{"id":4735,"date":"2021-05-24T14:11:25","date_gmt":"2021-05-24T12:11:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/?p=4735"},"modified":"2025-02-06T14:19:39","modified_gmt":"2025-02-06T12:19:39","slug":"statusi-juridik-i-adem-dhe-hamez-jasharit-sipas-te-drejtes-nderkombetare-humanitare-luftetare-vrasja-e-tyre-nuk-mund-te-hetohet-i","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/analize\/statusi-juridik-i-adem-dhe-hamez-jasharit-sipas-te-drejtes-nderkombetare-humanitare-luftetare-vrasja-e-tyre-nuk-mund-te-hetohet-i\/","title":{"rendered":"Statusi Juridik i Adem dhe Ham\u00ebz Jasharit Sipas t\u00eb Drejt\u00ebs Nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare Humanitare: Luft\u00ebtar\u00eb, Vrasja e Tyre Nuk Mund t\u00eb Hetohet (I)"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Adem dhe Ham\u00ebz Jashari, pjes\u00ebtar\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00eb \u201cpopulli t\u00eb shtypur\u201d dhe q\u00eb luftuan kund\u00ebr \u201cpushtuesit t\u00eb huaj\u201d p\u00ebr t\u00eb realizuar t\u00eb \u201cdrejt\u00ebn e tyre t\u00eb vet\u00ebvendosjes\u201d, ligj\u00ebrisht e g\u00ebzojn\u00eb statusin e \u201cluft\u00ebtarit\u201d. Si an\u00ebtar\u00eb t\u00eb Ushtris\u00eb \u00c7lirimtare t\u00eb Kosov\u00ebs, ata p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsuan \u201cforcat disidente ose grupe tjera t\u00eb armatosura\u201d n\u00eb nj\u00eb konflikt jond\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar, ose ishin t\u00eb lidhur me nj\u00eb l\u00ebvizje \u00e7lirimtare\u2014lufta p\u00ebr \u00e7lirim komb\u00ebtar e s\u00eb cil\u00ebs\u2014njihet si \u201ckonflikt nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar\u201d n\u00eb t\u00eb drejt\u00ebn nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare humanitare.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Statusi i\u00a0luft\u00ebtarit<\/em>\u00a0n\u00eb konflikt t\u00eb brendsh\u00ebm t\u00eb armatosur ka qen\u00eb subjekt i polemikave p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb legjitimitetit t\u00eb grupeve t\u00eb armatosura (joshtet\u00ebrore) dhe pajtueshm\u00ebris\u00eb s\u00eb tyre me rregullat dhe zakonet e luft\u00ebs. Ndon\u00ebse Protokollet Shtes\u00eb I dhe II (1977) e zgjeruan definicionin e\u00a0luft\u00ebtarit,<\/em>\u00a0duke i p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb an\u00ebtar\u00ebt e \u201cforcave disidente dhe grupeve tjera t\u00eb armatosura\u201d n\u00eb nj\u00eb konflikt me karakter jond\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar, dhe duke i njohur\u00a0luft\u00ebrat \u00e7lirimtare<\/em>\u00a0si\u00a0konflikte nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare<\/em>\u00a0dhe\u00a0luft\u00ebtar\u00ebt e liris\u00eb<\/em>\u00a0si\u00a0luft\u00ebtar\u00eb<\/em>, statusi i\u00a0luft\u00ebtarit\u00a0<\/em>\u00ebsht\u00eb i zbatuesh\u00ebm vet\u00ebm n\u00eb konfliktet e armatosura nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare.<\/p>\n

Ky artikull diskuton statusin juridik t\u00eb Adem dhe Ham\u00ebz Jasharit si pjes\u00ebtar\u00eb t\u00eb Ushtris\u00eb \u00c7lirimtare t\u00eb Kosov\u00ebs (U\u00c7K) n\u00eb kontekst t\u00eb s\u00eb drejt\u00ebs nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare humanitare, dhe duke e sfiduar vendimin e\u00a0Prokuroris\u00eb Speciale t\u00eb Republik\u00ebs s\u00eb Kosov\u00ebs<\/a>\u00a0q\u00eb t\u00eb hetoj\u00eb vrasjen e Adem Jasharit dhe t\u00eb familjes s\u00eb tij t\u00eb gjer\u00eb nga Prekazi I Ul\u00ebt,argumenton se Adem dhe Ham\u00ebz Jashari ligj\u00ebrisht e g\u00ebzojn\u00eb statusin e\u00a0luft\u00ebtarit<\/em>, prandaj vrasja e tyre duhet t\u00eb hiqet nga hetimi.<\/p>\n

T\u00eb gjith\u00eb an\u00ebtar\u00ebt tjer\u00eb t\u00eb familjes Jashari, nd\u00ebrkaq, p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb grat\u00eb, f\u00ebmij\u00ebt dhe t\u00eb moshuarit, pavar\u00ebsisht nga pjes\u00ebmarrja n\u00eb armiq\u00ebsi, duhet t\u00eb trajtohen si\u00a0civil\u00eb\u00a0<\/em>konform Konvent\u00ebs s\u00eb Kat\u00ebrt t\u00eb Gjenev\u00ebs (1949), rrjedhimisht viktima t\u00eb luft\u00ebs dhe duhet t\u2019u ofrohet drejt\u00ebsi.Sidoqoft\u00eb, varet nga gjykata, si autoriteti m\u00eb i lart\u00eb i interpretimit t\u00eb ligjit, q\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktoj\u00eb statusin juridik t\u00eb Adem dhe Ham\u00ebz Jasharit dhe an\u00ebtar\u00ebve t\u00eb Familjes Jashari n\u00eb p\u00ebrputhje me t\u00eb drejt\u00ebn nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare humanitare.<\/p>\n

