{"id":4642,"date":"2021-10-17T14:15:22","date_gmt":"2021-10-17T12:15:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/?p=4642"},"modified":"2024-10-22T15:06:51","modified_gmt":"2024-10-22T13:06:51","slug":"sfidat-e-luftimit-te-varferise","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/analize\/sfidat-e-luftimit-te-varferise\/","title":{"rendered":"Sfidat e luftimit t\u00eb varf\u00ebris\u00eb"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

Pandemia COVID-19 ka shkaktuar efekte multidimensionale. Nj\u00eb nd\u00ebr pasojat kryesore t\u00eb saj \u00ebsht\u00eb v\u00ebrejtur tek niveli i varf\u00ebris\u00eb, e sidomos asaj ekstreme. P\u00ebr her\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb n\u00eb dy dekadat e fundit, varf\u00ebria n\u00eb bot\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb rritur. E p\u00ebrkthyer n\u00eb numra, <\/span>rreth 150 milion\u00eb njer\u00ebz<\/a>\u00a0pritet t\u00eb hyjn\u00eb n\u00eb varf\u00ebri ekstreme deri n\u00eb fund t\u00eb vitit 2021. Ky parashikim mund t\u00eb mos dal\u00eb i sakt\u00eb, vet\u00ebm n\u00ebse donacionet e vaksinave drejt vendeve t\u00eb varfra jan\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb shpejta dhe m\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdha n\u00eb sasi. Gjithsesi, duke par\u00eb q\u00eb vendet e zhvilluara kan\u00eb kontraktuar num\u00ebr t\u00eb madh t\u00eb vaksinave, dhe aplikojn\u00eb politika kund\u00ebr eksportit t\u00eb elementeve t\u00eb vaksin\u00ebs, v\u00ebshtir\u00eb t\u00eb besohet q\u00eb trendi negativ i varf\u00ebris\u00eb do t\u00eb ndalet. As n\u00eb Kosov\u00eb gjendja me varf\u00ebrin\u00eb nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb e mir\u00eb. S\u00eb fundi, \u00ebsht\u00eb raportuar se jan\u00eb rreth 25 mij\u00eb familje q\u00eb marrin asistenc\u00eb sociale.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Ve\u00e7 k\u00ebsaj, mbi 70 mij\u00eb familje tjera kishin aplikuar p\u00ebr ndihmat e pakos emergjente, n\u00eb vler\u00eb prej 130 eurosh. Ndryshe nga shum\u00eb vende t\u00eb bot\u00ebs, studimet p\u00ebr efektivitetin e ndihmave p\u00ebr t\u00eb varfrit n\u00eb Kosov\u00eb jan\u00eb t\u00eb pakta. Nd\u00ebrkaq, nevoja p\u00ebr vler\u00ebsimin e programeve kund\u00ebr varf\u00ebris\u00ebnuk \u00ebsht\u00ebe vog\u00ebl. Shumica e ekspert\u00ebve kan\u00eb arritur konsensus q\u00eb luftimi i varf\u00ebris\u00eb nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb i leht\u00eb. P\u00ebrgjigjet e tri pyetjeve n\u00eb vazhdim tentojn\u00eb t\u00eb shpjegojn\u00eb pse luftimi i varf\u00ebris\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb i v\u00ebshtir\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Si t\u00eb identifikohen t\u00eb varfrit?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u200b<\/strong>Kush ju vie s\u00eb pari n\u00eb mendje kur diskutohet p\u00ebr varf\u00ebrin\u00eb? Nj\u00eb lypsar q\u00eb ju afrohet te xhami i vetur\u00ebs, apo cigargjiu n\u00ebp\u00ebr kafiteri? Nj\u00eb plak\u00eb q\u00eb zgjat\u00eb dor\u00ebn n\u00eb shesh, apo komshiu i papun\u00eb e me s\u00ebmundje kronike, q\u00eb jeton n\u00eb nj\u00eb sht\u00ebpi t\u00eb vjet\u00ebr? Nj\u00eb studim tregon q\u00eb ka raste kur 35-40 p\u00ebrqind e personave t\u00eb deklaruar si t\u00eb varf\u00ebr jan\u00eb t\u00eb keq klasifikuar. Kjo ndodh si rezultat i p\u00ebrdorimit t\u00eb indikator\u00ebve t\u00eb ndrysh\u00ebm p\u00ebr matjen e varf\u00ebris\u00eb. Institucionet dhe ekspert\u00ebt q\u00eb merren me dizajnimin e politikave kund\u00ebr varf\u00ebris\u00eb, p\u00ebrdorin nj\u00eb lloj \u201ckufiri t\u00eb varf\u00ebris\u00eb\u201d, n\u00ebn t\u00eb cilin njer\u00ebzit kategorizohen si t\u00eb varf\u00ebr. Ky kufi, mund t\u00eb shprehet p\u00ebrmes t\u00eb hyrave, konsumit ose nivelit t\u00eb pasuris\u00eb. Pjesa m\u00eb e madhe e ekspert\u00ebve pajtohen q\u00eb kufiri i konsumit \u00ebsht\u00eb indikatori m\u00eb i mir\u00eb, pasi l\u00ebviz\u00eb m\u00eb pak krahasuar me dy tjer\u00ebt.<\/p>\n

