{"id":3579,"date":"2016-12-25T15:31:02","date_gmt":"2016-12-25T13:31:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/?p=3579"},"modified":"2024-12-12T15:37:43","modified_gmt":"2024-12-12T13:37:43","slug":"mendimtare-te-dobet","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/kritike\/mendimtare-te-dobet\/","title":{"rendered":"Mendimtar\u00eb t\u00eb dob\u00ebt"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Pse disa njer\u00ebz besojn\u00eb n\u00eb teori konspirative? Nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb puna se kush jan\u00eb ata dhe \u00e7far\u00eb din\u00eb ata. Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb \u00e7\u00ebshtje e karakterit intelektual<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Njihuni me Shefqetin. Si shum\u00eb prej shok\u00ebve t\u00eb tij, Shkefqeti mendon se ai \u00ebsht\u00eb ekspert p\u00ebr 11 shtatorin. Ai kalon shumic\u00ebn e koh\u00ebs s\u00eb lir\u00eb duke shikuar uebsajte konspirative dhe hulumtimi q\u00eb ka b\u00ebr\u00eb e ka bindur at\u00eb se sulmet terroriste n\u00eb Nju Jork dhe Uashington, m\u00eb 11 shtator 2001, qen\u00eb marifet i brendsh\u00ebm. P\u00ebrplasja e aeoroplanit dhe flak\u00ebt q\u00eb pasuan nuk mund t\u00eb ken\u00eb shkaktuar shembjen e Kullave Binjake dhe Qendr\u00ebs Bot\u00ebrore t\u00eb Tregut. I vetmi shpjegim i q\u00ebndruesh\u00ebm, mendon ai, \u00ebsht\u00eb se agjent\u00ebt qeveritar\u00eb kishin vendosur eksploziv\u00ebt paraprakisht. Ai e kupton, natyrisht, se qeveria e akuzon Al Qaedan p\u00ebr 11 shtatorin por p\u00ebrgjigjja e tij e parashikueshme \u00ebsht\u00eb Mandy Rice-Davis e past\u00ebr: ata nuk do ta pohojn\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb, apo jo?<\/p>\n

Faktet e sondazheve japin t\u00eb kuptojn\u00eb q\u00eb pik\u00ebpamjet e Shefqetit rreth 11 shtatorit nuk jan\u00eb aspak t\u00eb pazakonta. N\u00eb fakt, teori t\u00eb ve\u00e7anta p\u00ebr lloj-lloj gj\u00ebrash tash jan\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrhapura kudo. Ka teori konspirative rreth p\u00ebrhapjes s\u00eb AIDSit, aterimeve n\u00eb h\u00ebn\u00eb, UFOve, dhe rreth vrasjes s\u00eb John Kennedyt. Me raste, teorit\u00eb konspirative dalin t\u00eb jen\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrteta \u2013 Watergate qe v\u00ebrtet konspiracion \u2013 megjithat\u00eb shumica prej tyre jan\u00eb gjepura. Ato jan\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb ilustrime t\u00eb pastra t\u00eb nj\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtete mahnit\u00ebse p\u00ebr qeniet njer\u00ebzore: sado inteligjent\u00eb dhe t\u00eb mirinformuar q\u00eb mund t\u00eb jemi n\u00eb m\u00ebnyra tjera, shum\u00eb prej nesh ende besojm\u00eb n\u00eb gj\u00ebrat m\u00eb t\u00eb \u00e7uditshme. Mund t\u00eb gjeni njer\u00ebz q\u00eb besojn\u00eb se jan\u00eb rr\u00ebmbyer nga jasht\u00ebtok\u00ebsor\u00ebt, q\u00eb Holokausti nuk ka ndodhur, dhe se kanceri mund t\u00eb sh\u00ebrohet duke menduar pozitivisht. N\u00eb nj\u00eb sondazh t\u00eb Harris Poll m\u00eb 2009 \u00a0u gjet q\u00eb diku mes nj\u00eb t\u00eb pest\u00ebs dhe nj\u00eb \u00e7ereku t\u00eb amerikan\u00ebve besojn\u00eb n\u00eb rimish\u00ebrim, astrologji dhe n\u00eb ekzistenc\u00ebn e shtrigave. P\u00ebr \u00e7far\u00ebdo dukurie q\u00eb mund t\u2019ju shkoj\u00eb n\u00ebrmend, me gjas\u00eb do t\u00eb jet\u00eb dikush q\u00eb e beson.<\/p>\n

Ju e kuptoni, sigurisht, se teoria e Shefqetit p\u00ebr 11 shtatorit nuk ka ndonj\u00eb baz\u00eb, dhe kjo mund t\u2019iu b\u00ebj\u00eb t\u00eb pyesni veten se pse ai e beson. Pyetja \u2018Pse Shefqeti beson se 11 shtatori qe nj\u00eb marifet i brendsh\u00ebm?\u2019 \u00ebsht\u00eb vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb verzion i pyetjes m\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjithshme t\u00eb shtruar nga skeptiku amerikan Michael Shermer: pse njer\u00ebzit besojn\u00eb gjera t\u00eb \u00e7uditshme? Sa m\u00eb i \u00e7uditsh\u00ebm besimi, aq m\u00eb i habitsh\u00ebm fakti q\u00eb dikush mund ta ket\u00eb at\u00eb besim. T\u00eb pyes\u00ebsh pse njer\u00ebzit besojn\u00eb n\u00eb gj\u00ebra nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb sikur t\u00eb pyes\u00ebsh pse ata besojn\u00eb se po bie shi p\u00ebrderisa shikojn\u00eb p\u00ebrtej dritares q\u00eb po bie rigon. \u00cbsht\u00eb e qart\u00eb se pse njer\u00ebzit besojn\u00eb se po bie shi p\u00ebrderisa kan\u00eb d\u00ebshmi t\u00eb forta, por \u00ebsht\u00eb larg s\u00eb qeni e qart\u00eb pse Shefqeti beson se 11 shtatori qe nj\u00eb marifet i brendsh\u00ebm kur ai ka qasje n\u00eb d\u00ebshmi t\u00eb forta se nuk qe nj\u00eb marifet i brendsh\u00ebm.<\/p>\n