Definicioni mbi Luft\u00ebtarin: Konventat e Gjenev\u00ebs dhe Protokollet Shtes\u00eb I dhe II<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Adem Jashari ishte nj\u00ebri nd\u00ebr themeluesit dhe komandant\u00ebt e Ushtris\u00eb \u00c7lirimtare t\u00eb Kosov\u00ebs, i shpallur\u00a0komandant legjendar\u00a0<\/em>n\u00eb tetor t\u00eb vitit 1998. Pas luft\u00ebs, Kuvendi i Kosov\u00ebs i shpalli t\u00eb gjith\u00eb an\u00ebtar\u00ebt e familjes Jashari\u00a0d\u00ebshmor\u00eb t\u00eb luft\u00ebs<\/em>.\u00a0Libri\u00a0Kujtimi\u00a0i Kosov\u00ebs 1998-2000<\/em><\/a>\u00a0(2011), i publikuar nga Qendra p\u00ebr t\u00eb Drejt\u00ebn Humanitare (QDH) dhe Qendra p\u00ebr t\u00eb Drejt\u00ebn Humanitare n\u00eb Kosov\u00eb (QDHK), i rendit Shaban, Ham\u00ebz dhe Adem Jasharin, p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb t\u00eb rinjt\u00eb, Besim, Blerim dhe Fitim Jashari, si pjes\u00ebtar\u00eb t\u00eb U\u00c7K-s\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb list\u00eb q\u00eb nuk e b\u00ebn dallimin nd\u00ebrmjet\u00a0luft\u00ebtar\u00ebve<\/em>\u00a0dhe\u00a0civil\u00ebve<\/em>, duke ia l\u00ebn\u00eb gjykat\u00ebs q\u00ebta definoj\u00eb statusin e tyre juridik dhe akteve q\u00eb \u00e7uan n\u00eb vdekjen e tyre.<\/p>\n

Konventa e Tret\u00eb e Gjenev\u00ebs<\/a>\u00a0(1949) e kodifikon statusin e\u00a0luft\u00ebtarit<\/em>\u00a0duke e barazuar me at\u00eb t\u00eb t\u00eb\u00a0burgosurit t\u00eb luft\u00ebs<\/em>, dhe q\u00eb i p\u00ebrket nj\u00ebr\u00ebs nga gjasht\u00eb kategorit\u00eb e m\u00ebposhtme: an\u00ebtar\u00ebt e forcave t\u00eb armatosura t\u00eb nj\u00eb shteti pal\u00eb n\u00eb konflikt; an\u00ebtar\u00ebt e milicive dhe trupave tjer\u00eb vullnetar\u00eb, p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb ata t\u00eb rezistenc\u00ebs s\u00eb armatosur si pal\u00eb n\u00eb konflikt, n\u00ebse i p\u00ebrmbushin kriteret e\u00a0Rregullave t\u00eb Hag\u00ebs<\/a>\u00a0(1899-1907); pjes\u00ebmarr\u00ebsit e forcave t\u00eb rregullta t\u00eb armatosura t\u00eb rreshtuara pran\u00eb nj\u00eb qeverie ose autoriteti; personat q\u00eb shoq\u00ebrojn\u00eb forcat e armatosura pa qen\u00eb an\u00ebtar\u00eb t\u00eb tyre; dhe banor\u00ebt e nj\u00eb territori jo t\u00eb okupuar t\u00eb cil\u00ebt spontanisht i kapin arm\u00ebt p\u00ebr t\u2019i rezistuar forcave pushtuese. Rregullat e Hag\u00ebs parashikojn\u00eb q\u00eb \u201cligjet, t\u00eb drejtat dhe detyrat e luft\u00ebs vlejn\u00ebjo vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr ushtrit\u00eb, por edhe p\u00ebr milicit\u00eb dhe trupat vullnetare\u201d, t\u00eb p\u00ebrb\u00ebr\u00eb nga luft\u00ebtar\u00eb dhe jo-luft\u00ebtar\u00eb, por vet\u00ebm n\u00ebse i plot\u00ebsojn\u00eb kat\u00ebr kritere: komandohen nga nj\u00eb person p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebs p\u00ebr vart\u00ebsit e tij; kan\u00eb nj\u00eb emblem\u00eb fikse dalluese; dalin publikisht me arm\u00eb; dhe i kryejn\u00eb operacionet ushtarake n\u00eb p\u00ebrputhje me ligjin dhe zakonet e luft\u00ebs.<\/p>\n

Protokolli Shtes\u00eb I<\/a>\u00a0e zgjeroi definicionin, duke i njohur si\u00a0luft\u00ebtar\u00eb\u00a0<\/em>pjes\u00ebtar\u00ebt e popujve q\u00eb luftojn\u00eb kund\u00ebr sundimit kolonial, pushtuesit t\u00eb huaj dhe regjimeve raciste n\u00eb ushtrimin e s\u00eb\u00a0drejt\u00ebs s\u00eb vet\u00ebvendosjes<\/em>, nd\u00ebrsa\u00a0Protokolli Shtes\u00eb II<\/a>, teksa e zhvillon dhe e plot\u00ebson Nenin 3,i P\u00ebrbashk\u00ebt i Konventave t\u00eb Gjenev\u00ebs, i p\u00ebrshkruan si\u00a0luft\u00ebtar\u00eb<\/em>\u00a0edhe an\u00ebtar\u00ebt e \u201cforcave disidente ose grupeve tjera t\u00eb armatosura\u201d\u2014n\u00eb nj\u00eb konflikt t\u00eb brendsh\u00ebm t\u00eb armatosur.<\/p>\n

