{"id":4017,"date":"2017-02-28T13:59:59","date_gmt":"2017-02-28T11:59:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/?p=4017"},"modified":"2024-11-18T14:02:35","modified_gmt":"2024-11-18T12:02:35","slug":"prometheu-i-cliruar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/uncategorized\/prometheu-i-cliruar\/","title":{"rendered":"Prometheu i \u00e7liruar"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Q\u00eb nga shpikja e monedh\u00ebs deri n\u00eb dit\u00ebt e sotme, \u00c7do risi teknologjike n\u00eb valut\u00eb e ka zgjeruar edhe m\u00eb tej rolin e paras\u00eb n\u00eb jet\u00ebt tona. Homo oeconomicus nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb pas nesh, por para nesh. Marcel Mauss<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Homo oeconomicus nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb pas nesh, por para nesh.<\/em><\/p>\n

Marcel Mauss<\/em><\/p>\n

Paraja \u00ebsht\u00eb si zjarri, e dyta pas Zotit si shpikja m\u00eb e madhe e njeriut, dhe ngrit\u00ebse qytetesh dhe nd\u00ebrtuese civilizimesh. E njohur si elementi i pest\u00eb, paraja ngre ushtri dhe l\u00ebviz male, nd\u00ebrton k\u00ebshtjella dhe anije, form\u00ebson tok\u00ebn dhe \u00e7an detin, g\u00ebrmon kanale dhe mbjell kopshte, dhe i jep njeriut pushtetin p\u00ebr t\u00eb qeverisur t\u00eb tjer\u00ebt.<\/p>\n

Q\u00eb prej shpikjes s\u00eb paras\u00eb para tremij\u00eb vjet\u00ebsh n\u00eb Azin\u00eb e Vog\u00ebl, njer\u00ebzit jan\u00eb munduar q\u00eb t\u00eb shtin\u00eb n\u00eb dor\u00eb sa m\u00eb shum\u00eb prej saj q\u00eb t\u00eb jet\u00eb e mundur dhe n\u00eb \u00e7far\u00ebdo forme q\u00eb ofrohej: kall\u00ebpe ari, guaska deti, pulla argjendi, monedha bakri, copa letre. Paraja asnj\u00ebher\u00eb nuk ka q\u00ebndruar n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtat duar p\u00ebr nj\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb gjat\u00eb, dhe tregimet p\u00ebr vajtjet e ardhjet e paras\u00eb ofrojn\u00eb dram\u00ebn e nevojshme p\u00ebr mitologjin\u00eb dhe let\u00ebrsin\u00eb Per\u00ebndimore. Prapa storieve q\u00ebndron tregimi m\u00eb i r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm i luft\u00ebrave t\u00eb pafundme mes kombeve t\u00eb m\u00ebdha, institucioneve t\u00eb m\u00ebdha, dhe personaliteteve t\u00eb fuqishme, p\u00ebr t\u00eb kontrolluar prodhimin dhe shp\u00ebrndarjen e pasuris\u00eb \u2013 p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktuar p\u00ebrkufizimin e vet paras\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Historia e paras\u00eb p\u00ebrfshin tri transformime revolucionare t\u00eb spikatura: shpikja e monedh\u00ebs, krijimi i kartmonedhave, dhe zhvendosja te valuta elektronike. Gati tremij\u00eb vjet m\u00eb par\u00eb, n\u00eb nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb t\u00eb larg\u00ebt t\u00eb Anadollit, at\u00ebher\u00eb t\u00eb njohur si Lidia, revolucioni i par\u00eb solli monedh\u00ebn. Lidia ishte nj\u00eb vend i vog\u00ebl, t\u00eb cilit i mungonte prodhimi bujq\u00ebsor p\u00ebr t\u00eb ushqyer ushtrit\u00eb masive t\u00eb mbret\u00ebrive t\u00eb m\u00ebdha t\u00eb Mesopotamis\u00eb. Lidian\u00ebt nxirrnin jetes\u00ebn duke shitur Perandoris\u00eb Persiane stoli t\u00eb \u00e7muara dhe artikuj t\u00eb tjer\u00eb luksi. N\u00eb shekullin e shtat\u00eb p.e.s., mbret\u00ebrit tregtar\u00eb t\u00eb Lidias filluan t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorin cop\u00ebza ari dhe argjendi p\u00ebr tregti, dhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb ve\u00e7uar past\u00ebrtin\u00eb e metalit, ata shtyp\u00ebn nj\u00eb vul\u00eb mbi sip\u00ebrfaqen e cop\u00ebzave, dhe gradualisht duke i rrafshuar ato dhe k\u00ebshtu shpik\u00ebn monedhat pa dashje.<\/p>\n

