{"id":3885,"date":"2019-10-02T14:20:32","date_gmt":"2019-10-02T12:20:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/?p=3885"},"modified":"2024-10-17T14:30:29","modified_gmt":"2024-10-17T12:30:29","slug":"si-perballen-shtetet-me-kriza-dhe-ndryshojne","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/analize\/si-perballen-shtetet-me-kriza-dhe-ndryshojne\/","title":{"rendered":"Si p\u00ebrballen shtetet me kriza dhe ndryshojn\u00eb"},"content":{"rendered":"

Jared Diamond \u00ebsht\u00eb erudit amerikan i cili \u00ebsht\u00eb i njohur p\u00ebr studimet e tij n\u00eb fush\u00ebn e gjeografis\u00eb, antropologjis\u00eb, historis\u00eb, fiziologjis\u00eb dhe ekonomis\u00eb. Ai ka shkruar nj\u00eb num\u00ebr t\u00eb konsideruar t\u00eb librave, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt jan\u00eb p\u00ebrkthyer n\u00eb dhjet\u00ebra gjuh\u00eb t\u00eb bot\u00ebs. Profesori i Universitetit t\u00eb Kalifornis\u00eb, n\u00eb libri i tij t\u00eb fundit i titulluar \u201cUpheaval\u201d, e trajton p\u00ebrballjen e krizave nga shtetet dhe sjelljen shtet\u00ebrore pas tejkalimit t\u00eb tyre. Me fjal\u00eb tjera, profesori Diamond tenton t\u00eb shtjelloj\u00eb jo vet\u00ebm aspektin historik t\u00eb p\u00ebrballjes s\u00eb shteteve me kriza, por edhe metodologjit\u00eb e tejkalimit t\u00eb tyre dhe m\u00ebsimet e nxjerra.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u00eb fillim t\u00eb librit, ai p\u00ebrshkruan krizat personale, ku argumenton se njeriu gjat\u00eb jet\u00ebs s\u00eb tij p\u00ebrballet me momente t\u00eb v\u00ebshtira. P\u00ebrballja me kriza \u00ebsht\u00eb e pashmangshme, por m\u00ebsimi i nxjerr\u00eb nga krizat mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb i shmangsh\u00ebm. Filozofi i famsh\u00ebm gjerman, Frederich Nietzsche, ka th\u00ebn\u00eb q\u00eb \u201cajo q\u00eb s\u2019na vret, na b\u00ebn m\u00eb t\u00eb fort\u00eb\u201d dhe pik\u00ebrisht k\u00ebt\u00eb mesazh p\u00ebrpiqet ta p\u00ebr\u00e7oj\u00eb autori n\u00eb lib\u00ebr. Si djali i madh i profesorit t\u00eb Harvardit Louis Diamond, ai ishte i interesuar n\u00eb jet\u00ebn akademike t\u00eb t\u00eb atit, duke regjistruar programin e doktorat\u00ebs p\u00ebr fiziologji laboratorike pran\u00eb universitetit t\u00eb Kembrixhit. Gjat\u00eb studimeve u p\u00ebrball me shum\u00eb v\u00ebshtir\u00ebsi, t\u00eb cilat e b\u00ebn\u00eb at\u00eb t\u00eb mendoj p\u00ebr nd\u00ebrprerjen e studimeve dhe nd\u00ebrrimin e profesionit.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ndon\u00ebse libri fillon me kriz\u00ebn shkollore t\u00eb profesorit Diamond, analiza kryesore e p\u00ebrfshin p\u00ebrballjen dhe tejkalimin e krizave t\u00eb vendeve si Finlanda, Kili, Japonia, Indonezia, Australia dhe Gjermania.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Gjat\u00eb Luft\u00ebs s\u00eb Dyt\u00eb Bot\u00ebrore, Finlanda u p\u00ebrball me nj\u00eb nga krizat m\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdha n\u00eb historin\u00eb moderne, e njohur si \u201cLufta e Dimrit\u201d, ku iu imponua t\u00eb luftoj\u00eb n\u00eb vet\u00ebmbrojte ndaj Bashkimit Sovjetik. P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb luft\u00eb, Finlanda ishte e vetme dhe e harruar nga vendet tjera per\u00ebndimore, t\u00eb cilat ishin t\u00eb paafta t\u00eb mbronin