Praktika e konflikteve t\u00eb armatosura jond\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare,si\u00e7\u00a0shpjegon Komiteti\u00a0Nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar\u00a0i\u00a0Kryqit\u00a0t\u00eb\u00a0Kuq\u00a0(KNKK)<\/a>, nuk i definon tutje nocionet e\u00a0forcave disidente\u00a0<\/em>dhe\u00a0situat\u00ebn e an\u00ebtar\u00ebve t\u00eb grupeve t\u00eb armatosura opozitare<\/em>, nd\u00ebrsa sugjeron se personave t\u00eb till\u00eb nuk u ofrohet mbrojtje si\u00a0civil\u00eb<\/em>\u00a0n\u00ebse marrin pjes\u00eb drejtp\u00ebrdrejt n\u00eb armiq\u00ebsi.<\/p>\n

Prandaj,\u00a0luft\u00ebtari<\/em><\/a>\u00a0\u00ebsht\u00eb an\u00ebtar i forcave t\u00eb armatosura,q\u00eb n\u00eb em\u00ebr t\u00eb Shtetit ka t\u00eb drejt\u00eb t\u00eb marr\u00eb pjes\u00eb drejtp\u00ebrdrejt n\u00eb armiq\u00ebsi, dhe, n\u00ebse bie n\u00eb duart e forcave t\u00eb armikut, ai e g\u00ebzon imunitetin dhe privilegjin e t\u00eb\u00a0burgosurit t\u00eb luft\u00ebs<\/em>. Neni 43 i Protokollit I i definon si forca t\u00eb armatosura \u201ct\u00eb gjitha forcat e organizuara ushtarake\u201d q\u00eb operojn\u00eb n\u00ebn komand\u00ebn e nj\u00eb pale n\u00eb konflikt, edhe n\u00ebse ajo pal\u00eb e p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsuar nga nj\u00eb qeveri ose autoritet nuk njihet nga pala kund\u00ebrshtare; rrjedhimisht, an\u00ebtar\u00ebt e saj jan\u00eb t\u00eb obliguar t\u2019i zbatojn\u00eb rregullat e s\u00eb drejt\u00ebs nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare humanitare sa i p\u00ebrket konfliktit t\u00eb armatosur, e gjithashtu, atyre u sigurohet mbrojtje nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare si t\u00eb\u00a0burgosur lufte<\/em>.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb teori, statusi i\u00a0luft\u00ebtarit<\/em><\/a>\u00a0\u00ebsht\u00eb I kufizuar tek an\u00ebtar\u00ebt e forcave t\u00eb armatosura t\u00eb Shtetit, dhe zbatohet n\u00eb konfliktet e armatosura nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare. Kjo, pasi q\u00eb Neni 3, i P\u00ebrbashk\u00ebt \u00a0i Konventave t\u00eb Gjenev\u00ebs, q\u00eb i referohet \u201ckonfliktit t\u00eb natyr\u00ebs jond\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare\u201d, si\u00e7 sugjeron\u00a0Higgins<\/a>, nuk e p\u00ebrcakton qart\u00eb fush\u00eb veprimin dhe karakteristikat e konfliktit t\u00eb brendsh\u00ebm t\u00eb armatosur, duke krijuar paqart\u00ebsi rreth statusit t\u00eb an\u00ebtar\u00ebve t\u00eb grupeve t\u00ebarmatosura. N\u00eb\u00a0praktik\u00eb<\/a>, megjithat\u00eb, termi\u00a0luft\u00ebtar<\/em>p\u00ebrdoret, po ashtu, p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrshkruar\u00a0luft\u00ebtar\u00ebt<\/em>\u00a0ose personat q\u00eb marrin pjes\u00eb drejtp\u00ebrdrejt n\u00eb luftime n\u00eb nj\u00eb konflikt t\u00eb brendsh\u00ebm\u2014\u00e7\u00ebshtje kjo q\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktohet me ligjin komb\u00ebtar. Edhe\u00a0Asambleja e P\u00ebrgjithshme e OKB-s\u00eb<\/a>\u00a0flet p\u00ebr \u201cluft\u00ebtar\u00ebt e t\u00eb gjitha konflikteve t\u00eb armatosura\u201d n\u00eb nj\u00eb rezolut\u00eb q\u00eb merret me respektimin e t\u00eb drejtave t\u00eb njeriut n\u00eb konflikt t\u00eb armatosur\u2014e miratuar n\u00eb vitin 1970.\u00a0S\u00eb fundi<\/a>, nd\u00ebrkaq, nocioni\u00a0luft\u00ebtar\u00a0<\/em>ishte p\u00ebrdorur n\u00eb\u00a0Deklarat\u00ebn e Kajros<\/em>\u00a0dhe n\u00eb\u00a0Planin e Veprimit t\u00eb Kajros\u00a0<\/em>dhe i referohet t\u00eb dy kategorive t\u00eb konflikteve.<\/p>\n

Sidoqoft\u00eb,ky p\u00ebrshkrim ka kuptim p\u00ebrgjithsues;k\u00ebta persona, sipas\u00a0KNKK-s\u00eb<\/a>, nuk g\u00ebzojn\u00eb mbrojtje ndaj sulmeve si\u00e7 u garantohet civil\u00ebve, e as nuk u takon e drejta e\u00a0luft\u00ebtarit<\/em>\u00a0ose t\u00eb t\u00eb\u00a0burgosurit t\u00eb luft\u00ebs<\/em>\u2014e zbatueshme n\u00eb konfliktet e armatosura nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare. Paqart\u00ebsit\u00eb rreth fush\u00ebveprimit dhe karakteristikave t\u00eb konflikteve t\u00eb armatosura jond\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare, p\u00ebr rrjedhoj\u00eb statusit t\u00eb\u00a0luft\u00ebtarit<\/em>, l\u00ebn\u00eb t\u00eb hapur mund\u00ebsin\u00eb p\u00ebr interpretime t\u00eb ndryshme.<\/p>\n