Para monedh\u00ebs, mbret\u00ebrit\u00eb p\u00ebrftonin pushtetin e tyre nga bujq\u00ebsia dhe pushtimet; p\u00ebr t\u00eb qeverisur, pushtuesve nuk iu duhej asgj\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb se nj\u00eb ushtri e fort\u00eb dhe nj\u00eb prift\u00ebri e besueshme. P\u00ebrhapja e monedhave themeloi tregjet dhe krijoi nj\u00eb burim krejt t\u00eb ri t\u00eb energjis\u00eb, q\u00eb u shp\u00ebrnda rreth bot\u00ebs dhe gradualisht shkat\u00ebrroi perandorit\u00eb e m\u00ebdha hara\u00e7marr\u00ebse t\u00eb historis\u00eb. Paraja i mori pushtetin prift\u00ebrinjve dhe ushtrive; ajo kishte aft\u00ebsin\u00eb transformative p\u00ebr t\u00eb kthyer arin n\u00eb demokraci. Me k\u00ebt\u00eb risi komerciale, Lidia u b\u00eb vendi m\u00eb i pasur n\u00eb bot\u00ebn klasike dhe emri i mbretit t\u00eb saj, Kroseut, u b\u00eb sinonim i pasuris\u00eb s\u00eb jasht\u00ebzakonshme.<\/p>\n

Krahasuar me forc\u00ebn fizike t\u00eb ushtris\u00eb dhe me autoritetin shpirt\u00ebror t\u00eb fes\u00eb, paraja ofronte nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb tret\u00eb dhe krejt\u00ebsisht t\u00eb re t\u00eb t\u00eb organizuarit t\u00eb shoq\u00ebris\u00eb. Pa konsiderat\u00eb p\u00ebr grad\u00ebn, klas\u00ebn, a pozit\u00ebn, kushdo q\u00eb kishte monedh\u00ebn e duhur mund t\u00eb blinte nj\u00eb dhi apo nj\u00eb rrep\u00eb, nj\u00eb ibrik ver\u00eb a nj\u00eb shport\u00eb me peshq, nj\u00eb parcel\u00eb toke p\u00ebr nj\u00eb vresht\u00eb a nj\u00eb grusht krip\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb shijuar dark\u00ebn.<\/p>\n

Revolucioni i dyt\u00eb n\u00eb historin\u00eb e paras\u00eb, q\u00eb ndodhi p\u00ebrgjat\u00eb pes\u00eb shekujve prej fillimi t\u00eb Rilindjes deri te Revolucioni Industrial, rezultoi n\u00eb sistemin kapitalist modern. L\u00ebvizja nisi n\u00eb bankat e Italis\u00eb, q\u00eb themeloi valutat e letr\u00ebs t\u00eb cilat banka i l\u00ebshonte p\u00ebr p\u00ebrdorim n\u00eb tregtimet ditore. Duke qen\u00eb m\u00eb fluide sesa paraardh\u00ebsja e saj metalike, kartmonedha p\u00ebrshpejtoi fundin e feudalizmit, eliminoi privilegjet e trash\u00ebgimis\u00eb, dhe zhvendosi pushtetin ekonomik prej pron\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb tok\u00ebs te aksionet, kontratat dhe koorporatat. Risit\u00eb financiare promovuan ngritjen e familjeve tregtare dhe bankare; nj\u00eb prej tyre familja Medici, solli nj\u00eb rend t\u00eb ri shoq\u00ebror ku zgjuarsia n\u00eb biznes tejkalonte trim\u00ebrin\u00eb n\u00eb fush\u00ebbetej\u00eb apo lavdin\u00eb e nj\u00eb emri fisnik. Nj\u00eb riaranzhim i till\u00eb solli ekspresivitetin artistik, arkitekturor, dhe letrar p\u00ebr t\u00eb cilin mbahet mend m\u00eb s\u00eb miri Rilindja, sesa p\u00ebr gjenialitetin e saj komercial.<\/p>\n

