{"id":4105,"date":"2017-09-08T12:06:09","date_gmt":"2017-09-08T10:06:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/?p=4105"},"modified":"2024-11-14T12:08:06","modified_gmt":"2024-11-14T10:08:06","slug":"si-te-crrenjoset-klientelizmi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/analize\/si-te-crrenjoset-klientelizmi\/","title":{"rendered":"Si t\u00eb \u00e7rr\u00ebnjoset klientelizmi"},"content":{"rendered":"
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N\u00eb Kosov\u00eb po e shijojm\u00eb \u00e7do dit\u00eb realitetin e hidhur me shifra papun\u00ebsie marramend\u00ebse, gatishm\u00ebrin\u00eb e madhe p\u00ebr migrim jasht\u00eb vendit t\u00eb t\u00eb rinj\u00ebve shkaku i munges\u00ebs s\u00eb ndonj\u00eb perspektive t\u00eb denj\u00eb, katrahur\u00ebn n\u00eb sistemin arsimor dhe sh\u00ebndet\u00ebsor dhe bllokadat e vazhdueshme politike. P\u00ebrditshm\u00ebria, par\u00eb nga ky k\u00ebndv\u00ebshtrim, \u00ebsht\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb nj\u00eb barr\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00eb, nj\u00eb kafshat\u00eb e pakap\u00ebrdijshme, nj\u00eb mjerim migjenian. Rrug\u00ebn e rezistenc\u00ebs dhe luft\u00ebs p\u00ebr liri dhe pavar\u00ebsi e p\u00ebrshkuam p\u00ebr t\u00eb ikur nga mjerimi, por kaluam nga nj\u00eb lloj mjerimi n\u00eb tjetrin. Mjerimi i pasluft\u00ebs dhemb m\u00eb shum\u00eb, sepse jan\u00eb njer\u00ebzit tan\u00eb, ata q\u00eb po na e shkaktojn\u00eb. Dhe kjo vet\u00ebm e vet\u00ebm q\u00eb t\u00eb mbesin n\u00eb pushtet dhe t\u00eb shijojn\u00eb privilegjet q\u00eb kishin siguruar p\u00ebr vete dhe t\u00eb af\u00ebrmit e tyre q\u00eb prej koh\u00ebs s\u00eb paraluft\u00ebs e deri m\u00eb sot.<\/p>\n

T\u00eb heq\u00ebsh dor\u00eb nga privilegjet dhe pushteti nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e leht\u00eb. P\u00ebr partit\u00eb politike kjo edhe mund t\u00eb \u00e7oj\u00eb n\u00eb zhb\u00ebrjen e tyre, sepse vet\u00ebm pushteti q\u00eb ato kan\u00eb ju mund\u00ebson t\u00eb ken\u00eb qasje n\u00eb burime shtet\u00ebrore dhe t\u2019i shp\u00ebrndajn\u00eb ato asisoji q\u00eb p\u00ebrfitues t\u00eb jen\u00eb p\u00ebrkrah\u00ebsit e tyre, gj\u00eb q\u00eb partis\u00eb i siguron mbijetes\u00ebn politike dhe riprodhimin e vetvetes. Shp\u00ebrndarja e burimeve (vende t\u00eb pun\u00ebs n\u00eb administrat\u00eb dhe nd\u00ebrmarrje publike, qasje n\u00eb kontrata prokurimi, leht\u00ebsime n\u00eb taksa si dhe n\u00eb procese gjyq\u00ebsore etj.) p\u00ebr nj\u00eb rreth t\u00eb ngusht\u00eb njer\u00ebzish t\u00eb af\u00ebrt me partin\u00eb, quhet klienteliz\u00ebm.<\/p>\n

