{"id":4475,"date":"2021-08-19T12:19:35","date_gmt":"2021-08-19T10:19:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/?p=4475"},"modified":"2024-11-22T12:21:22","modified_gmt":"2024-11-22T10:21:22","slug":"anatomia-e-nje-deshtimi-dy-dekada-te-shba-se-ne-afganistan","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/analize\/anatomia-e-nje-deshtimi-dy-dekada-te-shba-se-ne-afganistan\/","title":{"rendered":"Anatomia e nj\u00eb d\u00ebshtimi: dy dekada t\u00eb ShBA-s\u00eb n\u00eb Afganistan"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Okupimi i Afganistanit p\u00ebrcolli kat\u00ebr president\u00eb t\u00eb ShBA-s\u00eb. Filloi me vendimin e George W. Bushit p\u00ebr intervenim ushtarak dhe rind\u00ebrtim, vazhdoi me angazhimin e Barack Obamas, nd\u00ebrsa gjat\u00eb presidenc\u00ebs s\u00eb Donald Trumpit interesimi p\u00ebr angazhim t\u00eb m\u00ebtutjesh\u00ebm n\u00eb Afganistan ra duksh\u00ebm.<\/p>\n

Ky angazhim mori fund me vendimin e Joe Bidenit p\u00ebr t\u00ebrheqjen totale t\u00eb trupave amerikan\u00eb n\u00eb vend deri m\u00eb 11 shtator 2021. N\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb, ky vendim sinjalizoi fillimin e degradimit masiv t\u00eb siguris\u00eb n\u00eb Afganistan. Taliban\u00ebt iniciuan nj\u00eb kampanj\u00eb ushtarake duke marr\u00eb n\u00ebn kontroll pothuajse t\u00ebr\u00eb territorin e Afganistanit dhe duke shtyr\u00eb qeverin\u00eb e udh\u00ebhequr nga Ashraf Gani t\u00eb\u00a0kolapsoj\u00eb<\/a>\u00a0brenda pak jav\u00ebsh.<\/p>\n

Presidenti Joe Biden u pyet gjat\u00eb nj\u00eb\u00a0konference p\u00ebr shtyp<\/a>\u00a0n\u00eb korrik 2021 se a \u00ebsht\u00eb e mundur q\u00eb taliban\u00ebt t\u00eb marrin n\u00ebn kontroll Afganistanin p\u00ebrs\u00ebri. P\u00ebrgjigja e tij ishte e shkurt\u00ebr: Jo, nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e mundur, sepse jan\u00eb rreth 300,000 forca afgane t\u00eb pajisura mir\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Prandaj shtrohet pyetja: Si ka mund\u00ebsi q\u00eb nj\u00eb ushtri e trajnuar p\u00ebr 20 vjet nga ShBA dhe NATO, e cila num\u00ebron rreth 300,000 trupa t\u00eb pajisur sofistikisht, t\u00eb kolapsoj\u00eb brenda pak jav\u00ebsh ndaj grupeve guerile t\u00eb taliban\u00ebve, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt posedojn\u00eb armatim kryesisht t\u00eb leht\u00eb dhe num\u00ebrojn\u00eb rreth 80,000 trupa nga radh\u00ebt e tyre?<\/p>\n

P\u00ebr t\u2019iu p\u00ebrgjigjur k\u00ebsaj pyetjeje s\u00eb pari duhet t\u00eb marrim parasysh historikun e themelimit t\u00eb l\u00ebvizjes s\u00eb taliban\u00ebve, sulmet terroriste t\u00eb 11 shtatorit n\u00eb ShBA, okupimin e Afganistanit dhe planin e shtetnd\u00ebrtimit, deri te vendimi final i presidentit Joe Biden p\u00ebr t\u00ebrheqjen e plot\u00eb t\u00eb trupave amerikan\u00eb nga Afganistani.<\/p>\n

Kush jan\u00eb taliban\u00ebt?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Termi \u201ctaliban\u201d do t\u00eb thot\u00eb \u201cstudent\u201d n\u00eb gjuh\u00ebn pashto. Pashtun\u00ebt jan\u00eb nj\u00eb grup etnik q\u00eb jeton kryesisht n\u00eb lindje t\u00eb Afganistanit dhe n\u00eb veriper\u00ebndim t\u00eb Pakistanit. Tailban\u00ebt u krijuan n\u00eb territorin e Pakistanit Verior, si rezultat i t\u00ebrheqjes s\u00eb trupave sovjetik\u00eb n\u00eb fillim t\u00eb viteve 1990.<\/p>\n

