u00e7mim m\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb shfryt\u00ebzuar pozit\u00ebn monopolistike. Mir\u00ebpo, presioni i konkurrenc\u00ebs b\u00ebn q\u00eb \u00e7mimet t\u00eb bien pas nj\u00eb kohe. Ajo \u00e7far\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb me r\u00ebnd\u00ebsi \u00ebsht\u00eb q\u00eb \u00e7mimi fillestar nuk reflekton koston e prodhimit \u2013 si\u00e7 do t\u00eb ishte rasti n\u00eb nj\u00eb ekonomi n\u00eb ekuilib\u00ebr \u2013 por p\u00ebrfshin edhe kosto t\u00eb monopolit, pra t\u00eb konkurrenc\u00ebs joperfekte.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebrve\u00e7 rent\u00ebs s\u00eb monopolit, inovacioni ka tendenc\u00eb t\u00eb shkoj\u00eb krah p\u00ebr krah edhe me rritjen e kthimit n\u00eb shkall\u00eb. Kjo ndodh sidomos kur inovacioni krijon nj\u00eb fush\u00eb t\u00eb re, jo si n\u00eb rastin e xhinseve. P\u00ebr shembull, iPhone i par\u00eb i Apple nuk ishte aq i sofistikuar (p\u00ebr standardin ton\u00eb tani) dhe ishte i rrall\u00eb tek njer\u00ebzit, por sa m\u00eb shum\u00eb iPhone q\u00eb prodhoheshin aq m\u00eb shum\u00eb sofistikohej dhe m\u00eb shum\u00eb njer\u00ebz e kishin n\u00ebn posedim. Kjo ndodh p\u00ebr shkak se me rritjen e prodhimit, kompania kishe shfryt\u00ebzuar ekonomin\u00eb e shkall\u00ebs, ku kostoja fikse ndahet n\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb produkte, dhe k\u00ebsisoj kostoja mesatare e nj\u00eb produkti bie. P\u00ebrve\u00e7 ekonomis\u00eb s\u00eb shkall\u00ebs, kompania gjithashtu m\u00ebsoi m\u00eb shum\u00eb rreth produktit dhe e sofistikoi at\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb. iPhone-t e tjer\u00eb ishin shum\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb sofistikuar. Sa m\u00eb shum\u00eb q\u00eb kompania prodhon, aq m\u00eb shum\u00eb m\u00ebson, dhe aq m\u00eb shum\u00eb e sofistikon produktin. Bile, m\u00ebsimet nuk limitohen vet\u00ebm n\u00eb kompanin\u00eb e cila kishte prodhuar at\u00eb produkt her\u00ebn e par\u00eb, por ajo ka tendenc\u00eb t\u00eb shp\u00ebrndahet gjithandej. K\u00ebshtu, prej inspirimit t\u00eb iPhone u krijuan Galaxy t\u00eb Samsungut, e prej platform\u00ebs Androidit \u2013 sistemit operativ t\u00eb Galaxy \u2013 u stimuluan aplikacionet p\u00ebr telefona t\u00eb men\u00e7ur, e k\u00ebshtu me radh\u00eb. Pra nj\u00eb zhvillim, nj\u00eb inovacion, \u00e7on m\u00eb pas edhe zhvillime tjera. K\u00ebsisoj kemi rritje t\u00eb kthimit n\u00eb shkall\u00eb.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebr dallim, asnj\u00ebher\u00eb \u2013 apo tep\u00ebr rrall\u00eb \u2013 nuk ballafaqohem me zbritje n\u00eb furr\u00eb t\u00eb buk\u00ebs. As n\u00eb tregun e domateve, e as n\u00eb tregun e metaleve, apo t\u00eb materialeve tjera baz\u00eb. E gjithashtu kur ec\u00ebn n\u00eb qend\u00ebr tregtare apo n\u00eb sheshet e qyteteve nuk sheh zbritje t\u00eb \u00e7mimeve t\u00eb kafes, apo akulloreve. E arsyeja \u00ebsht\u00eb e qart\u00eb tanim\u00eb: presioni i konkurrenc\u00ebs \u00ebsht\u00eb aq i madh n\u00eb k\u00ebto sektor\u00eb q\u00eb b\u00ebn q\u00eb \u00e7mimi t\u00eb bie n\u00eb minimum. Gjithashtu, n\u00eb k\u00ebto sektor\u00eb nuk ka hap\u00ebsir\u00eb p\u00ebr inovacion apo m\u00ebsim. Tekefundit, domatja \u00ebsht\u00eb domate, dhe nuk ka \u00e7ka tjet\u00ebr