Kosova, konflik I brendsh\u00ebm dhe nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar: Adem dhe Ham\u00ebz Jashari\u2014Luft\u00ebtar\u00eb<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

P\u00ebr t\u00eb kuptuar statusin e Adem dhe Ham\u00ebz Jasharit, duhet shikuar natyr\u00ebn e konfliktit n\u00eb Kosov\u00eb dhe statusin e Ushtris\u00eb \u00c7lirimtare t\u00eb Kosov\u00ebs si kryengritje e armatosur. N\u00eb rrafshin nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar, Kosova\u2014q\u00eb nga viti 1990e deri n\u00eb fillim t\u00eb vitit 1998\u2014ishte trajtuar si \u201cproblem i brendsh\u00ebm i Beogradit<\/a>\u201d, p\u00ebr pasoj\u00eb, konflikti n\u00eb Kosov\u00eb ishte cil\u00ebsuar si \u201ctraz ir\u00eb e brendshme\u201d. Kjo, meq\u00eb juridikisht, Kosova ishte pjes\u00eb e Republik\u00ebs Federale t\u00eb Jugosllavis\u00eb (RFJ), Serbis\u00eb dhe Malit t\u00eb Zi, e integruarn\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb paligjshme pas shp\u00ebrb\u00ebrjes s\u00eb Republik\u00ebs Socialiste Federative t\u00eb Jugosllavis\u00eb (RSFJ) n\u00eb vitin 1992.\u00a0Komisioni i Pavarur Nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar p\u00ebr Kosov\u00ebn<\/a>\u00a0(KPNK) e karakterizon konfliktin n\u00eb Kosov\u00eb si t\u00eb\u00a0brendsh\u00ebm<\/em>, nd\u00ebrmjet forcave t\u00eb RFJ-s\u00eb dhe Serbis\u00eb dhe Ushtris\u00eb \u00c7lirimtare t\u00eb Kosov\u00ebsi zhvilluar n\u00eb territorin e Kosov\u00ebs prej shkurtit t\u00eb vitit 1998 deri n\u00eb mars t\u00eb vitit 1999, dhe\u00a0nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar<\/em>, nd\u00ebrmjet NATO-s dhe RFJ e Serbis\u00eb, pas lansimit t\u00eb fushat\u00ebs ajrore t\u00eb Aleanc\u00ebs kund\u00ebr RFJ-s\u00eb m\u00eb 24 mars t\u00eb vitit 1999.<\/p>\n

Pra, konflikti n\u00eb Kosov\u00eb i kishte p\u00ebrmbushur kriteret e nj\u00eb\u00a0konflikti t\u00eb brendsh\u00ebm<\/em>, ani pse autoritetet federale kurr\u00eb nuk e shpall\u00ebn\u00a0gjendjene luft\u00ebs<\/em>, mbase,\u00a0si\u00e7 sugjeron Obradoviq<\/a>, nga frika se nj\u00eb \u201cpranim\u201d i till\u00eb mund ta legjitimonte statusin politik t\u00eb U\u00c7K-s\u00eb n\u00eb aren\u00ebn nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare.S\u00eb k\u00ebndejmi,\u00a0Neni i P\u00ebrbashk\u00ebt 3,\u00a0<\/a>mbi konfliktin e armatosur jond\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar, ishte i aplikuesh\u00ebm, dhe pal\u00ebt n\u00eb konflikt ishin t\u00eb obliguara t\u00eb silleshin konform provizioneve t\u00eb tij .P\u00ebrkat\u00ebsisht,Kosova\/U\u00c7K, bazuar n\u00eb Nenin 2 ,i P\u00ebrbashk\u00ebt i Konventave t\u00eb Gjenev\u00ebs, ishte pal\u00eb n\u00eb konflikt,n\u00ebat\u00ebnd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar dhe t\u00eb brendsh\u00ebm, q\u00eb n\u00ebnkuptontese parimi i barazis\u00eb s\u00eb pal\u00ebve nd\u00ebrluftuese,\u00a0sipas Obradoviq<\/a>, ishte i zbatuesh\u00ebm: RFJ-ja ishte eobliguar ta respektonte t\u00eb drejt\u00ebn nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare humanitare si pasardh\u00ebsee RSFJ-s\u00eb (Pal\u00eb Kontraktuese e Konventave t\u00eb Gjenev\u00ebs dhe t\u00ebProtokolleveShtes\u00eb), rregull ky q\u00eb ka vlejtur,po ashtu, edhe p\u00ebr an\u00ebtar\u00ebt e U\u00c7K-s\u00eb si shtetas jugosllav\u00eb, respektivisht shtetas t\u00eb Serbis\u00eb,\u00a0pavar\u00ebsisht<\/a>\u00a0se ata nuk e kishin kapacitetin ligjor t\u00eb n\u00ebnshkruanin Konventat e Gjenev\u00ebs.<\/p>\n