Taliban\u00ebt i referohen vetes si \u201cEmirati Islamik i Afganistanit\u201d dhe fillet e organizimit t\u00eb tyre konsiderohen t\u00eb jen\u00eb t\u00eb bazuara n\u00eb nj\u00eb form\u00eb t\u00eb islamit radikal, t\u00eb influencuar nga Arabia Saudite. Q\u00ebllimi i taliban\u00ebve \u00ebsht\u00eb krijimi i nj\u00eb regjimi teokratik t\u00eb bazuar n\u00eb ligjin e Sheriatit Islamik.<\/p>\n

Taliban\u00ebt e zgjeruan shpejt kontrollin e tyre mbi Afganistanin duke marr\u00eb n\u00ebn kontroll rreth 90% t\u00eb territorit m\u00eb 1998 dhe filluan t\u00eb g\u00ebzojn\u00eb popullaritet n\u00eb vend duke luftuar korrupsionin, duke vendosur deri diku rend dhe ligj dhe duke siguruar qarkullim t\u00eb leht\u00eb p\u00ebr tregti n\u00eb vend.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb, taliban\u00ebt imponuan nj\u00eb regjim strikt t\u00eb Sheriatit Islamik duke ekzekutuar publikisht kriminel\u00ebt, duke imponuar rritjen e mjekr\u00ebs te burrat dhe veshjen e burkas (mbulim i plot\u00eb i trupit dhe fytyr\u00ebs) te grat\u00eb. Gjithashtu, taliban\u00ebt ndaluan muzik\u00ebn, kinemat\u00eb, televizionin dhe dekurajuan edukimin e vajzave mbi mosh\u00ebn 10-vje\u00e7are.<\/p>\n

Megjith\u00ebse avancimi i taliban\u00ebve n\u00eb Afganistan nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb se p\u00ebrcillej me entuziaz\u00ebm n\u00eb bot\u00eb, sulmet terroriste t\u00eb 11 shtatorit n\u00eb ShBA ishin nj\u00eb pik\u00eb kthese. Taliban\u00ebt u akuzuan p\u00ebr strehim t\u00eb liderit t\u00eb organizat\u00ebs terroriste Al-Qaeda, Osama Bin Laden, p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebsin kryesor p\u00ebr sulmet terroriste n\u00eb ShBA. Taliban\u00ebt refuzuan k\u00ebrkes\u00ebn e ShBA-s\u00eb p\u00ebr ekstradim t\u00eb Bin Ladenit, vendim ky q\u00eb pasoi me okupimin e Afganistanit dhe largimin e taliban\u00ebve nga pushteti.<\/p>\n

Okupimi i Afganistanit<\/strong><\/p>\n

M\u00eb 7 tetor 2001, ShBA-ja, s\u00eb bashku me aleat\u00ebt e NATO-s, p\u00ebr her\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb n\u00eb histori iu referuan Nenit 5 t\u00eb parimit t\u00eb mbrojtjes kolektive t\u00eb NATO-s (i cili thot\u00eb se nj\u00eb sulm ndaj nj\u00eb shteti an\u00ebtar t\u00eb NATO-s \u00ebsht\u00eb sulm ndaj t\u00eb gjitha shteteve an\u00ebtare), duke deklaruar \u201cluft\u00eb ndaj terrorizmit\u201d.<\/p>\n

ShBA-ja dhe aleat\u00ebt e iniciuan k\u00ebt\u00eb luft\u00eb me dy q\u00ebllime kryesore: mposhtjen e Al-Qaedas e celulave t\u00eb tjera terroriste dhe largimin e taliban\u00ebve nga pushteti n\u00eb Afganistan.<\/p>\n

Koalicioni ShBA-NATO zhvilloi sulme t\u00eb ashpra n\u00eb Afganistan, duke kolapsuar kontrollin e taliban\u00ebve atje brenda pak dit\u00ebsh. Taliban\u00ebt u t\u00ebrhoq\u00ebn n\u00eb zona t\u00eb izoluara malore p\u00ebrgjat\u00eb kufirit me Pakistanin, por asnj\u00ebher\u00eb nuk u dor\u00ebzuan dhe vazhduan t\u00eb operonin me kapacitete t\u00eb limituara.<\/p>\n

ShBA-ja dhe trupat e NATO-s vendos\u00ebn dhjet\u00ebra-mij\u00ebra trupa dhe filluan t\u00eb implementojn\u00eb planin p\u00ebr rind\u00ebrtimin e Afganistanit. Fillimisht pati p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsim t\u00eb situat\u00ebs politike dhe socio-ekonomike n\u00eb vend. Mir\u00ebpo, plani p\u00ebr rind\u00ebrtim dhe investimet enorme nuk arrit\u00ebn targetin kryesor, at\u00eb t\u00eb shnd\u00ebrrimit t\u00eb Afganistanit n\u00eb nj\u00eb vend paq\u00ebsor dhe stabil.<\/p>\n