inovohet n\u00eb t\u00eb, nj\u00ebjt\u00eb si\u00e7 hekuri \u00ebsht\u00eb hekur, dhe buka \u00ebsht\u00eb buk\u00eb. \u00a0E gjithashtu, nuk ka shum\u00eb m\u00ebsime nga prodhimi i domates, apo nxjerrja e hekurit, apo pjekja e buk\u00ebs. K\u00ebto aktivitete jan\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb me shekuj dhe rritja n\u00eb produktivitet ve\u00e7 ka arritur kulmin. Kjo nuk do t\u00eb thot\u00eb q\u00eb rritja e produktivitetit n\u00eb k\u00ebto sektor\u00eb ka marr\u00eb fund, por q\u00eb rritjet nuk mund t\u00eb jen\u00eb shum\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdha.<\/p>\n

Pra ky \u00ebsht\u00eb dallimi q\u00eb Reinert b\u00ebn nd\u00ebrmjet aktiviteteve Malthusiane dhe atyre Schumpeteriane. Dhe meq\u00eb, sipas tij, ka nj\u00eb dallim t\u00eb theksuar nd\u00ebrmjet k\u00ebtyre aktiviteteve ekonomike, Reinert argumenton fuqish\u00ebm p\u00ebr nd\u00ebrhyrje t\u00eb shtetit n\u00eb stimulimin e aktiviteteve \u2018t\u00eb mira\u2019. \u00a0Kjo, mendon Reinert, \u00ebsht\u00eb diferenca nd\u00ebrmjet vendeve t\u00eb pasura dhe t\u00eb varfra. Vendet e pasura kishin \u2013 dhe ende vazhdojn\u00eb n\u00eb shum\u00eb raste \u2013 t\u00eb stimulojn\u00eb inovacionin dhe aktivitetet Schumpeteriane, nd\u00ebrsa vendet e varfra kan\u00eb stagnuar n\u00eb aktivitete Malthusiane. P\u00ebr m\u00eb shum\u00eb, k\u00ebshilla e shumic\u00ebs s\u00eb ekonomist\u00ebve, sidomos atyre t\u00eb mainstream-it, dhe organizatave bot\u00ebrore si Banka Bot\u00ebrore dhe Fondi Monetar Nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar, k\u00ebshillojn\u00eb vendet e varfra q\u00eb shteti t\u00eb mos intervenoj\u00eb dhe p\u00ebrkundrazi ta l\u00ebn\u00eb tregun t\u00eb b\u00ebj\u00eb mrekullin\u00eb e tij p\u00ebrmes heqjes s\u00eb barrierave tregtare, ligjeve dhe rregullimeve t\u00eb tjera.<\/p>\n

K\u00ebtu pra hyn n\u00eb loj\u00eb industrializimi. T\u00eb flasim p\u00ebr inovacion \u00ebsht\u00eb leht\u00eb, por inovacioni nuk pik\u00eb prej qielli. \u00cbsht\u00eb v\u00ebshtir\u00eb t\u00eb jesh inovativ kur gjith\u00eb aktiviteti i yt \u00ebsht\u00eb mbjellja e domateve. Nd\u00ebrsa me zhvillimin industrial, krijohen kushte m\u00eb t\u00eb favorshme p\u00ebr inovacion. N\u00eb fakt, vet\u00eb sektor\u00ebt industrial\u00eb jan\u00eb dinamik\u00eb dhe nuk mund t\u00eb mbijetojn\u00eb n\u00eb treg n\u00ebse nuk jan\u00eb inovator\u00eb. Tek shembulli i tekstilit, nj\u00eb kompani e ka t\u00eb v\u00ebshtir\u00eb n\u00ebse n\u00eb treg nuk b\u00ebn\u00a0dizajne t\u00eb reja. N\u00eb munges\u00eb t\u00eb dizajneve t\u00eb reja, nj\u00eb kompani mund t\u00eb reduktohet vet\u00ebm n\u00eb \u2018pun\u00ebtor\u2019 t\u00eb nj\u00eb kompanie tjet\u00ebr m\u00eb t\u00eb madhe, e cila b\u00ebn dizajnin por nuk humb koh\u00eb t\u00eb prodhoj\u00eb produktin vet\u00eb, pasi q\u00eb prodhimin mund ta b\u00ebj\u00eb dikush tjet\u00ebr m\u00eb lir\u00eb. K\u00ebshtu sot edhe funksionojn\u00eb kompanit\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdha n\u00eb bot\u00eb: GAP nuk e prodhon vet\u00eb tekstilin, por ata b\u00ebjn\u00eb dizajnin dhe marrin rent\u00ebn e monopolitit p\u00ebrderisa prodhimin e b\u00ebjn\u00eb fabrikat me fuqi t\u00eb lir\u00eb pun\u00ebtore n\u00eb Bangladesh. Apple b\u00ebn dizajnin dhe i mendon produktet, por montimi i iPhoneve, iPodeve dhe produkteve tjera b\u00ebhet n\u00eb Kin\u00eb. Por me prezenc\u00ebn e industris\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb vend, inovacioni b\u00ebhet m\u00eb i leht\u00eb pasi q\u00eb dijenia (know-how) e prodhimit vet\u00ebm ekziston dhe modifikimet q\u00eb mund t\u2019i b\u00ebhen asaj jan\u00eb relativisht t\u00eb lehta n\u00eb aspektin teknik.