Termi klienteliz\u00ebm p\u00ebrshkruan nj\u00eb marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnie afatgjat\u00eb, personale dhe asimetrike mes dy akter\u00ebve (patronit dhe klientit) n\u00eb sfer\u00ebn publike, q\u00ebllim i s\u00eb cil\u00ebs \u00ebsht\u00eb shk\u00ebmbimi reciprok i burimeve. N\u00eb literatur\u00eb, koncepti klienteliz\u00ebm p\u00ebrdoret shpeshher\u00eb n\u00eb lidhje t\u00eb ngusht\u00eb me konceptet tjera si patronazhi dhe korrupsioni, gj\u00eb q\u00eb ka d\u00ebmtuar qart\u00ebsin\u00eb konceptuale t\u00eb tij. Klientelizmi politik p\u00ebrshkruan ofrimin e favoreve, sh\u00ebrbimeve dhe mallrave nga ana e personave udh\u00ebheq\u00ebs t\u00eb partive politike n\u00eb shk\u00ebmbim t\u00eb p\u00ebrkrahjes politike ose lojalitetit. K\u00ebsisoj, klientelizmi politik \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb form\u00eb e korrupsionit. Korrupsioni, s\u00eb k\u00ebndejmi \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrfitimi i nj\u00eb p\u00ebrpar\u00ebsie (materiale apo jo-materiale) t\u00eb nj\u00eb pale p\u00ebrmes keqp\u00ebrdorimit t\u00eb detyr\u00ebs s\u00eb pal\u00ebs n\u00eb pozit\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb politike, ekonomike etj. N\u00ebse marrim sigurimin e nj\u00eb vendi t\u00eb pun\u00ebs si ilustrim, at\u00ebher\u00eb klienti (qytetari) e shet vot\u00ebn e tij (p\u00ebrkrahjen politike) p\u00ebr nj\u00eb vend pune t\u00eb ofruar nga patroni (personi zyrtar). Ky proces ka t\u00eb b\u00ebj\u00eb me keqp\u00ebrdorim t\u00eb detyr\u00ebs zyrtare dhe prandaj mund t\u00eb definohet si korrupsion. Prandaj, p\u00ebr hir t\u00eb qart\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb koncepteve, un\u00eb k\u00ebtu procesin e keqp\u00ebrdorimit t\u00eb detyr\u00ebs zyrtare p\u00ebr interesa t\u00eb p\u00ebrfitimit t\u00eb partis\u00eb e quaj korrupsion, nd\u00ebrsa akter\u00ebt jan\u00eb klienti, respektivisht patroni, var\u00ebsisht nga cila perspektiv\u00eb v\u00ebshtrohet ky fenomen. Klientelizmi dhe patronazhi p\u00ebrshkruajn\u00eb pra t\u00eb njejtin fenomen, vet\u00ebm perspektiva ndryshon, pra jan\u00eb dy an\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00eb medaljeje.<\/p>\n

Nj\u00eb thyerje e qarkut vicioz t\u00eb klientelizmit nuk do t\u00eb jet\u00eb as i leht\u00eb as i shpejt\u00eb. Megjithat\u00eb, ekzistojn\u00eb mund\u00ebsi reale q\u00eb kjo t\u00eb ndodh\u00eb. S\u00eb pari, partner\u00ebt nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar\u00eb duhet t\u00eb ndryshojn\u00eb qasjen e tyre n\u00eb raport me sken\u00ebn aktuale si dhe t\u00eb ndihmojn\u00eb n\u00eb reformimin e sistemit gjyq\u00ebsor n\u00eb Kosov\u00eb. Faktori i dyt\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb vet\u00eb vota e qytetar\u00ebve, e cila n\u00eb t\u00eb ardhmen duhet t\u00eb p\u00ebrkrah\u00eb alternativat e reja me program politik, t\u00eb cilat jan\u00eb jasht\u00eb struktur\u00ebs klienteliste t\u00eb deritashme. Faktori tjet\u00ebr q\u00eb mund t\u00eb ndikoj\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb ngritja e vazhdueshme e cil\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb arsimit, e cila do t\u00eb p\u00ebrforconte procesin e vet\u00ebdijesimit politik q\u00eb qytetar\u00ebve.<\/p>\n

Roli i partner\u00ebve nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar\u00eb<\/strong><\/p>\n