Udh\u00ebtimet e Christopher Columbus p\u00ebr n\u00eb Bot\u00ebn e Re dhe Vasco de Gamas p\u00ebr n\u00eb Indi, inauguruan epok\u00ebn tregtrare t\u00eb komercit nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar. P\u00ebr her\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb n\u00eb histori, anijet i binin kryq e t\u00ebrthor deteve dhe ndaleshin n\u00eb portet e gati \u00e7do kontinenti n\u00eb rrjetin global t\u00eb tregtis\u00eb. Brenda dy shekujsh, udh\u00ebt u b\u00ebn\u00eb t\u00eb njohura, dhe shum\u00eb garues luftonin q\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebr\u00e7onin er\u00ebzat dhe m\u00ebndafshin nga Azia dhe Evropa, skllev\u00ebrrit nga Afrika, dhe argjendin e sheqerin nga Amerika. Kontrolli i tregtis\u00eb kaloi nga Portugalia e Spanja te Anglia, Hollanda dhe kombet e tjera europiane. Por n\u00eb pjes\u00ebn e dyt\u00eb t\u00eb shekullit t\u00eb tet\u00ebmb\u00ebdhjet\u00eb, nj\u00eb rrug\u00eb e re drejt pasuris\u00eb u hap p\u00ebrmes prodhimit industrial n\u00eb Angli.<\/p>\n

B\u00ebrja e paras\u00eb kaloi nga tregtar\u00ebt te industrialist\u00ebt, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt t\u00eb par\u00ebt p\u00ebrpunuan tekstilin dhe vazhduan shpejt drejt \u00e7elikut dhe metaleve t\u00eb tjera. Si\u00e7 qe v\u00ebn\u00eb re nga Karl Marx, kritiku m\u00eb i spikatur i kapitalizmit industrial, pushteti dhe pasuria ishin n\u00eb duart e atyre t\u00eb cil\u00ebt kontrollonin \u201cmjetet e prodhimit\u201d \u2013 pronar\u00ebve t\u00eb fabrikave. Ky rregullim vazhdoi deri n\u00eb shekullin e nj\u00ebzetenj\u00ebt\u00eb, me prodhimin q\u00eb koncentrohej n\u00eb t\u00eb mirat e konsumit sikurse edhe n\u00eb armatimet p\u00ebr luft\u00ebrat q\u00eb mbizot\u00ebronin n\u00eb at\u00eb periudh\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Vendet e industrializuara t\u00eb Europ\u00ebs nuk mund\u00ebn t\u00eb mbanin monopolin mbi prodhimin, i cili migroi n\u00eb Amerik\u00ebn Veriore. N\u00eb fund t\u00eb shekullit, Brazili dhe India mund t\u00eb mbiprodhonin pushtuesit e tyre t\u00eb m\u00ebhersh\u00ebm kolonial\u00eb, p\u00ebrderisa kompjuter\u00ebt dhe tekstili mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrpunoheshin shum\u00eb m\u00eb lir\u00eb n\u00eb Malajzi, Meksik\u00eb, dhe Kin\u00eb sesa n\u00eb Gjermani dhe n\u00eb Shtetet \u00a0Bashkuara.<\/p>\n