Me fjal\u00eb tjera, dy familje konsumojn\u00eb nj\u00ebsoj, por nj\u00ebra ka sht\u00ebpin\u00eb n\u00eb periferi t\u00eb qytetit, e tjetra n\u00eb nj\u00eb fshat t\u00eb thell\u00eb \u2013 k\u00ebshtu, familja e par\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb pak e varf\u00ebr p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb pozit\u00ebs gjeografike, e jo p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb mir\u00ebqenies. Si rezultat, niveli i pasuris\u00eb shpesh her\u00eb nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb tregues i mir\u00eb i varf\u00ebris\u00eb. Por edhe niveli i varf\u00ebris\u00eb i bazuar n\u00eb konsum e ka nj\u00eb t\u00eb met\u00eb. Disa njer\u00ebz kursejn\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb, dhe ndon\u00ebse momentalisht mir\u00ebqenia e tyre mund t\u00eb duket m\u00eb e ul\u00ebt, e ardhmja mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb m\u00eb e ndritshme si rrjedhoj\u00eb e ndonj\u00eb investimi potencial.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb Indi, rregulli p\u00ebr identifikimin e varf\u00ebris\u00eb ekstreme bazohet\u00a0 n\u00eb disa indikator\u00eb t\u00eb mir\u00ebqenies si: pasuria e familjes, kapaciteti i t\u00eb hyrave dhe sjellja ndaj gjendjes me varf\u00ebrin\u00eb. Secil\u00ebs komponent\u00eb i vendoset nj\u00eb pesh\u00eb e caktuar, bazuar n\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsin\u00eb e saj. Ngjash\u00ebm, programi i mir\u00ebqenies Oportunidades n\u00eb Meksik\u00eb, p\u00ebrdor nj\u00eb indeks i cili p\u00ebrfshin nj\u00eb num\u00ebr t\u00eb madh t\u00eb indikator\u00ebve. N\u00eb Kosov\u00eb, ndihma institucionale \u00ebsht\u00eb e rregulluar n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet\u00a0Ligjit p\u00ebr Asistenc\u00ebn Sociale<\/em>, i cili \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb fuqi q\u00eb nga koha e UNMIK-ut.\u00a0 N\u00ebse vendi yn\u00eb do t\u00eb orientohet m\u00eb shum\u00eb n\u00eb politika sociale, at\u00ebher\u00eb, krahas rritjes s\u00eb p\u00ebrkrahjes p\u00ebr grupet e margjinalizuara, duhet t\u00eb ndryshohet edhe baza ligjore dhe politikat e targetimit t\u00eb personave n\u00eb nevoj\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Pse d\u00ebshtojn\u00eb politikat kund\u00ebr-varf\u00ebri?<\/strong><\/p>\n

N\u00eb disa vende konsumi mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb i madh si rezultat i p\u00ebrkrahjes s\u00eb madhe institucionale dhe zem\u00ebrgjer\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb popullat\u00ebs. Kosova n\u00eb dy dekadat e fundit \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb nga vendet q\u00eb ka pranuar m\u00eb s\u00eb shumti ndihma t\u00eb huaja p\u00ebr kok\u00eb banori n\u00eb bot\u00eb. Po ashtu, p\u00ebrkrahja e m\u00ebrgat\u00ebs ka luajtur rol t\u00eb madh n\u00eb zbutjen e varf\u00ebris\u00eb. N\u00eb munges\u00eb t\u00eb k\u00ebtyre dy komponent\u00ebve, numri i atyre q\u00eb jetojn\u00eb me m\u00eb pak se 1.9 dollar\u00eb n\u00eb dit\u00eb do t\u00eb ishte shum\u00eb m\u00eb i madh.<\/p>\n