Un\u00eb dua t\u00eb argumentoj di\u00e7ka q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb kund\u00ebrth\u00ebn\u00ebse, edhe pse un\u00eb besoj se \u00ebsht\u00eb gjithashtu intuitive dhe e aryseshme. Pretendimi im \u00ebsht\u00eb ky: Shefqeti beson n\u00eb at\u00eb q\u00eb beson sepse ai \u00ebsht\u00eb lloji i mendimtarit q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb ose, th\u00ebn\u00eb tro\u00e7, sepse ka di\u00e7ka q\u00eb nuk shkon m\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00ebn se si ai mendon. Problemi me teoricien\u00ebt konspirativ\u00eb nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb se, si\u00e7 pohon studiuesi amerikan Cass Sunstein, ata kan\u00eb pak informacione relevant. \u00c7el\u00ebsi p\u00ebr t\u00eb kuptuar at\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn ata p\u00ebrfundojn\u00eb s\u00eb besuari \u00ebsht\u00eb te ajo se si i interpretojn\u00eb dhe se si i p\u00ebrgjigjen ata sasis\u00eb s\u00eb madhe t\u00eb informacionit relevant q\u00eb kan\u00eb n\u00eb dispozicion. Un\u00eb dua t\u00eb sugjeroj se kjo ka t\u00eb b\u00ebj\u00eb thell\u00ebsisht me at\u00eb se \u00e7far\u00eb ata jan\u00eb. Shefqeti nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb i \u00e7mendur (apo t\u00eb pakt\u00ebn, ai nuk nevojitet t\u00eb jet\u00eb i till\u00eb). Sido q\u00eb t\u00eb jet\u00eb, besimet e tij rreth 11 shtatorit jan\u00eb rezultat i ve\u00e7orive t\u00eb nd\u00ebrtimit t\u00eb tij intelektual \u2013 me nj\u00eb fjal\u00eb, i karakterit t\u00eb tij intelektual.<\/p>\n

Zakonisht, kur filozof\u00ebt provojn\u00eb t\u00eb shpjegojn\u00eb pse dikush beson n\u00eb gj\u00ebra (t\u00eb \u00e7uditshme apo jo), ata fokusohen te arsyet e atij personi n\u00eb vend se te tiparet e karakterit t\u00eb tij. Sipas k\u00ebsaj pik\u00ebpamjeje, m\u00ebnyra p\u00ebr t\u00eb shpjeguar pse Shefqeti beson se 11 shtatori qe nj\u00eb marifet i brendsh\u00ebm \u00ebsht\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb identifikohen arsyet e tij p\u00ebr ta besuar k\u00ebt\u00eb, dhe personi q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb pozit\u00ebn m\u00eb t\u00eb mir\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb treguar arsyet e tij \u00ebsht\u00eb Shefqeti. Kur shpjegoni besimet e Shefqetit duke dh\u00ebn\u00eb arsyet e tij, ju jepni nj\u00eb \u2018shpjegim t\u00eb racionalizuar\u2019 t\u00eb besimit t\u00eb tij.<\/p>\n