Ndryshimi m\u00eb dramatik ka qen\u00eb transformimi i koh\u00ebs s\u00eb fundit i valut\u00ebs. Duke filluar q\u00eb n\u00eb shekullin e nj\u00ebzet\u00eb, valutat e fuqive koloniale \u2013 e vetmja para q\u00eb vlente di\u00e7ka \u2013 qen\u00eb t\u00eb lidhura me arin. N\u00eb fund t\u00eb shekullit, kishte gati dyqind valuta komb\u00ebtare, q\u00eb prej t\u00eb kudondodhshmit dollar amerikan, deri te valutat lokale, t\u00eb cilat nuk kishin qarkullim jasht\u00eb zon\u00ebs s\u00eb kontrolluar prej qeverive t\u00eb tyre komb\u00ebtare.<\/p>\n

M\u00eb 16 maj 1972, \u201cpusi i parave\u201d i \u00c7ikagos u hap si tregu i par\u00eb i vler\u00ebs s\u00eb valut\u00ebs n\u00eb t\u00eb ardhmen. Me ndihm\u00ebn e kompjuter\u00ebve dhe satelit\u00ebve, paraja qarkullonte rreth bot\u00ebs me nj\u00eb shpejt\u00ebsi t\u00eb madhe, me energjin\u00eb e saj prometeane t\u00eb \u00e7liruar plot\u00ebsisht dhe p\u00ebrfundimisht. Furnizimi i paras\u00eb n\u00eb dollar, i matur n\u00eb valut\u00eb t\u00eb shtypur, dhe depozitat bankare u rrit\u00ebn nga rreth 750 miliard\u00eb dollar\u00eb m\u00eb 1972 n\u00eb dhjet\u00ebfish m\u00eb shum\u00eb \u2013 7.5 bilion\u00eb \u2013 n\u00eb 2007. Tregu m\u00eb i madh n\u00eb bot\u00eb, shk\u00ebmbimi valutor ka qarkullim prej m\u00eb shum\u00eb se 3 bilion\u00eb dollar\u00eb \u2013 m\u00eb shum\u00eb sesa e t\u00ebr\u00eb GDP-ja e Kin\u00ebs p\u00ebr nj\u00eb vit. Nj\u00eb qend\u00ebr e vetme tregtare si qyteti i Londr\u00ebs mbik\u00ebqyr tregtin\u00eb e valut\u00ebs me nj\u00eb vler\u00eb totale vjetore q\u00eb tejkalon GDP-n\u00eb komb\u00ebtare t\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb bot\u00ebs s\u00eb bashku.<\/p>\n