Ndon\u00ebse statusi i\u00a0luft\u00ebtarit<\/em>\u00a0\u00ebsht\u00eb i aplikuesh\u00ebm n\u00eb konfliktin e armatosur nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar, jan\u00eb dy dispozita t\u00eb s\u00eb drejt\u00ebs nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare humanitare q\u00eb megjithat\u00ebmund t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoren n\u00eb rastet e konfliktevet\u00ebbrendshme t\u00ebarmatosura dhe l\u00ebvizjevenacional\u00e7lirimtare. Nj\u00ebra \u00ebsht\u00eb Neni i P\u00ebrbashk\u00ebt2 q\u00eb\u201caplikohetn\u00ebt\u00eb gjitha rastet e luft\u00ebs s\u00eb shpallur, ose n\u00eb rast t\u00eb ndonj\u00eb konflikti tjet\u00ebr t\u00eb armatosur q\u00eb mund t\u00eb lind\u00ebnd\u00ebrmjet dy ose m\u00eb shum\u00eb pal\u00ebve kontraktuese, edhe n\u00ebse gjendja e luft\u00ebs nuk njihet nga nj\u00ebra prej tyre\u201d. Dhe e dyta \u00ebsht\u00eb Neni i P\u00ebrbashk\u00ebt 3 q\u00eb mbulon \u201ckonfliktin e armatosur me karakter jo nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar, i cili zhvillohet brenda territorit t\u00eb nj\u00eb shteti kontraktues.\u201d S\u00eb pari, n\u00eb Kosov\u00eb ka ekzistuar nj\u00eb\u00a0gjendje lufte<\/em>\u2014edhe pa u deklaruar si e till\u00ebnga RFJ dhe autoritetet e at\u00ebhershme t\u00ebSerbis\u00eb; s\u00eb dyti, Kosova, juridikisht pjes\u00eb e RFJ-s\u00eb\/Serbis\u00eb, shtet kontraktues i Konventave t\u00eb Gjenev\u00ebs dhe i Protokolleve t\u00eb tyre, paraqiste pal\u00eb n\u00eb konflikt; dhe s\u00eb treti, konflikti i armatosur ka ndodhur n\u00eb territorin e nj\u00eb shteti kontraktues, RFJ-s\u00eb, respektivisht Kosov\u00ebs si pjes\u00eb e federat\u00ebs.<\/p>\n

Duke iu referuar p\u00ebrkufizimit\u00a0t\u00eb Protokollit I mbi\u00a0luft\u00ebtar\u00ebt<\/em><\/a>, pjes\u00ebtar\u00ebt e Ushtris\u00eb \u00c7lirimtare t\u00eb Kosov\u00ebs i takonin \u201cforcave ose grupeve tjera t\u00eb armatosura\u201d q\u00eb luftonin kund\u00ebr \u201cpushtuesit t\u00eb huaj\u201d, p\u00ebrkat\u00ebsisht Serbis\u00eb, n\u00eb ushtrim t\u00eb s\u00eb \u201cdrejt\u00ebs s\u00eb tyre t\u00eb vet\u00ebvendosjes\u201d, si\u00e7 parashikohet n\u00eb Kart\u00ebn e Kombeve t\u00eb Bashkuara dhe Deklarat\u00ebn mbi Parimet e s\u00eb Drejt\u00ebs Nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare n\u00eb Lidhje me Marr\u00ebdh\u00ebniet Miq\u00ebsore dhe Bashk\u00ebpunimin Nd\u00ebrmjet Shteteve. Protokolli I, gjithashtu, e njeh statusin e \u201cgrupeve t\u00eb armatosura joshtet\u00ebrore\u201d n\u00eb nj\u00eb konflikt t\u00eb brendsh\u00ebm, q\u00eb n\u00ebnkupton se ato e g\u00ebzojn\u00eb \u201cstatusin e pal\u00ebs n\u00eb konflikt, i cili i detyron t\u2019i zbatojn\u00eb dispozitat e s\u00eb drejtes nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare humanitare t\u00eb aplikueshme n\u00eb konflikte t\u00eb armatosura jond\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare\u201d.Nisur nga komentimi i KNKK-s\u00eb, \u201ckonfliktet\u201d e p\u00ebrshkruara n\u00eb Nenin 3, si\u00e7 shpjegojn\u00eb\u00a0Mofidi dhe Eckert<\/a>, p\u00ebrfshijn\u00eb konfliktet nd\u00ebrmjet forcave t\u00eb armatosura t\u00eb cil\u00ebsdo pal\u00eb, e q\u00eb n\u00eb shum\u00eb tipare i ngjajn\u00eb nj\u00eb \u201clufte nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare\u201d por q\u00eb zhvillohen brenda kufijve t\u00eb nj\u00eb shteti t\u00eb vet\u00ebm.<\/p>\n