Problemi me k\u00ebt\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb se racionalizimi i shpjegimeve nuk mund t\u2019iu \u00e7oj\u00eb larg. Po e pyetet Shefqetin pse ai beson se 11 shtatori qe marifet i brendsh\u00ebm ai do t\u00eb jet\u00eb, natyrisht, shum\u00eb i k\u00ebnaqur t\u2019iu jap\u00eb arsyet e tij: duhej t\u00eb ishte marifet i brendsh\u00ebm, ngulmon ai, sepse p\u00ebrplasja e aeroplanit nuk mund t\u00eb kishte rr\u00ebzuar Kullat. Ai e ka gabim, por sido q\u00eb t\u00eb jet\u00eb, ky \u00ebsht\u00eb shpjegimi i tij, dhe ai do t\u00eb ngul k\u00ebmb\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00eb. \u00c7far\u00eb ai ka b\u00ebr\u00eb, n\u00eb fakt, \u00ebsht\u00eb t\u00eb shpjeguarit e nj\u00ebrit prej besimeve t\u00eb tij t\u00eb dyshimta p\u00ebrmes referimit t\u00eb nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr besimi, jo m\u00eb pak t\u00eb dyshimt\u00eb. Fatkeq\u00ebsisht, kjo nuk na tregon pse ai ka cilindo prej k\u00ebtyre besimeve. Ka di\u00e7ka p\u00ebr t\u00eb cil\u00ebn ne ende nuk e dim\u00eb se \u00e7far\u00eb po ndodh me t\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Tash le ta zgjerojm\u00eb pak tregimin e Shefqetit: le t\u00eb themi se del q\u00eb ai beson n\u00eb shum\u00eb e shum\u00eb teori t\u00eb tjera t\u00eb konspiracionit p\u00ebrve\u00e7 asaj p\u00ebr 11 shtatorin. Ai beson se aterimet n\u00eb H\u00ebn\u00eb qen\u00eb falsifikuar, se Diana, princesha e Uellsit, \u00ebsht\u00eb vrar\u00eb nga MI6, dhe se virusi Ebola \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb arm\u00eb biologjike e vjedhur. Ata t\u00eb cil\u00ebt e njohin mir\u00eb at\u00eb thon\u00eb se ai mashtrohet leht\u00eb, dhe ju keni d\u00ebshmi t\u00eb pavarura q\u00eb ai \u00ebsht\u00eb i pakujdessh\u00ebm n\u00eb t\u00eb menduarit e tij, q\u00eb nuk e kupton mir\u00eb dallimin mes d\u00ebshmive t\u00eb pastra dhe spekulimeve t\u00eb pabaza. Papritmas gjith\u00e7ka fillon t\u00eb marr\u00eb kuptim, por vet\u00ebm sepse fokusi \u00ebsht\u00eb zhvendosur prej arsyeve t\u00eb Shefqetit te karakteri i tij. Ju tash mund t\u2019i shihni pik\u00ebpajmet e tij p\u00ebr 11 shtatorin n\u00eb kontekstin e sjelljes s\u00eb tij intelektuale n\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi dhe kjo hap rrug\u00ebn e mund\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb nj\u00eb shpjegimi tjet\u00ebr m\u00eb t\u00eb thell\u00eb p\u00ebr besimin e tij se sa shpjegimi q\u00eb ai ofron: ai mendon se 11 shtatori qe nj\u00eb marifet i brendsh\u00ebm sepse ai \u00ebsht\u00eb sylesh n\u00eb nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb caktuar. Ai ka at\u00eb q\u00eb psikolog\u00ebt social\u00eb e quajn\u00eb \u2018mend\u00ebsi konspirative\u2019.<\/p>\n

Vini re q\u00eb shpjegimi i propozuar i karakterit nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb shpjegim i racionalizuar. Mbi t\u00eb gjitha, t\u00eb qenit sylesh nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb arsye p\u00ebr t\u00eb besuar \u00e7kadoqoft\u00eb, edhe pse kjo ende mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb arsyeja pse Shefqeti beson se 11 shtatori qe marifet i brendsh\u00ebm. E p\u00ebrderisa nga Shefqeti mund t\u00eb pritet q\u00eb t\u00eb dij\u00eb arsyet e tij p\u00ebr t\u00eb besuar se 11 shtatori qe nj\u00eb marifet i brendsh\u00ebm, ai \u00ebsht\u00eb personi i fundit p\u00ebr t\u00eb kuptuar se ai beson \u00e7far\u00eb beson p\u00ebr shkak se ai \u00ebsht\u00eb sylesh. \u00cbsht\u00eb n\u00eb natyr\u00ebn e shum\u00eb tipareve t\u00eb karakterit intelektual q\u00eb t\u00eb mos kuptosh se i ke, dhe k\u00ebshtu t\u00eb mos jesh i vet\u00ebdijsh\u00ebm se n\u00eb \u00e7far\u00eb mase t\u00eb menduarit tuaj \u00ebsht\u00eb i ndikuar prej tyre. Sylesh\u00ebt rrall\u00eb besojn\u00eb se jan\u00eb sylesh\u00eb dhe mendjengusht\u00ebt nuk besojn\u00eb se jan\u00eb mendjengusht\u00eb. E vetmja shpres\u00eb p\u00ebr tejkalimin e vetinjoranc\u00ebs n\u00eb k\u00ebto raste \u00ebsht\u00eb t\u00eb pranuarit se njer\u00ebzit e tjer\u00eb \u2013 koleg\u00ebt tuaj, bashk\u00ebshorti\/ja juaj, shok\u00ebt tuaj \u2013 me gjas\u00eb e njohin karakterin tuaj intelektual m\u00eb mir\u00eb se sa vet ju. Por madje as kjo mund t\u00eb mos b\u00ebj\u00eb pun\u00eb. N\u00eb fund t\u00eb fundit, mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb refuzosh t\u00eb d\u00ebgjosh se \u00e7far\u00eb thon\u00eb t\u00eb tjer\u00ebt p\u00ebr ju \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00ebri prej tipareve t\u00eb karakterit tuaj intelektual. Disa defekte jan\u00eb t\u00eb pash\u00ebrueshme.<\/p>\n