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebr fund, inovacioni \u00ebsht\u00eb sinonim i zhvillimit, nd\u00ebrsa rruga p\u00ebr tek zhvillimi shkon p\u00ebrmes industrializimit. Deri m\u00eb tani asnj\u00eb vend nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb zhvilluar pa pasur industri (India \u00ebsht\u00eb i vetmi vend q\u00eb ka arritur nj\u00ebfar\u00eb shkalle t\u00eb zhvillimit pa industri t\u00eb theksuara, por n\u00ebse India do t\u00eb vazhdoj\u00eb rritjen mbetet t\u00eb shihet), edhe pse shumica e vendeve t\u00eb zhvilluara sot merren kryesisht me sh\u00ebrbime. Nd\u00ebrsa, sa i p\u00ebrket ekuilibrit n\u00eb ekonomi dhe jo vet\u00ebm, aty ku ka ekuilib\u00ebr nuk ka zhvillim dhe aty ku ka zhvillim nuk ka ekuilib\u00ebr.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n
\n

\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

N\u00eb artikullin e kaluar\u00a0fol\u00ebm p\u00ebr Schumpeter-in, inovacionin dhe si inovacioni shpjegon profitet dhe zhvillimin ekonomik. Perspektiva e Schumpeter-it mund te ket\u00eb qen\u00eb interesante edhe mund t\u00eb ket\u00eb kontribuar n\u00eb t\u00eb konceptuarit e ekonomis\u00eb. Mir\u00ebpo, n\u00eb fund t\u00eb fundit nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb q\u00eb ka th\u00ebn\u00eb di\u00e7ka shum\u00eb unike apo ka kritikuar teorit\u00eb e mainstream-it n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":259,"featured_media":10866,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[13],"tags":[1006,1996,1998,1997],"ppma_author":[1983],"class_list":["post-3284","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-analize","tag-ekonomi","tag-industrializimi","tag-reinert","tag-schumpeter"],"authors":[{"term_id":1983,"user_id":259,"is_guest":0,"slug":"dren-pozhegu","display_name":"Dren Pozhegu","avatar_url":{"url":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/drenp.png","url2x":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/drenp.png"},"user_url":"","last_name":"Pozhegu","first_name":"Dren","description":"Dren Pozhegu \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00ebnkryetari i partis\u00eb DT Global."}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3284","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/259"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3284"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3284\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10867,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3284\/revisions\/10867"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/10866"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3284"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3284"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3284"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ppma_author?post=3284"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}