Andaj, duke u thirrur n\u00eb interpretimin e KNKK-s\u00eb mbi \u201cluft\u00ebn nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare\u201d si konflikt q\u00eb ndodh brenda \u201ckufijve t\u00eb nj\u00eb shteti t\u00eb vet\u00ebm\u201d; duke marr\u00eb parasysh statusin e Kosov\u00ebs si nj\u00ebsi e RFJ-s\u00eb, pal\u00eb n\u00ebnshkruese e Konventave t\u00eb Gjenev\u00ebs dhe t\u00eb Protokolleve Shtes\u00eb; duke e p\u00ebrdorur zbatueshm\u00ebrin\u00eb e parimit t\u00eb barazis\u00eb s\u00eb pal\u00ebve nd\u00ebrluftuese, si dhe njohjen nga\u00a0Protokolli I<\/a>\u00a0t\u00eb\u201cgrupeve t\u00eb armatosura\u201d si pal\u00eb n\u00eb konflikt, Kosova\/U\u00c7K i plot\u00ebsonte kushtet si pal\u00eb n\u00eb konflikt, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb pjes\u00ebtar\u00ebt e Ushtris\u00eb \u00c7lirimtare t\u00eb Kosov\u00ebs llogariten si\u00a0luft\u00ebtar\u00eb<\/em>\u00a0n\u00eb p\u00ebrputhje me rregullat dhe zakonet e luft\u00ebs. Rrjedhimisht, Adem dhe Ham\u00ebz Jashari, t\u00eb vrar\u00eb nga forcat policore t\u00eb Serbis\u00eb n\u00eb fillim t\u00eb marsit 1998\u2014n\u00eb koh\u00ebn kur konflikti n\u00eb Kosov\u00eb cil\u00ebsohej si i brendsh\u00ebm\u2014e g\u00ebzojn\u00eb statusin e\u00a0luft\u00ebtarit<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Meqen\u00ebse natyra e konflikteve jond\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e definuar qart\u00eb, kund\u00ebrth\u00ebniet rreth legjitimitetit t\u00eb pjes\u00ebmarr\u00ebsve n\u00eb k\u00ebto luft\u00ebra do t\u00eb vazhdojn\u00eb. Neni i P\u00ebrbashk\u00ebt 3,\u00a0si\u00e7 argumenton Higgins<\/a>, p\u00ebderisa \u00ebsht\u00eb i guximsh\u00ebm, \u00ebsht\u00eb paradoksal, nj\u00ebkoh\u00ebsisht. S\u00eb pari, nd\u00ebrsa ofron mbulim p\u00ebr konfliktin e brendsh\u00ebm t\u00eb armatosur, \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb larg n\u00eb zbatimin e t\u00ebr\u00eb korpusit t\u00eb s\u00eb drejt\u00ebs nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare humanitare n\u00eb konflikte t\u00eb tilla. S\u00eb dyti, derisa ky nen k\u00ebrkon t\u00eb ofroj\u00eb mbrojtje p\u00ebr ata q\u00eb kapen n\u00eb konflikte jond\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare, pavar\u00ebsisht kauz\u00ebs s\u00eb rebel\u00ebve, kjo mbrojtje nuk barazohet me at\u00eb q\u00eb u ofrohet atyre q\u00eb zihen n\u00eb konflikte nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare. P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, ekzistojn\u00eb paqart\u00ebsi rreth zbatimit t\u00eb k\u00ebsaj dispozite, e cila nuk parasheh ndonj\u00eb autoritet p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebs q\u00eb do t\u00eb vendoste n\u00ebse nj\u00eb konflikt i caktuar paraqet \u201ckonflikt sipas Nenit t\u00eb P\u00ebrbashk\u00ebt 3.\u201d M\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishmja, Neni 3, bazuar n\u00eb analiz\u00ebn e k\u00ebtij autori, nuk ofron dispozita t\u00eb ve\u00e7anta mbi luft\u00ebn guerile, q\u00eb do t\u00eb thot\u00eb se qeveria e nj\u00eb shteti mund n\u00eb \u00e7do rast ta shtyp\u00eb nj\u00eb kryengritje dhe akoma t\u2019i mbaj\u00eb rebel\u00ebt p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebs sipas ligjit penal, madje edhe t\u2019i d\u00ebnoj\u00eb\u00a0luft\u00ebtar\u00ebt e liris\u00eb<\/em>, t\u00eb arrestuar si t\u00eb burgosur, dhe t\u2019i vras\u00eb pas gjykimit.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb rastin e Kosov\u00ebs, qeveria e RFJ-s\u00eb,\u00a0sipas Human Rights Watch<\/a>, nuk ka qen\u00eb e obliguar q\u00eb t\u2019iu jap\u00eb pjes\u00ebtar\u00ebve t\u00eb U\u00c7K-s\u00eb, t\u00eb z\u00ebn\u00eb rob\u00ebr, statusin e t\u00eb\u00a0burgosurit t\u00eb luft\u00ebs<\/em>. Sepse ata, bazuar n\u00eb ligjin nacional, nuk e kan\u00eb g\u00ebzuar statusin e\u00a0luft\u00ebtarit t\u00eb privilegjuar,<\/em>p\u00ebr rrjedhoj\u00eb, kan\u00eb mundur t\u00eb gjykohen dhe t\u00eb d\u00ebnohen nga gjykatat Jugosllave n\u00ebn akuz\u00ebn p\u00ebr tradhti, kryengritje, dhe kryerje t\u00eb krimeve tjera t\u00eb d\u00ebnueshme me kodin penal, parim ky q\u00eb ka vlejtur edhe n\u00eb raport me ushtar\u00ebt e ushtris\u00eb Jugosllave.<\/p>\n

L\u00ebvizjet\u00a0<\/em>Nacional\u00e7lirimtare<\/em>: Legale dhe Legjitime<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

L\u00ebvizjet nacional\u00e7lirimtare kan\u00eb marr\u00eb legjitimitet nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar n\u00eb\u00a0Konferenc\u00ebn Diplomatike 1974-1977<\/a>, ethirrur p\u00ebr t\u00eb rishikuar Konventat e Gjenev\u00ebs. Me k\u00ebt\u00eb rast, Konferenca i njohi luftrat nacional\u00e7lirimtare si\u00a0konflikte nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare<\/em>, nd\u00ebrsa\u00a0luft\u00ebtar\u00ebt e liris\u00eb<\/em>, q\u00ebb\u00ebjn\u00ebluft\u00eb guerile, si\u00a0luft\u00ebtar\u00eb<\/em>\u2014duke marr\u00ebimunitetet dhe privilegjet e t\u00ebburgosurve t\u00eb luft\u00ebs<\/em>\u00a0n\u00ebse kapen nga forcat kund\u00ebrshtare n\u00eb konflikt.<\/p>\n