Sylesh\u00ebsia, pakujdesia dhe mendjengusht\u00ebsia jan\u00eb shembuj t\u00eb asaj q\u00eb filozofja amerikane Linda Zagzebski, n\u00eb librin e saj Virtyte t\u00eb Mendjes [Virtues of the Mind] (1996), i quan \u2018vese intelektuale\u2019. T\u00eb tjera nga k\u00ebto p\u00ebrfshijn\u00eb neglizhenc\u00ebn, p\u00ebrtacin\u00eb, ngurt\u00ebsin\u00eb, topitjen, paragjykimin, munges\u00ebn e plot\u00ebsis\u00eb, dhe pandjeshm\u00ebrin\u00eb ndaj detajit. Tiparet e karakterit intelektual jan\u00eb shprehi apo stile t\u00eb t\u00eb menduarit. T\u00eb p\u00ebrshkruash Shefqetin si sylesh ose t\u00eb pakujdessh\u00ebm do t\u00eb thot\u00eb t\u00eb thuash di\u00e7ka p\u00ebr stilin e tij intelektual apo bot\u00ebkuptimin \u2013 p\u00ebr shembull, p\u00ebr at\u00eb se si ai rreket t\u00eb zbuloj\u00eb gj\u00ebra p\u00ebr ngjarjet si 11 shtatori. Tiparet e karakterit intelektual q\u00eb i ndihmojn\u00eb hulumtimit t\u00eb efektsh\u00ebm dhe t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjegjsh\u00ebm jan\u00eb virtyte intelektuale, p\u00ebrderisa veset intelektuale jan\u00eb tipare t\u00eb karakterit intelektual q\u00eb pengojn\u00eb hulumtimin e efektsh\u00ebm dhe t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjegjsh\u00ebm. P\u00ebrul\u00ebsia, maturia dhe v\u00ebmendja jan\u00eb prej virtyteve intelektuale t\u00eb cilat i mungojn\u00eb qartazi Shefqetit, dhe kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb arsyeja q\u00eb tentimet e tij p\u00ebr t\u2019i r\u00ebn\u00eb n\u00eb fije 11 shtatorit jan\u00eb aq t\u00eb gabuara.<\/p>\n

Shefqeti \u00ebsht\u00eb fiksional, por shembuj t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb t\u00eb veseve intelektuale n\u00eb veprim nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb v\u00ebshtir\u00eb t\u00eb gjenden. Merrni rastin e \u2018bombarduesit n\u00eb brek\u00eb\u2019 Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab, i cli u p\u00ebrpoq t\u00eb hidhte n\u00eb er\u00eb nj\u00eb fluturake q\u00eb u nis nga Amsterdami p\u00ebr n\u00eb Detroit m\u00eb 2009. Abdulmutallab u lind n\u00eb Lagos t\u00eb Nigeris\u00eb nga prind\u00ebr t\u00eb arsimuar dhe me ndikim, dhe u diplomua n\u00eb University College London n\u00eb deg\u00ebn e inxhineris\u00eb mekanike. Ai u radikalizua prej predikimeve online t\u00eb militantit islamik Anwar al-Awlaki, i cili m\u00eb pas u vra nga nj\u00eb sulm amerikan me dron. \u00cbsht\u00eb v\u00ebshtir\u00eb t\u00eb mos vihet re fakti se Abdulmutallab u josh nga predikimet e Awlakit t\u00eb pakt\u00ebn pjes\u00ebrisht p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb karakterit t\u00eb tij intelektual. Po t\u00eb kishte Abdulmutallabi karkaterin e till\u00eb intelektual q\u00eb t\u00eb mos mashtrohej nga Awlaki, at\u00ebher\u00eb mbase ai nuk do t\u00eb p\u00ebrfundonte n\u00eb nj\u00eb fluturake transatlantike me eksploziv\u00eb n\u00eb brek\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Shpjegimet e karakterit intelektual p\u00ebr besimet e dyshimta jan\u00eb m\u00eb kund\u00ebrth\u00ebn\u00ebse se sa q\u00eb mund t\u00eb merret me mend. P\u00ebr shembull, \u00ebsht\u00eb th\u00ebn\u00eb se t\u00eb shpjeguarit e sjelljeve t\u00eb k\u00ebqija ose besimeve t\u00eb \u00e7uditshme t\u00eb njer\u00ebzve duke iu referuar karakterit t\u00eb tyre na b\u00ebn m\u00eb jotolerant\u00eb dhe m\u00eb pak empatik\u00eb ndaj tyre. Sido q\u00eb t\u00eb jet\u00eb, nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e qart\u00eb se si shpjegimet e karakterit do t\u00eb duhej t\u00eb na b\u00ebnin m\u00eb jotolerant\u00eb ndaj t\u00eb metave t\u00eb t\u00eb tjer\u00ebve. Le t\u00eb supozojm\u00eb q\u00eb Shefqeti s\u2019mundet ndryshe ve\u00e7se t\u00eb jet\u00eb nj\u00eb lloj personi q\u00eb t\u00ebrhiqet prej teorive konspirative. A nuk do t\u00eb duhej t\u00eb na b\u00ebnte kjo m\u00eb shum\u00eb se sa m\u00eb pak tolerant\u00eb ndaj besimeve t\u00eb tij t\u00eb \u00e7uditshme?<\/p>\n