Sidoqoft\u00eb, p\u00ebrkrahja ndaj t\u00eb varf\u00ebrve duhet t\u00eb rezultoj\u00eb me largimin e tyre nga \u2018kurthi i varf\u00ebris\u00eb\u2019. Dhe pik\u00ebrisht kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb sfida m\u00eb e madhe e hartuesve t\u00eb politikave kund\u00ebr varf\u00ebris\u00eb. Ka pasur raste kur pas nd\u00ebrprerjes se programit t\u00eb ndihmave, niveli i varf\u00ebris\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb kthyer n\u00eb at\u00eb paraprak. Ky \u00ebsht\u00eb d\u00ebshtim klasik i politikb\u00ebrjes.<\/p>\n

Abhijit Banerjee dhe Esther Duflo, n\u00eb studimet e tyre pioniere n\u00eb fush\u00ebn e varf\u00ebris\u00eb, tregojn\u00eb q\u00eb shpesh her\u00eb t\u00eb varfrit nuk e kuptojn\u00eb potencialin e tyre. P\u00ebr shembull, qasja n\u00eb mikrofinanca, mund t\u2019u siguroj\u00eb t\u00eb varf\u00ebrve mund\u00ebsi vet\u00ebpun\u00ebsimi, nga i cili do t\u00eb mund t\u00eb gjeneronin t\u00eb ardhura t\u00eb mjaftueshme p\u00ebr t\u2019u larguar nga kurthi i varf\u00ebris\u00eb. K\u00ebshtu, dilem\u00eb e madhe mbetet si t\u2019i ndihmojm\u00eb t\u00eb varfrit, n\u00eb at\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb ata ta ndihmojn\u00eb vetveten.<\/p>\n

Eldar Shafir, psikolog nga Universiteti Princeton, argumenton q\u00eb varf\u00ebria d\u00ebmton 13 deri 15 pik\u00eb t\u00eb koeficientit t\u00eb inteligjenc\u00ebs. Kjo tregon shum\u00eb. Gjendja e r\u00ebnduar ekonomike e kombinuar me at\u00eb psikologjike, i b\u00ebn njer\u00ebzit t\u00eb varf\u00ebr t\u00eb mos mendojn\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb ardhmen. T\u00eb gjitha t\u00eb hyrat i shpenzojn\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00eb tashmen, dhe pak nga ta ia din\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsin\u00eb kursimit n\u00eb t\u00eb tashmen p\u00ebr nj\u00eb investim n\u00eb t\u00eb ardhmen.<\/p>\n

Si t\u00eb vler\u00ebsohen programet e asistenc\u00ebs sociale?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nj\u00eb nga metodat m\u00eb t\u00eb mira, q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb e popullarizuar n\u00eb bot\u00eb e akademis\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb ajo e eksperimenteve (ang. Randomized Control Trials – RCT). E th\u00ebn\u00eb shkurt, kjo metod\u00eb aplikon qasje mjek\u00ebsore t\u00eb testimit t\u00eb nj\u00eb ila\u00e7i. Le t\u00eb supozojm\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb s\u00ebmur\u00ebt i ndajm\u00eb n\u00eb dy grupe, n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb rast\u00ebsishme. Karakteristikat e t\u00eb dyja grupeve duhet t\u00eb jen\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjta para marrjes s\u00eb ila\u00e7it. Pasi t\u2019u jepet ila\u00e7i, i krahasojm\u00eb karakteristikat e t\u00eb dyja grupeve, dhe ky krahasim na jep efektin mesatar t\u00eb ila\u00e7it. Logjik\u00eb e nj\u00ebjt\u00eb p\u00ebrdoret edhe n\u00eb testimin e programeve t\u00eb reja t\u00eb asistenc\u00ebs, ku matet efekti i ndihmave n\u00eb luftimin e varf\u00ebris\u00eb.\u00a0 Kjo metod\u00eb e vler\u00ebsimit \u00ebsht\u00eb relativisht e re. Para vet\u00ebm dy dekadave, nuk kishte as edhe nj\u00eb punim t\u00eb vet\u00ebm shkencor t\u00eb bazuar n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb metodologji. Sot, af\u00ebr 40 p\u00ebrqind e punimeve n\u00eb revistat kryesore shkencore t\u00eb ekonomis\u00eb bazohen n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb metodologji.<\/p>\n