vetveten, e lere m\u00eb t\u2019i dilnin ne ndihm\u00eb Finland\u00ebs. P\u00ebrjashto f\u00ebmij\u00ebt t\u00eb cil\u00ebt ishin d\u00ebrguar si refugjat n\u00eb Suedi, pleq e t\u00eb rinj ishin angazhuar n\u00eb mbrojtjen e vendit. Humbjet ishin t\u00eb m\u00ebdha, si n\u00eb njer\u00ebz ashtu edhe n\u00eb ekonomi. Ndryshe nga parashikimi i intelektual\u00ebve t\u00eb koh\u00ebs, Finlanda nuk u shnd\u00ebrrua n\u00eb nj\u00eb satelit t\u00eb Bashkimit Sovjetik. Ajo sot \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb shembull i mir\u00eb i demokracis\u00eb dhe ekonomis\u00eb. Duke marr\u00eb parasysh k\u00ebto holl\u00ebsi, \u00ebsht\u00eb mjaft interesante se si ia doli mban\u00eb Finlanda t\u2019i mbijetoj\u00eb k\u00ebsaj situate t\u00eb jasht\u00ebzakonshme. Finlandez\u00ebt b\u00ebn\u00eb gj\u00ebra t\u00eb papara p\u00ebr nj\u00eb demokraci n\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb, si censurimi i vetvetes, n\u00eb kuptimin q\u00eb t\u00eb ndalojn\u00eb shprehjen e pik\u00ebpamjes dhe besimit t\u00eb tyre duke shmangur diskutimet e panevojshme. Pastaj, ata i shtyn\u00eb zgjedhjet presidenciale dhe u unifikuan p\u00ebrball kriz\u00ebs. Sipas profesorit Diamond, zhvillimi i strategjis\u00eb ekonomike dhe ushtarake ishte \u00e7el\u00ebsi i suksesit p\u00ebrball\u00eb agresorit sovjetik. Ndon\u00ebse n\u00eb kriz\u00eb komb\u00ebtare, Finlanda arriti ta zhvilloj\u00eb industrin\u00eb si nd\u00ebrtimin e anijeve, prodhimin t\u00eb makinerive, etj. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb, populli finlandez arriti ta kthej kriz\u00ebn n\u00eb mund\u00ebsi p\u00ebr krijimin e shtigjeve t\u00eb reja t\u00eb zhvillimit.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u00eb vendet tjera, n\u00eb em\u00ebr t\u00eb kauzave t\u00eb ndryshme, qeverit\u00eb kan\u00eb kryer krime tmerrshme kund\u00ebr njer\u00ebzimit. Ndon\u00ebse hisedare e periudh\u00ebs s\u00eb err\u00ebt t\u00eb Luft\u00ebs Bot\u00ebrore, Gjermania arriti t\u00eb \u00e7lirohet nga kriminel\u00ebt e instaluar n\u00eb hierarkin\u00eb shtet\u00ebrore, por \u00e7mimi q\u00eb pagoi nuk ishte i vog\u00ebl. Poashtu, Gjermania i pranoi krimet naziste, p\u00ebr dallim nga vende tjera me histori t\u00eb ngjashme si p\u00ebr shembull Japonia. Kancelari gjerman Willy Brandt, gjat\u00eb nj\u00eb vizite n\u00eb Poloni, u ul n\u00eb gjunj\u00eb dhe u k\u00ebrkoj falje popullit polonez p\u00ebr krimet q\u00eb nazist\u00ebt u b\u00ebn\u00eb gjat\u00eb luft\u00ebs. Populli gjerman ishte i bindur q\u00eb krimet naziste kishin ardhur si pasoj\u00eb e udh\u00ebheqjes s\u00eb lart\u00eb t\u00eb shtetit dhe ushtris\u00eb, nd\u00ebrsa shumica e ushtar\u00ebve vet\u00ebm kishin zbatuar urdhrat. P\u00ebrve\u00e7 gjykimit t\u00eb k\u00ebtyre lider\u00ebve, edhe zinxhiri i ul\u00ebt komandues i nazist\u00ebve u gjykua. Profesori Diamond merr shembull prokurorin hebre gjerman, Fritz Bauer, i cili i trajtoi pik\u00ebrisht k\u00ebto lloje t\u00eb krimeve. Pra, ajo \u00e7far\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb interesante p\u00ebr qasjen e autorit \u00ebsht\u00eb trajtimi i ndryshimit kulturor t\u00eb Gjermanis\u00eb, m\u00eb shum\u00eb sesa at\u00eb t\u00eb ndryshimit industrial apo ekonomik. Nj\u00eb rol esencial n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb ndryshim duhet t\u00eb ken\u00eb luajtur protestat studentore t\u00eb vitit 1968 sepse sipas profesorit Diamond, pa 1968 nuk do t\u00eb kishte 1990. Ai shkruan se student\u00ebt kishin rol shum\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm n\u00eb r\u00ebnien e Murit t\u00eb Berlinit dhe bashkimin e Gjermanis\u00eb Per\u00ebndimore me at\u00eb Lindore.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