[\u2026]<\/p>\n

\u2018Situacionist\u00ebt\u2019, si\u00e7 quhen, thon\u00eb se sjelljet tona jan\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsisht m\u00eb mir\u00eb t\u00eb shpjeguara p\u00ebrmes faktor\u00ebve situacional\u00eb se sa p\u00ebrmes tipareve t\u00eb supozuara t\u00eb karakterit. Disa e shohin k\u00ebt\u00eb si arsye t\u00eb mir\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb qen\u00eb skeptik\u00eb rreth ekzistenc\u00ebn s\u00eb karakterit. N\u00eb nj\u00eb eksperiment, student\u00ebve t\u00eb nj\u00eb seminari teologjik iu k\u00ebrkua q\u00eb t\u00eb japin fjalim diku jasht\u00eb kampusit. Nj\u00ebrit grup iu k\u00ebrkua q\u00eb t\u00eb flasin p\u00ebr alegorin\u00eb e Samaritanit t\u00eb Mir\u00eb, p\u00ebrderisa t\u00eb tjer\u00ebve iu dha nj\u00eb detyr\u00eb tjet\u00ebr. Disave iu ishte th\u00ebn\u00eb se kishin plot koh\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb arritur n\u00eb vendin ku do t\u00eb mbahej ligjerata, p\u00ebrderisa t\u00eb tjer\u00ebve iu ishte th\u00ebn\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb nguteshin. Gjat\u00eb rrug\u00ebs p\u00ebr n\u00eb vendtakim, t\u00eb gjith\u00eb student\u00ebt u ndesh\u00ebn me nj\u00eb person (aktor) i cili duksh\u00ebm kishte nevoj\u00eb p\u00ebr ndihm\u00eb. Gjat\u00eb ngjarjes, e vetmja variab\u00ebl q\u00eb b\u00ebri diferenc\u00ebn n\u00eb at\u00eb se a u ndal\u00ebn ta ndihmojn\u00eb qe ajo se sa p\u00ebr ngut ishin ata; student\u00ebve q\u00eb iu dukej se po vonoheshin kishin m\u00eb pak gjasa q\u00eb t\u00eb ndaleshin dhe t\u00eb ndihmonin, se sa ata q\u00eb menduan se kishin koh\u00eb. Sipas filozofit nga Princeton Gilbert Harman, m\u00ebsimi i eksperimenteve t\u00eb tilla \u00ebsht\u00eb q\u00eb \u2018ne duhet t\u00eb bindim njer\u00ebzit q\u00eb t\u00eb fokusohen te faktor\u00ebt situacional\u00eb dhe q\u00eb t\u00eb mos provojn\u00eb t\u00eb shpjegojn\u00eb gj\u00ebrat sipas tipareve t\u00eb karakterit\u2019.<\/p>\n

Tiparet e karakterit p\u00ebr t\u00eb cilat po fliste Harman jan\u00eb virtyte morale sikurse mir\u00ebsia dhe zem\u00ebrgj\u00ebr\u00ebsia, por disa situacionist\u00eb kund\u00ebrshtojn\u00eb poashtu iden\u00eb e virtyteve dhe veseve intelektuale. P\u00ebr shembull, ata shenjojn\u00eb kah d\u00ebshmia se njer\u00ebzit performojn\u00eb shum\u00eb mir\u00eb n\u00eb detyrat e zgjidhjes s\u00eb problemeve kur\u00a0 ata jan\u00eb n\u00eb disponim t\u00eb mir\u00eb. N\u00ebse faktor\u00ebt e r\u00ebndomt\u00eb situacional\u00eb si disponimi dhe uria mund t\u00eb shpjegojn\u00eb m\u00eb mir\u00eb sjelljen tuaj intelektuale se sa i ashtuquajturi karakter i juaji intelektual, at\u00ebher\u00eb cili \u00ebsht\u00eb arsyetimi i t\u00eb besuarit n\u00eb ekzistenc\u00ebn e tipareve t\u00eb karakterit intelektual? N\u00ebse ekzistojn\u00eb tipare t\u00eb tilla, at\u00ebher\u00eb a nuk do t\u00eb duhej q\u00eb t\u00eb shpjegonin sjelljen intelektuale t\u00eb dikujt? Absolutisht, por shembulli sikur ai i Shefqetit sugjeron se tiparet e karakterit intelektual e shpjegojn\u00eb sjelljen intelektuale t\u00eb nj\u00eb personi n\u00eb nj\u00eb num\u00ebr t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm rastesh. Njer\u00ebzit nuk besojn\u00eb n\u00eb gj\u00ebra t\u00eb \u00e7uditshme p\u00ebr shkak se ata jan\u00eb t\u00eb uritur ose pse jan\u00eb n\u00eb disponim t\u00eb keq (t\u00eb mir\u00eb). Pik\u00ebv\u00ebshtrimi se njer\u00ebzit nuk kan\u00eb tipare t\u00eb karakterit si sylesh\u00ebsia, mosp\u00ebrfillshm\u00ebria apo paragjykimi, ose q\u00eb njer\u00ebzit nuk dallojn\u00eb sipas karakterit intelektual, na privon nga shpjegime duksh\u00ebm bind\u00ebse t\u00eb sjelljes intelektuale t\u00eb Shefqetit.<\/p>\n

T\u00eb supozojm\u00eb se del q\u00eb Shefqeti jeton n\u00eb nj\u00eb vend ku teorit\u00eb konspirative jan\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrhapura apo se ai \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00ebn ndikimin e shok\u00ebve t\u00eb cilat jan\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrkushtuar ndaj teoricien\u00ebve konspirativ\u00eb. A nuk do t\u00eb ishin k\u00ebto shpjegime situacionale jo t\u00eb karakterit p\u00ebrsosshm\u00ebrisht t\u00eb q\u00ebndrueshme lidhur me besimet e tij p\u00ebr 11 shtatorin? Vet\u00ebm deri diku. Vet fakti q\u00eb Shefqeti ndikohet leht\u00eb prej shok\u00ebve tij na tregon di\u00e7ka rreth karakterit t\u00eb tij intelektual. Vendi ku Shefqeti jeton mund t\u00eb ndihmoj\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00eb shpjeguarit e besimeve t\u00eb tij, por edhe n\u00ebse teorit\u00eb konspirative jan\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrhapura n\u00eb \u00e7do cep t\u00eb vendit t\u00eb tij, ne ende na duhet t\u00eb kuptojm\u00eb pse disa njer\u00ebz n\u00eb rajonin e tij i besojn\u00eb ato, derisa t\u00eb tjer\u00ebt jo.<\/p>\n