Pse d\u00ebshtoi shtetnd\u00ebrtimi n\u00eb Afganistan?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Afganistani \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb vend kompleks, q\u00eb karakterizohet me nj\u00eb tradit\u00eb luft\u00ebrash, tensione etnike dhe fisnore, keqqeverisje, varf\u00ebri, papun\u00ebsi dhe korrupsion t\u00eb lart\u00eb. Gjithashtu, vler\u00ebsohet si nj\u00eb vend konservator dhe nj\u00eb nd\u00ebr vendet m\u00eb religjioze n\u00eb bot\u00eb. Sipas\u00a0burimeve<\/a>, 97% e qytetar\u00ebve afgan e vler\u00ebsojn\u00eb veten religjioz.<\/p>\n

Me gjith\u00eb krijimin e kushtetut\u00ebs dhe mbajtjen e zgjedhjeve, grupet e ndryshme etnike n\u00eb vend nuk krijuan ndonj\u00eb sens t\u00eb identitetit komb\u00ebtar. Grupet etnike n\u00eb Afganistan m\u00eb shum\u00eb identifikohen me fisin dhe religjionin e tyre, sesa me shtetin.<\/p>\n

Largimi i taliban\u00ebve nga pozitat udh\u00ebheq\u00ebse rezultoi me n\u00ebnp\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsimin e grupit etnik m\u00eb t\u00eb madh n\u00eb vend (pashtun\u00ebt), q\u00eb\u00a0p\u00ebrb\u00ebn<\/a>\u00a042% t\u00eb popullsis\u00eb. Kjo mund t\u00eb shpjegoj\u00eb avancimin e shpejt\u00eb t\u00eb taliban\u00ebve dhe t\u00ebrheqjen e shpejt\u00eb t\u00eb forcave afgane.<\/p>\n

Institucionet afgane nuk arrit\u00ebn asnj\u00ebher\u00eb efikasitetin dhe kapacitetin e duhur p\u00ebr t\u00eb vendosur rend dhe ligj n\u00eb vend. Me p\u00ebrjashtim t\u00eb qyteteve t\u00eb m\u00ebdha, k\u00ebshillat e fshatit vazhdojn\u00eb t\u00eb luajn\u00eb rolin mbizot\u00ebrues n\u00eb zgjidhjen e mosmarr\u00ebveshjeve dhe dh\u00ebnien e drejt\u00ebsis\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Problem tjet\u00ebr serioz \u00ebsht\u00eb mungesa e infrastruktur\u00ebs. Shum\u00eb rajone kan\u00eb probleme me furnizim t\u00eb energjis\u00eb elektrike, nj\u00eb num\u00ebr i nd\u00ebrtesave mbeten t\u00eb shkat\u00ebrruara dhe lidhjet rrugore mes rajoneve kryesore n\u00eb vend jan\u00eb t\u00eb pap\u00ebrfunduara. Gjithashtu, mungesa e nj\u00eb valute stabile, mungesa e nj\u00eb sistemi efikas t\u00eb taksimit dhe niveli i lart\u00eb i kontraband\u00ebs, kan\u00eb krijuar nj\u00eb klim\u00eb t\u00eb pasiguris\u00eb n\u00eb vend.<\/p>\n

Miliarda dollar\u00eb dhe euro t\u00eb alokuara p\u00ebr rind\u00ebrtim u keqmenaxhuan p\u00ebr vite me radh\u00eb dhe, si rezultat, Afganistani \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb nd\u00ebr shtetet m\u00eb t\u00eb korruptuara n\u00eb bot\u00eb. Sipas Indeksit t\u00eb Perceptimit t\u00eb Korrupsionit (Corruption Perception Index) 2020, Afganistani mban pozit\u00ebn e 165-t\u00eb nga 175 shtetet e listuara n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb indeks dhe vler\u00ebsohet si nj\u00eb nd\u00ebr 20 vendet m\u00eb t\u00eb korruptuara n\u00eb bot\u00eb. Rrjedhimisht, qytetar\u00ebt afgan\u00eb nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb se u ndien ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsuar nga nj\u00eb elit\u00eb politike e korruptuar dhe nj\u00eb sistem institucional jofunksional. I vetmi faktor stabiliteti p\u00ebrgjat\u00eb k\u00ebtyre viteve ishte prezenca e trupave nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar\u00eb n\u00eb vend.<\/p>\n