P\u00ebr dallim nga shteti gjerman, Japonia \u00ebsht\u00eb munduar t\u2019i harroj\u00eb krimet kund\u00ebr njer\u00ebzimit duke mos i p\u00ebrmendur mjaftuesh\u00ebm dhe duke shmangur diskutimin p\u00ebr to. Jan\u00eb t\u00eb njohura krimet e m\u00ebdha japoneze kund\u00ebr kinezeve dhe korean\u00ebve, t\u00eb cilat u kryen gjat\u00eb luft\u00ebs s\u00eb fundit bot\u00ebrore. Profesori Diamond tregon p\u00ebr rastet kur student\u00ebt japonez\u00eb shkojn\u00eb p\u00ebr studime jasht\u00eb vendit dhe befasohen me krimet e vendit t\u00eb tyre gjat\u00eb shekullit t\u00eb kaluar. Sipas tij, kjo ndodh sepse e kaluara e err\u00ebt e vendit kap\u00ebrcehet me q\u00ebllim nga institucionet arsimore japoneze. Jo rrall\u00ebher\u00eb, ekonomist\u00ebt e zhvillimit argumentojn\u00eb q\u00eb japonez\u00ebt kan\u00eb arritur zhvillim t\u00eb jasht\u00ebzakonsh\u00ebm sepse jan\u00eb fokusuar n\u00eb t\u00eb ardhmen dhe e kan\u00eb harruar t\u00eb kaluar\u00ebn. Gjithashtu, vihet n\u00eb pah kultura e popullit japonez, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt ishin t\u00eb mbyllur p\u00ebr popujt e tjer\u00eb p\u00ebr shum\u00eb shekuj, dhe kjo kultur\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb ende prezente sepse imigrant\u00ebt p\u00ebrb\u00ebjn\u00eb m\u00eb pak se 2 p\u00ebr qind e popullsis\u00eb.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Kili dhe Indonezia jan\u00eb dy vende t\u00eb cilat jan\u00eb p\u00ebrballur me krime t\u00eb brendshme, si rrjedhoj\u00eb e luft\u00ebs p\u00ebr pushtet, t\u00eb nxitur nga ideologjia komuniste. Si pasoj\u00eb e luft\u00ebs kund\u00ebr komunist\u00ebve, n\u00eb Indonezin\u00eb e viteve 1965-1966, u vran\u00eb af\u00ebrsisht nj\u00eb milion njer\u00ebz. Natyrisht se n\u00eb mesin e t\u00eb vrar\u00ebve kishte edhe shum\u00eb njer\u00ebz q\u00eb nuk kishin asnj\u00eb lidhje me ideologjin\u00eb n\u00eb fjal\u00eb, por n\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb vet\u00eb dyshimi p\u00ebr lidhje me komunist\u00ebt ishte i mjaftuesh\u00ebm q\u00eb dikush t\u00eb ekzekutohej. N\u00eb an\u00ebn tjet\u00ebr, situata kaotike e krijuar n\u00eb Kili n\u00eb fillim t\u00eb viteve t\u00eb 70-ta krijoi nj\u00eb situat\u00eb t\u00eb favorshme p\u00ebr ndryshime drastike. P\u00ebrmes grushtshtetit, gjenerali Augusto Pinochet largoi nga pushteti presidentin Allende dhe udh\u00ebhoqi vendin deri me 1990. Mir\u00ebpo faktikisht ai udh\u00ebhoqi deri n\u00eb vitin 2006 kur edhe vdiq. Gjenerali Pinochet edhe pas dor\u00ebzimit t\u00eb mandatit zyrtar n\u00eb vitin 1990, u kujdes q\u00eb t\u00eb hartoj\u00eb infrastruktur\u00eb ligjore q\u00eb i garantonte atij kontrollin mbi ushtrin\u00eb dhe nj\u00eb num\u00ebr t\u00eb konsideruesh\u00ebm t\u00eb institucioneve n\u00eb vend. Sa ishte gjall\u00eb ai mbeti k\u00ebrc\u00ebnim p\u00ebr demokracin\u00eb. Pas vdekjes s\u00eb tij u zhvilluan shum\u00eb gjykime p\u00ebr krimet