Dallimet n\u00eb karakterin intelektual ndihmojn\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb shpjeguar pse njer\u00ebzit n\u00eb t\u00eb njejt\u00ebn situat\u00eb p\u00ebrfundojn\u00eb s\u00eb besuari gj\u00ebra aq t\u00eb ndryshme. Q\u00eb t\u00eb mendoni se tiparet e karakterit intelektual jan\u00eb relevante p\u00ebr sjelljen intelektuale t\u00eb nj\u00eb personi, ju nuk duhet t\u00eb mendoni q\u00eb faktor\u00ebt tjer\u00eb, duke p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb faktor\u00ebt situacional\u00eb, jan\u00eb jorelevant\u00eb. Karakteri intelektual shpjegon sjelljen intelektuale vet\u00ebm n\u00eb nd\u00ebrthurje me shum\u00eb gj\u00ebra t\u00eb tjera, duke p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb situat\u00ebn tuaj dhe m\u00ebnyr\u00ebn se si truri juaj i proceson informatat. Situacionizmi v\u00ebrtet do t\u00eb ishte problem p\u00ebr pik\u00ebv\u00ebshtrimin se tiparet e karakterit shpjegojn\u00eb sjelljet tona pa marr\u00eb parasysh faktor\u00ebt situacional\u00eb, por ai nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb v\u00ebshtrim i karakterit q\u00eb ndokush ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb ka dashur ta mbroj\u00eb.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb terma praktik\u00eb, nj\u00ebra prej gj\u00ebrave m\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebshtira n\u00eb p\u00ebrballje me njer\u00ebz sikurse Shefqeti \u00ebshte se ka shum\u00eb gjasa q\u00eb ata t\u2019ju akuzojn\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtat vese intelektuale t\u00eb cilat ju i v\u00ebreni te ta. Ju thoni q\u00eb Shefqeti \u00ebsht\u00eb sylesh meq\u00eb e beson teorin\u00eb e tij konspirative p\u00ebr 11 shtatorin; ai iu kund\u00ebrshton q\u00eb ju jeni sylesh meq\u00eb besoni n\u00eb konkluzionet e Komisionit t\u00eb 11 shtatorit. Ju i thoni se ai i shp\u00ebrfill gjetjet zyrtare t\u00eb 11 shtatorit sepse ai \u00ebsht\u00eb mendjengusht\u00eb; ai ju akuzon juve p\u00ebr mendjengusht\u00ebsi p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb refuzimit p\u00ebr t\u00eb marr\u00eb teorit\u00eb konspirative seriozisht. N\u00ebse ne jemi shpesh t\u00eb verb\u00ebr ndaj veseve tona intelektuale at\u00ebher\u00eb kush jemi ne p\u00ebr t\u00eb akuzuar Shefqetin p\u00ebr d\u00ebshtimin p\u00ebr t\u00eb kuptuar q\u00eb ai i beson teorive t\u00eb tij p\u00ebr arsye se ai \u00ebsht\u00eb sylesh?<\/p>\n

T\u00eb gjitha k\u00ebto jan\u00eb pyetje legjitime, por \u00ebsht\u00eb me r\u00ebnd\u00ebsi t\u00eb mos jeni shum\u00eb t\u00eb hutuar nga kjo p\u00ebrpjekje p\u00ebr t\u2019i kthyer gj\u00ebrat p\u00ebrmbys. E vertet\u00eb, askush nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb imun ndaj vetinjoranc\u00ebs. Kjo nuk e p\u00ebrjashton as Shefqetin. E v\u00ebrteta \u00ebsht\u00eb se teoria e tij s\u2019vlen gj\u00eb, p\u00ebrderisa ka plot arsye p\u00ebr t\u00eb besuar q\u00eb p\u00ebrplasja e aeorplan\u00ebve shembi Kullat Binjake. Vet\u00ebm sepse ju i besoni gjetjeve zyrtare t\u00eb asaj \u00e7far\u00eb ndodhi m\u00eb 11 shtator, nuk do t\u00eb thot\u00eb q\u00eb jeni sylesh p\u00ebrderisa ka arsye t\u00eb forta p\u00ebr t\u00eb besuar ato gjetje. Nj\u00eblloj, t\u00eb qenit dyshues lidhur me pretendimet m\u00eb t\u00eb \u00e7mendura t\u00eb teoricien\u00ebve konspirativ\u00eb t\u00eb 11 shtatorit nuk do t\u00eb thot\u00eb q\u00eb jeni mendjengusht\u00eb p\u00ebrederisa ka arsye t\u00eb forta p\u00ebr t\u00eb qen\u00eb dyshues. Shefqeti \u00ebsht\u00eb sylesh sepse ai beson n\u00eb gj\u00ebra p\u00ebr t\u00eb cilat ai nuk ka d\u00ebshmi t\u00eb forta, dhe ai \u00ebsht\u00eb mendjengusht\u00eb sepse ai shp\u00ebrfill pretendimet p\u00ebr t\u00eb cil\u00ebt ka d\u00ebshmi t\u00eb pastra. \u00cbsht\u00eb me r\u00ebnd\u00ebsi q\u00eb t\u00eb mos futesh n\u00eb grack\u00ebn e t\u00eb menduarit se ajo \u00e7far\u00eb llogaritet si d\u00ebshmi e past\u00ebr \u00ebsht\u00eb vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb \u00e7\u00ebshtje subjektive. T\u00eb thuash q\u00eb Shefqetit i mungojn\u00eb d\u00ebshmit\u00eb e forta do t\u00eb thot\u00eb t\u00eb t\u00ebrheq\u00ebsh v\u00ebmendjen p\u00ebr munges\u00ebn e d\u00ebshmitar\u00ebve ose mb\u00ebshtetjes forenzike p\u00ebr teorin\u00eb e tij rreth 11 shtatorit, dhe p\u00ebr faktin se teoria e tij \u00ebsht\u00eb hedhur posht\u00eb nga ekspert\u00ebt. Shefqeti mund t\u00eb mos pranoj\u00eb asnj\u00ebr\u00ebn nga k\u00ebto por kjo do t\u00eb qe, p\u00ebrs\u00ebri, nj\u00eb pasqyrim i karakterit t\u00eb tij intelektual.<\/p>\n