E meta m\u00eb e madhe e k\u00ebsaj forme t\u00eb vler\u00ebsimit \u00ebsht\u00eb kosto e madhe. Gjithsesi, kur buxhetohen miliona euro n\u00eb politika t\u00eb reja sociale, duhet q\u00eb studimet t\u00eb shkojn\u00eb p\u00ebrtej raporteve t\u00eb thjeshta p\u00ebrshkruese, q\u00eb shpesh her\u00eb iu mungon fotografia e plot\u00eb e gjendjes. P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, kritika kryesore e akademik\u00ebve q\u00eb merren me k\u00ebt\u00eb tem\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb manipulimi i studimeve, qoft\u00eb nga institucionet e vendeve apo organizatat e huaja. K\u00ebto t\u00eb fundit, harxhojn\u00eb miliarda para nga taksat e qytetar\u00ebve t\u00eb tyre dhe n\u00ebp\u00ebrmes studimeve q\u00eb dokumentojn\u00eb gjoja \u2018sukseset\u2019 e tyre, i arsyetojn\u00eb fondet e marra. Fundja, si\u00e7 thot\u00eb edhe ekonomisti i famsh\u00ebm William Easterly,\u00a0\u2018\u00ebsht\u00eb e pamundur t\u00eb shpenzosh miliarda dollar\u00eb n\u00eb ndihma dhe t<\/em>\u00eb\u00a0mos i b\u00ebni askujt mir\u00eb\u2019<\/em>. P\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb arsye, eksperimenti k\u00ebrkimor mbetet \u2018metoda e art\u00eb\u2019 e vler\u00ebsimit t\u00eb programeve kund\u00ebr varf\u00ebris\u00eb.<\/p>\n

N\u00ebse Kosova planifikon t\u00eb rris buxhetin p\u00ebr skema sociale, \u00ebsht\u00eb mir\u00eb q\u00eb personat q\u00eb jetojn\u00eb n\u00eb varf\u00ebri ekstreme t\u2019i ket\u00eb prioritet. Asistenca ndaj tyre do t\u00eb duhej t\u00eb ishte e atill\u00eb q\u00eb, t\u2019i ndihmoj\u00eb ata t\u00eb ikin nga kurthi i varf\u00ebris\u00eb, dhe t\u00eb mos jen\u00eb gjithmon\u00eb t\u00eb varur nga p\u00ebrkrahja e Qeveris\u00eb. Roli i k\u00ebsaj t\u00eb fundit, nuk duhet assesi t\u00eb n\u00ebnvler\u00ebsohet, pasi si\u00e7 theksojn\u00eb nobelist\u00ebt Banerjee dhe Duflo, qeveria duhet ta ket\u00eb p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebsin\u00eb kryesore n\u00eb luft\u00ebn kund\u00ebr varf\u00ebris\u00eb.<\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Pandemia COVID-19 ka shkaktuar efekte multidimensionale. Nj\u00eb nd\u00ebr pasojat kryesore t\u00eb saj \u00ebsht\u00eb v\u00ebrejtur tek niveli i varf\u00ebris\u00eb, e sidomos asaj ekstreme. P\u00ebr her\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb n\u00eb dy dekadat e fundit, varf\u00ebria n\u00eb bot\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb rritur. E p\u00ebrkthyer n\u00eb numra, rreth 150 milion\u00eb njer\u00ebz\u00a0pritet t\u00eb hyjn\u00eb n\u00eb varf\u00ebri ekstreme deri n\u00eb fund t\u00eb vitit 2021. […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":441,"featured_media":8571,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[13],"tags":[646,1006,1398],"ppma_author":[1012],"class_list":["post-4642","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-analize","tag-covid-19","tag-ekonomi","tag-varferia"],"authors":[{"term_id":1012,"user_id":441,"is_guest":0,"slug":"albian-krasniqi","display_name":"Albian Krasniqi","avatar_url":{"url":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/albiani.png","url2x":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/albiani.png"},"user_url":"","last_name":"Krasniqi","first_name":"Albian","description":"Albian Krasniqi \u00ebsht\u00eb kandidat p\u00ebr doktoratur\u00eb n\u00eb Universitetin Teknologjik t\u00eb Dublinit, duke u specializuar p\u00ebr tregun e pun\u00ebs. Paraprakisht ka mbaruar studimet master p\u00ebr ekonomi t\u00eb zhvillimit, n\u00eb Universitetin e Sussexit, n\u00eb Angli. Albiani ka p\u00ebrvoj\u00eb pune si ekonomist n\u00eb institucionet vendore dhe organizatat nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare."}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4642","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/441"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4642"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4642\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8902,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4642\/revisions\/8902"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/8571"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4642"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4642"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4642"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ppma_author?post=4642"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}