Lufta m\u00eb e gjat\u00eb e ShBA-s\u00eb p\u00ebrfundon n\u00eb debak\u00ebl<\/strong><\/p>\n

E pak\u00ebnaqur me tentimet e vazhdueshme p\u00ebr shtetnd\u00ebrtim dhe krijimin e nj\u00eb Afganistani stabil, ShBA-ja tentoi q\u00eb p\u00ebr her\u00eb t\u00eb fundit t\u00eb vendos\u00eb paqe n\u00eb vend duke zhvilluar bisedime t\u00eb paqes me taliban\u00ebt.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb shkurt t\u00eb vitit 2020, ShBA-ja dhe taliban\u00ebt u\u00a0dakorduan<\/a>\u00a0p\u00ebr disa parime kryesore, t\u00eb cilat p\u00ebrfshijn\u00eb ndalimin e individ\u00ebve dhe organizatave terroriste n\u00eb territorin e Afganistanit, largimin e trupave nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar\u00eb nga vendi, shk\u00ebmbimin e t\u00eb burgosurve, ndalimin e luftimeve dhe fillimin e bisedimeve mes taliban\u00ebve dhe Qeveris\u00eb afgane.<\/p>\n

Mir\u00ebpo, marr\u00ebveshja nuk parashikonte garanci p\u00ebr arritjen e ndonj\u00eb marr\u00ebveshjeje mes Qeveris\u00eb afgane dhe taliban\u00ebve para t\u00ebrheqjes s\u00eb trupave nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar\u00eb. Taliban\u00ebt mor\u00ebn pushtetin me forc\u00eb, duke anashkaluar mund\u00ebsin\u00eb e negociatave.<\/p>\n

Lufta 20-vje\u00e7are n\u00eb Afganistan tani mban primatin si lufta m\u00eb e gjat\u00eb n\u00eb historin\u00eb e ShBA-s\u00eb. P\u00ebrgjat\u00eb k\u00ebtyre dy dekadave, sipas\u00a0burimeve<\/a>,<\/u>\u00a0rreth 170,000 njer\u00ebz u vran\u00eb n\u00eb Afganistan, p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb k\u00ebtu ushtar\u00eb t\u00eb koalicionit, ushtar\u00eb afgan\u00eb, trupa taliban\u00eb, civil\u00eb, kontraktor\u00eb, sh\u00ebrbyes civil\u00eb dhe gazetar\u00eb. Nd\u00ebrsa kostoja e luft\u00ebs, p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb k\u00ebtu edhe koston p\u00ebr rind\u00ebrtim, tejkalon vler\u00ebn mbi $800 miliard\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Me gjith\u00eb investimet dhe sakrificat, situata n\u00eb Afganistan po kthehet ashtu si\u00e7 ishte para intervenimit m\u00eb 2001. Taliban\u00ebt tashm\u00eb kan\u00eb marr\u00eb kontrollin n\u00eb vend dhe objektivi amerikan p\u00ebr ta pasur nj\u00eb Afganistan ligjor dhe demokratik p\u00ebrfundoi n\u00eb fiasko.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Okupimi i Afganistanit p\u00ebrcolli kat\u00ebr president\u00eb t\u00eb ShBA-s\u00eb. Filloi me vendimin e George W. Bushit p\u00ebr intervenim ushtarak dhe rind\u00ebrtim, vazhdoi me angazhimin e Barack Obamas, nd\u00ebrsa gjat\u00eb presidenc\u00ebs s\u00eb Donald Trumpit interesimi p\u00ebr angazhim t\u00eb m\u00ebtutjesh\u00ebm n\u00eb Afganistan ra duksh\u00ebm. Ky angazhim mori fund me vendimin e Joe Bidenit p\u00ebr t\u00ebrheqjen totale t\u00eb trupave […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":10634,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[13],"tags":[1482,999],"ppma_author":[20],"class_list":["post-4475","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-analize","tag-afganistan","tag-shba"],"authors":[{"term_id":20,"user_id":4,"is_guest":0,"slug":"visar","display_name":"Visar Xhambazi","avatar_url":{"url":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Visar-Xhambazi_Headshot-scaled-1-e1778848717235.jpg","url2x":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Visar-Xhambazi_Headshot-scaled-1-e1778848717235.jpg"},"user_url":"","last_name":"Xhambazi","first_name":"Visar","description":""}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4475","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4475"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4475\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10635,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4475\/revisions\/10635"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/10634"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4475"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4475"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4475"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ppma_author?post=4475"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}