At\u00ebher\u00eb kur e tejkaloni iden\u00eb q\u00eb Shefqeti ia ka dal\u00eb disi q\u00eb t\u2019iu kthej\u00eb gj\u00ebrat p\u00ebrmbys, aty mbetet problemi se \u00e7far\u00eb t\u00eb b\u00ebhet me njer\u00ebz t\u00eb till\u00eb si ai. N\u00ebse ai \u00ebsht\u00eb v\u00ebrtet mendjengusht\u00eb at\u00ebher\u00eb mendja e tij do t\u00eb jet\u00eb me gjas\u00eb e mbyllur ndaj ides\u00eb se ai \u00ebsht\u00eb mendjengusht\u00eb. Mendjengusht\u00ebsia \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00ebra prej veseve intelektuale m\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebshtira p\u00ebr t\u2019u p\u00ebrballur sepse \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb natyr\u00ebn e vet asaj q\u00eb t\u00eb jet\u00eb e fshehur prej atyre q\u00eb e kan\u00eb tipar. Edhe n\u00ebse ju i b\u00ebni Shefqet\u00ebt e k\u00ebsaj bote q\u00eb disi t\u00eb pranojn\u00eb veset e tyre, kjo nuk do t\u2019i p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsoj\u00eb domosdoshm\u00ebrisht gj\u00ebrat. T\u00eb p\u00ebrballurit me veset intelektuale k\u00ebrkon m\u00eb shum\u00eb se sa dije p\u00ebr vetveten. Ju gjithashtu duhet t\u00eb jeni t\u00eb motivuar p\u00ebr t\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb di\u00e7ka rreth tyre, dhe n\u00eb fakt t\u00eb jeni t\u00eb aft\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb di\u00e7ka rreth tyre.<\/p>\n

A duhet t\u00eb d\u00ebnohet Shefqeti p\u00ebr dob\u00ebsit\u00eb e tij? Filozof\u00ebve iu p\u00eblqen t\u2019i shohin virtytet si t\u00eb pasurit e motiveve t\u00eb mira dhe veset si t\u00eb pasurit e motiveve t\u00eb k\u00ebqija, por motivet e Shefqetit s\u2019\u00ebsht\u00eb e th\u00ebn\u00eb t\u00eb jen\u00eb t\u00eb k\u00ebqija. Ai mund t\u00eb ket\u00eb tamam t\u00eb njejt\u00ebn shtytje p\u00ebr dije sikurse personi intelektualisht i virtytsh\u00ebm, e prap\u00ebseprap\u00eb t\u00eb humb\u00eb rrug\u00ebn n\u00eb oborr p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb sylesh\u00ebsis\u00eb dhe mentalitetit konspirativ. Pra, edhe sa i p\u00ebrket motiveve t\u00eb tij edhe sa i p\u00ebrket p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebsis\u00eb p\u00ebr veset e tij intelektuale, Shefqeti mund t\u00eb mos jet\u00eb doemos i fajsh\u00ebm. Kjo nuk do t\u00eb thot\u00eb q\u00eb s\u2019duhet t\u00eb b\u00ebhet asgj\u00eb rreth tyre ose rreth tij. N\u00ebse na intereson p\u00ebr t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00ebn at\u00ebher\u00eb ne duhet t\u00eb interesohemi q\u00eb t\u00eb pajisim njer\u00ebzit me mjetet intelektuale p\u00ebr t\u00eb arritur te e v\u00ebrteta dhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb shmangur pav\u00ebrtet\u00ebsin\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Edukimi \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00ebnyra m\u00eb e mir\u00eb p\u00ebr ta b\u00ebr\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb. Veset intelektuale jan\u00eb vet\u00ebm prirje p\u00ebr t\u00eb menduar n\u00eb m\u00ebnyra t\u00eb caktuara, dhe prirjet mund t\u00eb kund\u00ebrshtohen. Veset tona intelektuale baraspeshohen prej virtyteve tona intelektuale, prej tipareve t\u00eb karakterit intelektual si mendjehapja, kureshtja dhe rigoroziteti. Karakteri intelektual \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb p\u00ebrzierje e virtyteve dhe veseve intelektuale, dhe synimet e edukimit duhet t\u00eb p\u00ebrfshijn\u00eb kultivimin e virtyteve intelektuale dhe zvog\u00eblimin e veseve intelektuale. Filozofi Jason Baehr flet p\u00ebr \u2018t\u00eb edukuarit p\u00ebr virtyte intelektuale\u2019, dhe kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb parim m\u00ebnyra m\u00eb e mir\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u2019u p\u00ebrballur me njer\u00ebz si Shefqeti. Nj\u00eb raport i vitit 2010 i K\u00ebshillit t\u00eb University College London lidhur me rastin e Abudlmutallabit erdhi n\u00eb nj\u00eb p\u00ebrfundim t\u00eb ngjash\u00ebm. Raporti k\u00ebshillonte \u2018zhvillimin e trajnimeve akademike p\u00ebr student\u00eb, p\u00ebr t\u2019i inkurajuar dhe p\u00ebrgatitur q\u00eb jo vet\u00ebm t\u00eb mendojn\u00eb kritikisht por q\u00eb t\u00eb sfidojn\u00eb pik\u00ebpamjet e papranueshme\u2019. Sfida \u00ebsht\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb gjendet m\u00ebnyra m\u00eb e mir\u00eb p\u00ebr ta b\u00ebr\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb.<\/p>\n