Volumi i transaksioneve, i matur n\u00eb biliona \u00ebsht\u00eb v\u00ebshtir\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb konceptualizohet. Po t\u00eb konvertohet n\u00eb kartmonedha nj\u00ebdollar\u00ebshe, nj\u00eb shum\u00eb prej 3 bilion\u00eb dollar\u00ebsh do t\u00eb peshonte m\u00eb shum\u00eb sesa nj\u00eb flot\u00eb prej shtat\u00ebdhjetenj\u00eb anijesh \u00e7eliku, ku secila prej tyre ka pesh\u00ebn e nj\u00ebjt\u00eb me at\u00eb t\u00eb\u00a0Titanikut.<\/em>\u00a0Por, paras\u00eb s\u00eb re nuk i duhet nj\u00eb flot\u00eb anijesh p\u00ebr ta transportuar p\u00ebrreth bot\u00ebs. Ajo udh\u00ebton me shpejt\u00ebsin\u00eb e drit\u00ebs n\u00eb form\u00ebn e impulseve elektronike; dollar\u00ebt rrjedhin nga Singapuri n\u00eb Cyrih, jeni v\u00ebrshon bank\u00ebn qendrore t\u00eb Kongos dhe randet afrikanojugore b\u00ebhen dollar\u00eb kanadez\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Tregu i valutave dallon prej t\u00eb gjith\u00eb t\u00eb tjer\u00ebve n\u00eb nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb edhe m\u00eb themelore. N\u00eb tregjet e tjera, tregtar\u00ebt shk\u00ebmbejn\u00eb t\u00eb mirat p\u00ebr para; nd\u00ebrkaq n\u00eb tregun e valutave, tregtar\u00ebt shk\u00ebmbejn\u00eb paran\u00eb e nj\u00eb vendi p\u00ebr paran\u00eb e nj\u00eb vendi tjet\u00ebr, pa p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb t\u00eb tjera t\u00eb mira n\u00eb transaksion. Ata nuk kan\u00eb nevoj\u00eb q\u00eb ta diskutojn\u00eb metrik\u00ebn kundrejt mat\u00ebsve amerikan\u00eb, voltazhin e preferuar, apo linjat e distribucionit; atyre u duhet vet\u00ebm t\u00eb b\u00ebjn\u00eb pazar p\u00ebr \u00e7mimin. E vetmja sasi \u00ebsht\u00eb paraja. Pa nevoj\u00ebn p\u00ebr t\u00eb mbjella dhe t\u00eb korra apo p\u00ebr p\u00ebrpunimin dhe distribucionin e t\u00eb mirave, tregu i valut\u00ebs nuk ka vonesa; transaksionet e tij jan\u00eb t\u00eb menj\u00ebhershme dhe elektronike, shk\u00ebmbimi m\u00eb i kulluar q\u00eb ekziston.<\/p>\n

Me valutat q\u00eb luhaten n\u00eb tregun e hapur t\u00eb integruar nga kompjuter\u00ebt dhe satelit\u00ebt, asnj\u00eb qendre t\u00eb vetme nuk i duhet q\u00eb t\u00eb dominoj\u00eb tregun n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00ebn q\u00eb disa qendra madhore dominojn\u00eb shk\u00ebmbimin e aksioneve (berz\u00ebn), mallin, dhe sigurimet. Sot, informacioni nga bota financiare mund t\u00eb arrij\u00eb biznismenin gjerman n\u00eb Singapur, n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtin moment q\u00eb mb\u00ebrrin te nj\u00eb agjent francez berze q\u00eb po b\u00ebn pushimet n\u00eb nj\u00eb anije n\u00eb Karaibe, apo nj\u00eb miliarder ekscentrik n\u00eb Australi. N\u00eb cilindo sekond\u00eb t\u00eb dit\u00ebs, mij\u00ebra tregtar\u00eb rrin\u00eb t\u00eb gatsh\u00ebm p\u00ebr t\u00eb reaguar, e madje edhe m\u00eb shum\u00eb kompjuter\u00eb jan\u00eb t\u00eb gatsh\u00ebm t\u00eb blejn\u00eb e t\u00eb shesin n\u00eb momentin q\u00eb numrat i p\u00ebrshtaten algoritmit t\u00eb programuar statistikisht. Vendimet virtualisht t\u00eb nj\u00ebkohshme t\u00eb njer\u00ebzve n\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb bot\u00ebn gjenerojn\u00eb furnizim t\u00eb madh t\u00eb paras\u00eb q\u00eb vibron si nj\u00eb tuf\u00eb e gjall\u00eb zogjsh q\u00eb mund t\u00eb fluturoj\u00eb \u00e7do moment, ku t\u00eb gjith\u00eb nisen n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtin drejtim dhe jan\u00eb t\u00eb aft\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb nd\u00ebrrojn\u00eb kursin pa pritur e pa kujtuar, duke zbarkuar sa k\u00ebtu sa atje, para se t\u00eb ikin drejt nj\u00eb mo\u00e7ali a fushe n\u00eb an\u00ebn tjet\u00ebr t\u00eb bot\u00ebs.<\/p>\n