Neni i ndryshuar 1.4 i Protokollit Shtes\u00eb I, protokoll ky q\u00eb derivoi nga konferenca, e njeh si konflikt t\u00eb armatosur luft\u00ebn e popujve kund\u00ebr regjimeve shtyp\u00ebse, si sundimit kolonial, pushtuesit t\u00eb huaj dhe regjimeve raciste, n\u00eb ushtrimin e s\u00eb drejt\u00ebs s\u00eb tyre t\u00eb vet\u00ebvendosjes. Duke iu referuar Nenit t\u00eb P\u00ebrbashk\u00ebt 2, Protokolli I aplikohet n\u00eb \u201ct\u00eb gjitha rastet e luft\u00ebs s\u00eb shpallur ose t\u00eb ndonj\u00eb konflikti tjet\u00ebr t\u00eb armatosur\u201d si dhe n\u00eb \u201ct\u00eb gjitha rastet e pushtimit t\u00eb pjessh\u00ebm ose t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjithsh\u00ebm t\u00eb territorit t\u00eb nj\u00eb pale t\u00eb lart\u00eb kontraktuese, edhe n\u00ebse okupimi i p\u00ebrmendur nuk has\u00ebn\u00eb rezistenc\u00eb t\u00eb armatosur\u201d. Ndon\u00ebse, k\u00ebto dy nene e sjellin luft\u00ebn nacional\u00e7lirimtare n\u00eb rrafshin e luft\u00ebrave nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare, paragrafi 1 i Nenit t\u00eb P\u00ebrbashk\u00ebt 2,\u00a0si\u00e7 sugjeron Graham<\/a>, aplikohet vet\u00ebm n\u00eb konfliktet \u201cq\u00eb lindin nd\u00ebrmjet dy ose m\u00eb shum\u00eb pal\u00ebve t\u00eb larta kontraktuese\u201d, nd\u00ebrkoh\u00eb q\u00eb l\u00ebvizjet nacional\u00e7lirimtare nuk jan\u00eb pal\u00eb n\u00ebnshkruese t\u00eb k\u00ebtyre konventave.<\/p>\n

Pavar\u00ebsisht k\u00ebsaj, ekzistojn\u00eb dispozita shtes\u00eb q\u00eb mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoren nga l\u00ebvizjet nacional\u00e7lirimtare p\u00ebrve\u00e7 atyre t\u00eb sip\u00ebrp\u00ebrmendura, si\u00e7 jan\u00eb Nenet 44 dhe 94 t\u00eb Protokollit I dhe Neni3, i P\u00ebrbashk\u00ebti Konventave t\u00eb Gjenev\u00ebs. Neni 44\u00a0mbi luft\u00ebtar\u00ebt dhe t\u00eb burgosurit e luft\u00ebs<\/em>, bazuar n\u00eb analiz\u00ebn e Higgins, \u00ebsht\u00eb mjaftuesh\u00ebm i gjer\u00eb sa mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrfshij\u00eb edhe\u00a0luft\u00ebtar\u00ebt e liris\u00eb<\/em>\u00a0ose t\u00eb\u00a0rezistenc\u00ebs s\u00eb armatosur<\/em>, nd\u00ebrsa Neni 94 mbi\u00a0aderimin<\/em>, q\u00eb thot\u00eb \u201cKy Protokoll do t\u00eb jet\u00eb i hapur p\u00ebr aderim p\u00ebr secil\u00ebn pal\u00eb q\u00eb nuk e ka n\u00ebnshkruar at\u00eb\u201d, ofron mund\u00ebsi q\u00eb l\u00ebvizjet nacional\u00e7lirimtare t\u00eb b\u00ebhen pal\u00eb n\u00ebnshkruese t\u00eb Protokollit. N\u00eb fakt, Neni 44.3,\u00a0sipas Mofidi dhe Eckert<\/a>, k\u00ebrkon q\u00ebt\u00eb shtrij\u00eb njohjen ligjore tek kategori t\u00eb caktuara t\u00eb guerileve teksa i modifikon k\u00ebrkesat p\u00ebr\u00a0luft\u00ebtar\u00ebt<\/em>\u00a0(stemat dalluese dhe dalja publike me arm\u00eb) p\u00ebr \u201ct\u2019u dalluar qart\u00eb nga civil\u00ebt\u201d, duke e pranuar n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb se \u201cnatyra e armiq\u00ebsive\u201d n\u00eb disa raste do ta pengoj\u00eb nj\u00eb dallim t\u00eb till\u00eb n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb efektive.<\/p>\n