e sistemit t\u00eb kontrolluar nga ai dhe p\u00ebrkrah\u00ebsit e tij. Edhe sot e k\u00ebsaj dite, nj\u00eb num\u00ebr i madh i qytetar\u00ebve kilian ende kan\u00eb admirim dhe simpati p\u00ebr diktatorin, ndon\u00ebse gjat\u00eb sundimit t\u00eb tij vendi nuk pati ndonj\u00eb zhvillim t\u00eb konsideruesh\u00ebm. Me fjal\u00eb tjera, Kili dhe Indonezia jan\u00eb shembuj t\u00eb tejkalimit t\u00eb krizave duke nxjerr\u00eb m\u00ebsim, e duke i p\u00ebrdorur k\u00ebto eksperienca n\u00eb nd\u00ebrtimin e nj\u00eb shtegu t\u00eb ri t\u00eb zhvillimit. Indonezis\u00eb shpeshher\u00eb i referohen si Tigri i Ri i Azis\u00eb, bazuar n\u00eb rritjen ekonomike t\u00eb dekadave t\u00eb fundit. Kili n\u00eb an\u00ebn tjet\u00ebr \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb nga ekonomit\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb suksesshme t\u00eb Amerik\u00ebs Latine.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Australia \u00ebsht\u00eb shteti i tjet\u00ebr q\u00eb profesori Diamond e trajton n\u00eb librin e tij. Ky vend ishte n\u00eb ndikim t\u00eb drejtp\u00ebrdrejt\u00eb nga Mbret\u00ebria e Bashkuar p\u00ebr nj\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb gjat\u00eb. Profesori Diamond diskuton edhe p\u00ebr banor\u00ebt e vjet\u00ebr t\u00eb Australis\u00eb, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt ardhjen e kolonis\u00eb britanike nuk e luftuan aspak, pasi q\u00eb nuk kishin grupe t\u00eb organizuara dhe jetonin kryesisht nga gjuetia. Prandaj, britanik\u00ebt e konsideruan Australin\u00eb si tok\u00eb pa pronar\u00eb dhe leht\u00ebsisht e kolonizuan si pjes\u00eb t\u00eb mbret\u00ebris\u00eb s\u00eb tyre. Lidhjet Mbret\u00ebris\u00eb s\u00eb Bashkuar me Australin\u00eb filluan t\u00eb zbehen pas largimi t\u00eb forcave britanike nga Kanali i Suezit n\u00eb vitet e 60-ta. Kjo b\u00ebri q\u00eb produktet australiane t\u00eb mos ishin m\u00eb t\u00eb privilegjuara n\u00eb Britani. P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, kjo e fundit kishte shprehur interesin p\u00ebr bashkim me vendet tjera t\u00eb Evrop\u00ebs n\u00eb t\u00eb ashtuquajturin Komuniteti Ekonomik Evropian, i cili i parapriu Bashkimit Evropian. Profesori Diamond argumenton q\u00eb Australia e tejkaloi k\u00ebt\u00eb kriz\u00eb duke gjetur partner\u00eb t\u00eb rinj tregtar dhe duke ua hapur dyert emigrant\u00ebve nga Azia. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb, vendi arriti ta rim\u00ebk\u00ebmb\u00eb ekonomin\u00eb.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u00eb fund, autori diskuton edhe p\u00ebr krizat eventuale q\u00eb mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrballohen nga demokracit\u00eb e avancuara si Shtetet e Bashkuara t\u00eb Amerik\u00ebs. Ai thekson q\u00eb tani p\u00ebr tani SHBA-t\u00eb nuk p\u00ebrballen me ndonj\u00eb kriz\u00eb komb\u00ebtare, mir\u00ebpo i v\u00eb n\u00eb pah disa pre rreziqeve me t\u00eb cilat mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrballen n\u00eb t\u00eb ardhmen. Nj\u00eb nga indikator\u00ebt shqet\u00ebsues \u00ebsht\u00eb niveli i pabarazis\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00eb ardhura, gj\u00eb q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb shqet\u00ebsuese n\u00eb krahasim me vendet e tjera t\u00eb Evrop\u00ebs Per\u00ebndimore.