\u00c7far\u00eb n\u00ebse Shefqetit i ka ikur koha dhe s\u2019\u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb ndryshoj\u00eb bindjet e veta edhe po deshi ashtu? Sikurse shprehit\u00eb tjera t\u00eb k\u00ebqija, shprehit\u00eb e k\u00ebqija intelektuale mund t\u00eb jen\u00eb t\u00eb ngulitura thell\u00eb-thell\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u2019u ndryshuar. Kjo do t\u00eb thot\u00eb t\u00eb bashk\u00ebjetosh me pasojat e tyre. T\u00eb p\u00ebrpiqesh t\u00eb arsyetosh me njer\u00ebz t\u00eb cil\u00ebt jan\u00eb kok\u00ebfort\u00ebsisht mendje-ngusht\u00eb, dogmatik\u00eb dhe me paragjykime v\u00ebshtir\u00eb se do t\u00eb prodhoj\u00eb ndonj\u00eb gj\u00eb. I vetmi ila\u00e7 n\u00eb raste t\u00eb tilla \u00ebsht\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrpiqesh t\u00eb zvog\u00eblosh d\u00ebmin q\u00eb veset e tyre iu shkaktojn\u00eb atyre dhe t\u00eb tjer\u00ebve.<\/p>\n

Nd\u00ebrkoh\u00eb, ata t\u00eb cilat kan\u00eb vrerin p\u00ebr t\u00eb dh\u00ebn\u00eb predikime rreth veseve intelektuale t\u00eb njer\u00ebzve t\u00eb tjer\u00eb \u2013 n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb mes jam edhe un\u00eb \u2013 duhet t\u00eb pranojn\u00eb se edhe ata jan\u00eb larg s\u00eb qeni t\u00eb p\u00ebrsosur. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb kontekst, sikur n\u00eb shumic\u00ebn e tyre, pak p\u00ebrul\u00ebsi do t\u00eb b\u00ebnte mire. \u00cbsht\u00eb nj\u00eb gj\u00eb t\u00eb mos turbulloheni prej p\u00ebrpjekjeve t\u00eb Shefqetit p\u00ebr t\u2019i kthyer gj\u00ebrat mbrapsht, por ai e ka nj\u00eb arsye t\u00eb pakt\u00ebn deri n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb mas\u00eb: askush prej nesh nuk mund t\u00eb mohoj\u00eb q\u00eb veset intelektuale t\u00eb nj\u00eb lloji apo tjet\u00ebr jan\u00eb n\u00eb funksion n\u00eb s\u00eb paku nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb t\u00eb t\u00eb menduarit ton\u00eb. T\u00eb qenit t\u00eb vet\u00ebdijsh\u00ebm p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb mund\u00ebsi \u00ebsht\u00eb shenj\u00eb e nj\u00eb mendjeje t\u00eb sh\u00ebndosh\u00eb.<\/p>\n

____________<\/p>\n

P\u00ebrktheu: Bardhi Bakija<\/em><\/p>\n

Quassim Cassam \u00ebsht\u00eb profesor i Filozofis\u00eb n\u00eb Universitetin e Uaruikut n\u00eb Koventri. Librat e tij t\u00eb fundit jan\u00eb: Gj\u00ebza e Berkeleyt: \u00c7far\u00eb na M\u00ebson P\u00ebrvoja? [Berkeley\u2019s Puzzle: What Does Experience Teach Us?] (2014) dhe Vet\u00ebnjohja p\u00ebr Njer\u00ebzit [Self-Knowledge for Humans] (2014)<\/em><\/p>\n

Artikulli origjinal<\/a>\u00a0i publikuar n\u00eb Aeon m\u00eb 13 mars 2015<\/em><\/p>\n

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Pse disa njer\u00ebz besojn\u00eb n\u00eb teori konspirative? Nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb puna se kush jan\u00eb ata dhe \u00e7far\u00eb din\u00eb ata. Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb \u00e7\u00ebshtje e karakterit intelektual Njihuni me Shefqetin. Si shum\u00eb prej shok\u00ebve t\u00eb tij, Shkefqeti mendon se ai \u00ebsht\u00eb ekspert p\u00ebr 11 shtatorin. Ai kalon shumic\u00ebn e koh\u00ebs s\u00eb lir\u00eb duke shikuar uebsajte konspirative dhe hulumtimi […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":96,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[14],"tags":[954,1322,2025],"ppma_author":[108],"class_list":["post-3579","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-kritike","tag-filozofi","tag-kritike","tag-mendimtaret"],"authors":[{"term_id":108,"user_id":96,"is_guest":0,"slug":"quassim-cassam","display_name":"Quassim Cassam","avatar_url":{"url":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/download-20.jpg","url2x":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/download-20.jpg"},"user_url":"","last_name":"Cassam","first_name":"Quassim","description":""}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3579","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/96"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3579"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3579\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10978,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3579\/revisions\/10978"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3579"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3579"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3579"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ppma_author?post=3579"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}