Mentaliteti i tuf\u00ebs i tregtar\u00ebve [agjent\u00ebve] e rrit mas\u00ebn dhe fuqin\u00eb e korpusit lundrues t\u00eb paras\u00eb q\u00eb qarkullon bot\u00ebn. Pesha m\u00eb e madhe e energjis\u00eb e zmadhon r\u00ebnd\u00ebsin\u00eb e \u00e7do l\u00ebvizjeje q\u00eb b\u00ebn tregu. T\u00eb paaft\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u2019i marr\u00eb gj\u00ebrat me karar, tregtar\u00ebt i sh\u00ebmb\u00ebllejn\u00eb nj\u00eb tufe antilopash t\u00eb frik\u00ebsuara. Nj\u00eb alarm i shkurt\u00ebr papritmas b\u00ebhet rr\u00ebmuj\u00eb e madhe, nga dollari te franga zviceriane e te euro. P\u00ebrderisa disponimet e pakuptueshme, intuitat, dhe paragjykimet shpesh nxisin k\u00ebto l\u00ebvizje t\u00eb shpejta t\u00eb valut\u00ebs, ndryshimet n\u00eb treg pasqyrojn\u00eb poashtu besimin q\u00eb investitor\u00ebt kan\u00eb te udh\u00ebheq\u00ebsit e nj\u00eb vendi n\u00eb nj\u00eb moment t\u00eb caktuar. Ata besuan q\u00eb Ronald Regani do t\u00eb vepronte n\u00eb nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb caktuar, dhe p\u00ebr pasoj\u00eb, dollari tregtohej n\u00eb nivele me t\u00eb larga gjat\u00eb mandatit t\u00eb tij sesa \u00e7\u2019do t\u00eb rekomandonin p\u00ebrndryshe t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat objektive. Investitor\u00ebve nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar\u00eb u mungonte ai lloj i vet\u00ebbesimit gjat\u00eb qeverive t\u00eb Clintonit dhe Bushit, duke b\u00ebr\u00eb q\u00eb dollari t\u00eb bie, duke rezultuar n\u00eb nj\u00eb ngritje t\u00eb konsiderueshme n\u00eb vler\u00ebn e artikujve si ari dhe nafta. P\u00ebrderisa tregu i hipotekave t\u00eb k\u00ebqija \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u2019u faj\u00ebsuar p\u00ebr shum\u00eb prej mjerimeve t\u00eb sotme ekonomike, problemet me pasurit\u00eb e paluajtshme p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsojn\u00eb nj\u00eb erozion m\u00eb t\u00eb madh e m\u00eb global t\u00eb besimit n\u00eb dollarin amerikan.<\/p>\n

Tregu i paduksh\u00ebm ku dollar\u00ebt ngrihen dhe bien nuk hapet e as mbyllet kurr\u00eb; ai thjesht dhe verb\u00ebrisht pulson. Ai nuk dallon se a \u00ebsht\u00eb nat\u00eb a dit\u00eb, nuk b\u00ebn asnj\u00ebher\u00eb pushim as pauz\u00eb. Kur bankat mbyll\u00ebn n\u00eb Sidni gjat\u00eb nat\u00ebs, zyrat jan\u00eb duke u hapur n\u00eb Mumbai. Kur sht\u00ebpit\u00eb tregtare mbyllen p\u00ebr festa komb\u00ebtare n\u00eb Shangai, zyrat n\u00eb Lond\u00ebr dhe Nju Jork vazhdojn\u00eb t\u00eb zukatin e t\u00eb gum\u00ebzhijn\u00eb. Pas tridhjet\u00eb shekujsh n\u00eb pal\u00ebvizshm\u00ebrin\u00eb e monedhave t\u00eb metalit dhe kartmonedhave, paraja \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrfundimisht e lir\u00eb.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb faz\u00ebn e tret\u00eb n\u00eb historin\u00eb e paras\u00eb, valuta nuk ka as form\u00eb as figur\u00eb. L\u00ebvizja e saj elektronike zot\u00ebron m\u00eb shum\u00eb pushtet se bankat m\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdha ose koorporatat. Sa m\u00eb shum\u00eb q\u00eb tregtohet valuta, aq ma pak kontroll ka cilado qeveri e vetme mbi t\u00eb. Departamenti amerikan i thesarit dhe Rezervat Federale kan\u00eb relativisht pak ndikim mbi vler\u00ebn e dollarit krahasuar me kontrollin e qeveris\u00eb tajlandeze mbi bahtin.<\/p>\n