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Libri p\u00ebrmbyllet me disa m\u00ebsime t\u00eb cilat mund t\u00eb nxirren nga hulumtimi i historis\u00eb. Nga k\u00ebto m\u00ebsime, profesori Diamond argumenton se nj\u00eb vend duhet s\u00eb pari ta kuptoj\u00eb dhe pranoj\u00eb q\u00eb gjendet n\u00eb kriz\u00eb, pastaj duhet t\u00eb merren p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebsi p\u00ebr situat\u00ebn e krijuar. Rishikimi i historis\u00eb t\u00eb shteteve me kriza t\u00eb ngjashme \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00ebsimi i radh\u00ebs q\u00eb vendi mund t\u00eb nxjerr\u00eb. Dhe n\u00eb fund, ai argumenton q\u00eb \u00e7do vend duhet t\u2019i njoh\u00eb vlerat thelb\u00ebsore q\u00eb i posedon, duke provuar daljen nga kriza bazuar n\u00eb ato vlera, t\u00eb cilat mund t\u00eb jen\u00eb t\u00eb shum\u00ebllojshme.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Jared Diamond \u00ebsht\u00eb erudit amerikan i cili \u00ebsht\u00eb i njohur p\u00ebr studimet e tij n\u00eb fush\u00ebn e gjeografis\u00eb, antropologjis\u00eb, historis\u00eb, fiziologjis\u00eb dhe ekonomis\u00eb. Ai ka shkruar nj\u00eb num\u00ebr t\u00eb konsideruar t\u00eb librave, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt jan\u00eb p\u00ebrkthyer n\u00eb dhjet\u00ebra gjuh\u00eb t\u00eb bot\u00ebs. Profesori i Universitetit t\u00eb Kalifornis\u00eb, n\u00eb libri i tij t\u00eb fundit i titulluar \u201cUpheaval\u201d, […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":441,"featured_media":8582,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[13],"tags":[1006,1400,1008],"ppma_author":[1012],"class_list":["post-3885","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-analize","tag-ekonomi","tag-krize-ekonomike","tag-lufte"],"authors":[{"term_id":1012,"user_id":441,"is_guest":0,"slug":"albian-krasniqi","display_name":"Albian Krasniqi","avatar_url":{"url":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/albiani.png","url2x":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/albiani.png"},"user_url":"","last_name":"Krasniqi","first_name":"Albian","description":"Albian Krasniqi \u00ebsht\u00eb kandidat p\u00ebr doktoratur\u00eb n\u00eb Universitetin Teknologjik t\u00eb Dublinit, duke u specializuar p\u00ebr tregun e pun\u00ebs. Paraprakisht ka mbaruar studimet master p\u00ebr ekonomi t\u00eb zhvillimit, n\u00eb Universitetin e Sussexit, n\u00eb Angli. Albiani ka p\u00ebrvoj\u00eb pune si ekonomist n\u00eb institucionet vendore dhe organizatat nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare."}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3885","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/441"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3885"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3885\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8583,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3885\/revisions\/8583"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/8582"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3885"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3885"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3885"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ppma_author?post=3885"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}