P\u00ebrkund\u00ebr faktit se\u00a0institucionet kosovare ishin n\u00ebn mbik\u00ebqyrje t\u00eb UNMIK-ut,<\/a>\u00a0dhe pas shpalljes s\u00eb pavar\u00ebsis\u00eb n\u00ebn mbik\u00ebqyrje t\u00eb ICO-s\u00eb, sistemi klientelist vazhdoi t\u00eb forcohej. Edhe vet\u00eb akter\u00ebt nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar\u00eb, shpesh pa vet\u00ebdije, jan\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb pjes\u00eb e jet\u00ebzgjatjes s\u00eb strukturave klienteliste, sepse partit\u00eb klienteliste p\u00ebrmes marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnieve q\u00eb kishin me akter\u00ebt nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar\u00eb kishin mund\u00ebsin\u00eb t\u00eb avokojn\u00eb p\u00ebr ligje, politika apo projekte, p\u00ebrfitues t\u00eb t\u00eb cilave ishin kryesisht vet\u00eb partit\u00eb e tyre politike dhe klientela p\u00ebrkat\u00ebse. Prandaj, qasja nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare ndaj Kosov\u00ebs duhet t\u00eb ndryshoj\u00eb asisoji q\u00eb t\u00eb mund\u00ebsohet nj\u00eb dalje nga stagnacioni shoq\u00ebror aktual, duke qen\u00eb t\u00eb hapur ndaj alternativave t\u00eb reja n\u00eb sken\u00ebn politike dhe t\u00eb gatsh\u00ebm t\u00eb nd\u00ebrhyjn\u00eb n\u00eb zinxhirin klientelist t\u00eb nd\u00ebrtuar nga partit\u00eb e m\u00ebparshme. P\u00ebr t\u00eb nd\u00ebrprer\u00eb zinxhirin klientelist nevojitet ngritja e integritetit dhe performanc\u00ebs s\u00eb sistemit gjyq\u00ebsor n\u00eb Kosov\u00eb. Nj\u00eb nga favoret e ofruara nga partit\u00eb p\u00ebr klientel\u00ebn e tyre \u00ebsht\u00eb marrja n\u00eb mbrojtje nga pasojat ligjore t\u00eb veprimeve t\u00eb tyre penale p\u00ebrmes neutralizimit t\u00eb sistemit gjyq\u00ebsor shkaku i marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnieve informale mes politik\u00ebs dhe gjyq\u00ebsorit. Po flasim pra k\u00ebtu p\u00ebr korrupsion dhe klienteliz\u00ebm n\u00eb sistemin gjyq\u00ebsor, i cili p\u00ebrmes organeve t\u00eb tij do t\u00eb duhej t\u00eb luftonte k\u00ebto dukuri negative, por p\u00ebrkundrazi \u00ebsht\u00eb vet\u00eb pjes\u00eb garantuese e jet\u00ebgjat\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb korrupsionit dhe klientelizmit. P\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb arsye partner\u00ebt nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar\u00eb duhet t\u00eb p\u00ebrq\u00ebndrohen dhe t\u00eb investojn\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb n\u00eb reformimin e gjyq\u00ebsorit n\u00eb Kosov\u00eb.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebrkrahja e partive programore<\/strong><\/p>\n

Partit\u00eb politike duhet t\u00eb kujdesen t\u00eb ken\u00eb p\u00ebrkrahje politike, sepse vet\u00ebm ashtu mbijetojn\u00eb. P\u00ebr t\u00eb qen\u00eb atraktive p\u00ebr qytetar\u00ebt, ato duhet t\u00eb ofrojn\u00eb arsye pse duhen p\u00ebrkrahur. Megjith\u00ebse arsyet p\u00ebr p\u00ebrkrahjen e nj\u00eb partie mund t\u00eb jen\u00eb nga m\u00eb t\u00eb ndryshmet, ato mund t\u00eb kategorizohen n\u00eb dy lloje, n\u00ebse si pik\u00ebnisje marrim motive racionale. Sipas Simona Piattonit (2001) \u201earsyeja e llojit t\u00eb par\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrfitimi individual si\u00e7 jan\u00eb mund\u00ebsit\u00eb p\u00ebr karrier\u00eb, qasja n\u00eb sh\u00ebrbime dhe fonde apo favore tjera, t\u00eb cilat sistemi administrativ mund t\u00eb siguroj\u00eb p\u00ebr an\u00ebtar\u00ebt e partis\u00eb politike. Arsyeja tjet\u00ebr \u00ebsht\u00eb funksioni i programit partiak, pra shp\u00ebrblimi q\u00eb merret n\u00ebse angazhohesh p\u00ebr nj\u00eb kauz\u00eb\u201c. Pra, qytetar\u00ebt mund t\u00eb fillojn\u00eb t\u00eb nd\u00ebshkojn\u00eb partit\u00eb klienteliste, duke p\u00ebrkrahur partit\u00eb programore dhe k\u00ebshtu t\u00eb b\u00ebhen faktor\u00eb p\u00ebr p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsimin e jet\u00ebs s\u00eb tyre. N\u00ebse vota jepet vet\u00ebm n\u00eb shk\u00ebmbim t\u00eb p\u00ebrfitimit afatshkurt\u00eb klientelist, partit\u00eb politike n\u00eb pushtet zakonisht e shp\u00ebrfillin opinionin e qytetar\u00ebve gjat\u00eb vendimmarrjeve, t\u00eb cilat nuk kan\u00eb t\u00eb b\u00ebjn\u00eb me shp\u00ebrndarjen e burimeve gjat\u00eb tregtis\u00eb s\u00eb vot\u00ebs.\u00a0Prandaj klientelizmi e leht\u00ebson sundimin autoritar.<\/a>\u00a0Kjo mund t\u00eb shkaktoje protest\u00eb nga ana e votuesve, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt fillojn\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrkrahin alternativa t\u00eb reja politike, t\u00eb cilat ofrojn\u00eb nj\u00eb program politik.<\/p>\n