Financier\u00ebt, jo qeverit\u00eb e vendeve, udh\u00ebheqin me tregjet e sotme globale. Kjo klas\u00eb e re e njer\u00ebzve t\u00eb paras\u00eb kontrollon shuma marramend\u00ebse t\u00eb valut\u00ebs p\u00ebrmes sht\u00ebpive t\u00eb brokerimit [brokerage houses], bankave, planeve pensionale, dhe agjencive t\u00eb sigurimit. Ndryshe nga paraardh\u00ebsit e tyre, ata nuk l\u00ebvizin er\u00ebza, m\u00ebndafsh, apo skllev\u00ebr p\u00ebrreth bot\u00ebs, e as nuk menaxhojn\u00eb prodhimin e raketave, DVD-ve, apo mikroval\u00ebve. Ata rregullojn\u00eb rrjedh\u00ebn e paras\u00eb ose, th\u00ebn\u00eb m\u00eb sakt\u00eb, p\u00ebrkufizojn\u00eb\u00a0form\u00ebn<\/em>\u00a0e paras\u00eb. T\u00eb \u00e7liruar prej zinxhir\u00ebve t\u00eb metalit dhe t\u00eb letr\u00ebs, \u00a0k\u00ebta financier\u00eb l\u00ebvizin paran\u00eb prej nj\u00eb valut\u00eb komb\u00ebtare n\u00eb tjetr\u00ebn, prej aksioneve te letrat me vler\u00eb, prej hipotekave te fondet e p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebta.<\/p>\n

Q\u00eb prej paraqitjes s\u00eb par\u00eb n\u00eb historin\u00eb bot\u00ebrore, paraja ka fark\u00ebtuar institucione dhe m\u00ebnyra t\u00eb reja t\u00eb jetes\u00ebs duke brejtur sistemet e m\u00ebhershme. Ajo \u00ebsht\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb variabla p\u00ebrcaktuese, jo vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr marr\u00ebdh\u00ebniet komerciale, por p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjitha llojet e marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnieve, q\u00eb prej atyre fetare dhe politike te ato seksuale dhe familjare. \u00c7do risi teknologjike n\u00eb valut\u00eb, q\u00eb prej shpikjes s\u00eb monedhave n\u00eb Lidia para tremij\u00eb vjet\u00ebsh te trup\u00ebzimi i saj i tash\u00ebm n\u00eb shk\u00ebndija t\u00eb drit\u00ebs elektronike, ka zgjeruar edhe m\u00eb tej rolin e paras\u00eb n\u00eb jet\u00ebt tona.<\/p>\n

Historia ka treguar q\u00eb as qeverit\u00eb e as tregu nuk jan\u00eb t\u00eb zot\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb rregullojn\u00eb paran\u00eb. Q\u00eb prej Neros te George W. Bush, zyrtar\u00ebt qeveritar\u00eb dhe financier\u00ebt jan\u00eb p\u00ebrpjekur t\u00eb kontrollojn\u00eb paran\u00eb p\u00ebr p\u00ebrfitimet e tyre afatshkurta. Perandor\u00ebt romak\u00eb n\u00eb shekullin e tret\u00eb reduktuan p\u00ebrmbajtjen e argjendit n\u00eb monedha p\u00ebr t\u00eb paguar koston e ushtris\u00eb dhe burokracis\u00eb n\u00eb rritje; bankier\u00ebt francez\u00eb n\u00eb shekullin XVIII l\u00ebshuan kartmonedha dhe aksione pa vler\u00eb te publiku q\u00eb nuk dyshonte asgj\u00eb, n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrkrahte nj\u00eb monarki t\u00eb d\u00ebshtuar. Sistemet e reja financiare fillimisht p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsojn\u00eb situat\u00ebn ekonomike, por eventualisht \u2013 kur intoksikimi zvenitet dhe vjen koha e faturave \u2013 realiteti kthehet dhe sht\u00ebpia prej letre shembet.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb ekonomin\u00eb globale q\u00eb ende po shfaqet, fuqia e paras\u00eb do t\u00eb z\u00ebr\u00eb vendin e cilitdo komb, kombinimi kombesh, \u00a0dhe organizate nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare q\u00eb ekziston tash. Elitat financiare t\u00eb sapongritura nuk i raportojn\u00eb askujt e as kan\u00eb besnik\u00ebri ndaj nj\u00eb vendi t\u00eb posa\u00e7\u00ebm, dhe revolucioni i tret\u00eb n\u00eb historin\u00eb e paras\u00eb k\u00ebrc\u00ebnon q\u00eb t\u00eb g\u00ebrryej\u00eb vlerat e lidhjeve familjare, religjionit, profesionit dhe qytetaris\u00eb si komponente p\u00ebrcaktuese t\u00eb jet\u00ebs civile dhe shoq\u00ebrore. Po aq af\u00ebr sa nj\u00eb kart\u00eb krediti, nj\u00eb telefon, a nj\u00eb kompjuter, reja kapri\u00e7oze e paras\u00eb mund t\u00eb duket si larg e p\u00ebrtej kontrollit ton\u00eb. Si nj\u00eb koncentrim jomaterial i d\u00ebshirave, frik\u00ebrave dhe besimeve m\u00eb themelore t\u00eb njer\u00ebzimit, paraja del p\u00ebr nj\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb shkurt\u00ebr n\u00eb sip\u00ebrfaqe si nj\u00eb sekuenc\u00eb numrash n\u00eb ekranin e kompjuterit para se t\u00eb avullohet s\u00ebrish n\u00eb ajrin prej t\u00eb cilit b\u00ebhen \u00ebnd\u00ebrrat.<\/p>\n

______<\/p>\n

Jack Weatherford \u00ebsht\u00eb ish profesor i Antropologjis\u00eb n\u00eb Macalester College dhe autor i disa librave, si Rr\u00ebnj\u00ebt Am\u00ebtare: Si e pasuruan Indian\u00ebt Amerik\u00ebn [Native Roots: How the Indians Enriched America], Historia e Paras\u00eb [The History of Money], dhe Xhingis Hani dhe B\u00ebrja e Bot\u00ebs Moderne [Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World].<\/em><\/p>\n

Artikulli origjinal n\u00eb\u00a0Lapham\u2019s Quarterly<\/a><\/p>\n

P\u00ebrtheu: Bardhi Bakija<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Q\u00eb nga shpikja e monedh\u00ebs deri n\u00eb dit\u00ebt e sotme, \u00c7do risi teknologjike n\u00eb valut\u00eb e ka zgjeruar edhe m\u00eb tej rolin e paras\u00eb n\u00eb jet\u00ebt tona. Homo oeconomicus nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb pas nesh, por para nesh. Marcel Mauss Homo oeconomicus nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb pas nesh, por para nesh. Marcel Mauss Paraja \u00ebsht\u00eb si zjarri, e dyta […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":112,"featured_media":10445,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[1366,1872,1873],"ppma_author":[132],"class_list":["post-4017","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-ekonomia","tag-monedha","tag-parate"],"authors":[{"term_id":132,"user_id":112,"is_guest":0,"slug":"jack-veatherford","display_name":"Jack Weatherford","avatar_url":{"url":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/download-4-5.jpg","url2x":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/download-4-5.jpg"},"user_url":"","last_name":"Weatherford","first_name":"Jack","description":""}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4017","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/112"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4017"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4017\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10446,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4017\/revisions\/10446"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/10445"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4017"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4017"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4017"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ppma_author?post=4017"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}