Partit\u00eb politike me funksionim klientelist e kan\u00eb gati t\u00eb pamundur t\u00eb funksionojn\u00eb n\u00eb baz\u00eb t\u00eb ndonj\u00eb programi. Ato jan\u00eb jo-programore, meq\u00eb edhe jan\u00eb jo-parimore. Q\u00ebllim i tyre final dhe i vet\u00ebm \u00ebsht\u00eb mbijetesa e partis\u00eb politike dhe sigurimi i privilegjeve p\u00ebr veten dhe klientel\u00ebn e tyre. Prandaj n\u00eb Kosov\u00eb dhe gjetiu ku lul\u00ebzon klientelizmi, administrata shtet\u00ebrore jo vet\u00ebm q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e fryr\u00eb, por edhe ekziston nj\u00eb\u00a0rezistenc\u00eb e vet\u00a0kast\u00ebs politike ndaj reformave n\u00eb sektorin publik<\/a>, sepse partit\u00eb klienteliste nuk kan\u00eb tjet\u00ebr p\u00ebr t\u00eb ofruar p\u00ebrpos favoreve klienteliste. Nd\u00ebrsa partit\u00eb programore mund t\u00eb arrijn\u00eb nj\u00eb num\u00ebr m\u00eb t\u00eb madh t\u00eb elektoratit me premtimet e tyre programore dhe rrjedhimisht jan\u00eb m\u00eb pak t\u00eb varura nga pun\u00ebsimi n\u00eb sektorin publik. Prandaj nj\u00eb nga m\u00ebnyrat si t\u00eb \u00e7rr\u00ebnjosim sistemin klientelist n\u00eb Kosov\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb pik\u00ebrisht p\u00ebrmes p\u00ebrkrahjes s\u00eb partive me nj\u00eb program dhe profil t\u00eb qart\u00eb politik.<\/p>\n

Cil\u00ebsia e arsimit dhe edukimi politik<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nj\u00eb zhvillim pozitiv, por i cili k\u00ebrkon shtytje t\u00eb vazhdueshme shkaku i r\u00ebnd\u00ebsis\u00eb vitale t\u00eb tij, \u00ebsht\u00eb arsimimi i gjeneratave t\u00eb reja, ndikimi i t\u00eb cilit ka rezultuar n\u00eb vet\u00ebdijesimin n\u00eb ngritje t\u00eb shoq\u00ebris\u00eb rreth proceseve dhe strukturave politike si dhe r\u00ebnd\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb vot\u00ebs s\u00eb tyre. Qytetar\u00ebt vot\u00ebn e tyre n\u00eb vitet e fundit nuk e kan\u00eb dhuruar aq leht\u00eb, dhe mbi t\u00eb gjitha e kan\u00eb orientuar tjet\u00ebrkah, jo tek partit\u00eb klienteliste. Vota ka rrjedhur n\u00eb mas\u00eb t\u00eb madhe n\u00eb drejtim t\u00eb nj\u00eb alternativave t\u00eb reja. Arsyet e ndryshimit t\u00eb votimit jan\u00eb t\u00eb shumta, por kan\u00eb t\u00eb b\u00ebjn\u00eb kryesisht me mohimin e p\u00ebrkrahjes s\u00eb partive t\u00eb vjetra klienteliste, \u00a0pra me kund\u00ebrshtim. Kjo ka t\u00eb b\u00ebj\u00eb me kuptimin e proceseve dhe strukturave politike n\u00eb ngritje nga qytetar\u00ebt, nj\u00eb zhvillim i lidhur drejtp\u00ebrdrejt\u00eb me arsimimin e gjeneratave t\u00eb reja. Nj\u00eb aspekt i edukimit, i cili do t\u00eb kontribuonte n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb shpejt\u00eb n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb zhvillim \u00ebsht\u00eb i edukimit politik, i cili n\u00eb Kosov\u00eb akoma nuk p\u00ebrmendet fare, p\u00ebrkund\u00ebr pesh\u00ebs q\u00eb do t\u00eb kishte p\u00ebr ngritjen e vet\u00ebdijes dhe jet\u00ebs demokratike t\u00eb mir\u00ebfillt\u00eb. Edukimi politik duhet t\u00eb avancohet nga institucionet e arsimit, por edhe p\u00ebrmes projekteve t\u00eb ndryshme t\u00eb shoq\u00ebris\u00eb civile.<\/p>\n

Muajve t\u00eb fundit ishim d\u00ebshmitar\u00eb t\u00eb veprimeve puro klienteliste t\u00eb elitave tona politike. Nuk do shum\u00eb mend t\u00eb kuptohet kjo. Koalicionet e b\u00ebra brenda nat\u00ebs, pa ndonj\u00eb program politik, akomodimi i partive m\u00eb t\u00eb vogla klienteliste, presioni mbi deputet\u00ebt \u2013 t\u00eb gjitha k\u00ebto u b\u00ebn\u00eb vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr q\u00ebllimin e ruajtjes s\u00eb pushtetit dhe sistemit klientelist ekzistues. Si\u00e7 e ka th\u00ebn\u00eb Besnik Pula, \u201esa m\u00eb i mang\u00ebt organizimi partiak mbi premisa ideologjike e programore, aq m\u00eb i leht\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb akomodimi i rival\u00ebve mbi baza t\u00eb thjeshta transakcionale\u201c.\u00a0<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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N\u00eb Kosov\u00eb po e shijojm\u00eb \u00e7do dit\u00eb realitetin e hidhur me shifra papun\u00ebsie marramend\u00ebse, gatishm\u00ebrin\u00eb e madhe p\u00ebr migrim jasht\u00eb vendit t\u00eb t\u00eb rinj\u00ebve shkaku i munges\u00ebs s\u00eb ndonj\u00eb perspektive t\u00eb denj\u00eb, katrahur\u00ebn n\u00eb sistemin arsimor dhe sh\u00ebndet\u00ebsor dhe bllokadat e vazhdueshme politike. P\u00ebrditshm\u00ebria, par\u00eb nga ky k\u00ebndv\u00ebshtrim, \u00ebsht\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb nj\u00eb barr\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00eb, nj\u00eb […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":156,"featured_media":10299,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[13],"tags":[1828,972],"ppma_author":[185],"class_list":["post-4105","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-analize","tag-klientelizmi","tag-kosove"],"authors":[{"term_id":185,"user_id":156,"is_guest":0,"slug":"luljeta-aliu","display_name":"Luljeta Aliu","avatar_url":{"url":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/download-15-2.jpg","url2x":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/download-15-2.jpg"},"user_url":"","last_name":"Aliu","first_name":"Luljeta","description":"Luljeta Aliu \u00ebsht\u00eb duke doktoruar n\u00eb Shkenca Politike n\u00eb Nurenberg t\u00eb Gjermanis\u00eb me fokus Marr\u00ebdh\u00ebniet Transatlantike. Ajo ka mbaruar studimet interdisiplinare p\u00ebr Shkenca Politike, Let\u00ebrsi Gjermane dhe T\u00eb Drejt\u00ebn Nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare n\u00eb universitetin e Cyrihut, Zvic\u00ebr, ku edhe ka shkruar master p\u00ebr vendimmarrjen ushtarake n\u00eb misionet shum\u00ebkomb\u00ebshe. Fushat e saj t\u00eb interesit shkencor jan\u00eb politikat nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare t\u00eb siguris\u00eb, politika e jashtme, gjeopolitika dhe mobilizimi social. Luljeta Aliu shkruan p\u00ebr gazetat n\u00eb Kosov\u00eb dhe gazeta zvic\u00ebrane."}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4105","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/156"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4105"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4105\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10300,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4105\/revisions\/10300"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/10299"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4105"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4105"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4105"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ppma_author?post=4105"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}