Tutje, mjegullia e Nenit 3 lejon interpretim m\u00eb t\u00eb gjer\u00eb dhe ofron mund\u00ebsin\u00eb q\u00eb luft\u00ebrat \u00e7lirimtaret\u00eb bien brenda fush\u00ebveprimit t\u00eb tij. S\u00eb pari,\u00a0si\u00e7 thekson Higgins<\/a>, me p\u00ebrfshirjen e dispozit\u00ebs mbi konflikti ne brendsh\u00ebm, \u00ebsht\u00eb supozuar se nj\u00ebra nga pal\u00ebt nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb shtet; dhe s\u00eb dyti, kjo dispozit\u00eb mund t\u00eb zbatohet n\u00eb nj\u00eb konflikt t\u00eb till\u00eb edhe pa u arritur pragu i Nenit t\u00eb P\u00ebrbashk\u00ebt 3. N\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb ky nen t\u00eb zbatohet, grupet guerile,\u00a0sipas Suter<\/a>, duhet t\u00eb demonstrojn\u00eb se paraqesin k\u00ebrc\u00ebnim p\u00ebr mbijetes\u00ebn e qeveris\u00eb legjitime p\u00ebrmes p\u00ebrdorimit t\u00eb shkall\u00ebs s\u00eb lart\u00eb dhe t\u00eb vazhdueshme t\u00eb dhun\u00ebs deri n\u00eb at\u00eb mas\u00eb sa\u00a0trazira civile<\/em>\u00a0merr karakter t\u00eb nj\u00eb\u00a0konflikti t\u00eb brendsh\u00ebm<\/em>.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, Konventat e Gjenev\u00ebs e l\u00ebn\u00eb t\u00eb hapur mund\u00ebsin\u00eb q\u00eb\u00a0l\u00ebvizjet \u00e7lirimtare<\/em>\u00a0t\u00eb aderojn\u00eb ose t\u00eb pranojn\u00eb t\u2019i zbatojn\u00eb rregullat e konventave duke i p\u00ebrdorur dy dispozita: e para\u2014Nenet e P\u00ebrbashk\u00ebta 60\/59\/139\/155\u00a0mbi aderimin n\u00eb konventa<\/em>, t\u00eb cilat lejojn\u00eb zbatimin e konventave n\u00eb rastet e luft\u00ebrave \u00e7lirimtare, duke th\u00ebn\u00eb se: \u201cNga data e hyrjes n\u00eb fuqi, Konventa do t\u00eb jet\u00eb e hapur p\u00ebr \u00e7do Fuqi n\u00eb emrin e s\u00eb cil\u00ebs Konventa aktuale nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00ebnshkruar ende, t\u00eb aderoj\u00eb n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb Konvent\u00eb\u201d.Dhe dispozita e dyt\u00eb, Neni i P\u00ebrbashk\u00ebt 2.3,i cili thot\u00eb: \u201cNdon\u00ebse nj\u00ebra nga Fuqit\u00eb n\u00eb konflikt mund t\u00eb mos jet\u00eb pal\u00eb n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb Konvent\u00eb, Fuqit\u00eb q\u00eb jan\u00eb pal\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00eb do t\u00eb q\u00ebndrojn\u00eb t\u00eb lidhura me t\u00eb n\u00eb marr\u00ebdh\u00ebniet e tyre t\u00eb nd\u00ebrsjella.\u201d Termi\u00a0Fuqi\/Fuqit\u00eb,<\/em>\u00a0shpjegon Higgins, mund t\u00eb aplikohet n\u00eb rastet e l\u00ebvizjeve nacional\u00e7lirimtare, n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb ato t\u00eb aderojn\u00eb, ose t\u00eb pranojn\u00eb t\u00eb jen\u00eb t\u00eb lidhuranga konventat.<\/p>\n

Duke e p\u00ebrdorur kuptimin e Konventave t\u00eb Gjenev\u00ebs,\u00a0nj\u00eb l\u00ebvizje nacional\u00e7lirimtare<\/a>\u00a0mund t\u00eb kualifikohet si\u00a0Fuqi\u00a0<\/em>n\u00ebse ushtron kontroll\u00eb mbi nj\u00eb territor t\u00eb caktuar\u2014i administruar nga Shteti\u00a0am\u00eb<\/em>\u00a0si n\u00eb koloni ose n\u00ebn mandat, veprim ky q\u00eb mund t\u00eb sh\u00ebrbej\u00eb p\u00ebr ta nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtarizuar konfliktin n\u00eb at\u00eb nivel saq\u00eb fush\u00ebveprimi i Konventave t\u00eb Gjenev\u00ebs mund t\u00eb vihet n\u00eb zbatim. P\u00ebr t\u00eb arritur deri k\u00ebtu, l\u00ebvizja \u00e7lirimtare duhet t\u00eb p\u00ebrmbush\u00eb dy objektiva: t\u00eb siguroj\u00eb mb\u00ebshtetjen e popullat\u00ebs civile dhe t\u00eb siguroj\u00eb njohje t\u00eb madhe nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare.<\/p>\n

A e kishte fituar Ushtria \u00c7lirimtare e Kosov\u00ebs mb\u00ebshtetjen popullore? Po. A kishte fituar legjitimitet nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar? Absolutisht. N\u00eb konferencat nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare t\u00eb Rambujes\u00eb dhe Parisit (1999)\u2014t\u00eb nd\u00ebrmjet\u00ebsuara nga Grupi i Kontaktit p\u00ebr Kosov\u00ebn\u2014U\u00c7K-ja<\/a>, p\u00ebrmes drejtorit t\u00eb saj politik Hashim Tha\u00e7i q\u00eb nj\u00ebherish i printe delegacionit t\u00eb Kosov\u00ebs, u njoh nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtarisht si pal\u00eb n\u00eb negociata dhe forc\u00eb e pashmangshme n\u00eb zgjidhjen e konfliktit t\u00eb Kosov\u00ebs\u2014pa t\u00eb cil\u00ebn n\u00ebnshkrimi i nj\u00eb marr\u00ebveshjeje t\u00eb paqes ishte i pamundsh\u00ebm. Si debutuese me luft\u00eb guerile dhe sulme kund\u00ebr objekteve t\u00eb qeveris\u00eb serbe n\u00eb Kosov\u00eb,\u00a0Ushtria \u00c7lirimtare e Kosov\u00ebs<\/a>\u00a0llogaritet si nj\u00eb nd\u00ebr kryengritjet m\u00eb t\u00eb suksesshme t\u00eb periudh\u00ebs s\u00eb pas Luft\u00ebs s\u00eb Ftoht\u00eb. S\u00eb pari\u2014duke operuar n\u00eb nj\u00eb periudh\u00eb relativisht t\u00eb shkurt\u00ebr t\u00eb konfliktit t\u00eb armatosur; s\u00eb dyti\u2014duke marr\u00eb mb\u00ebshtetje t\u00eb gjer\u00ebnga popullata civile brenda territorit q\u00eb operonte; s\u00eb treti\u2014duke i rezistuar regjimete karakterizuara si okupator\u00eb t\u00eb huaj; dhe s\u00eb fundi\u2014duke arritur t\u00eb fitoj\u00eb legjitimitet nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar. Suksesi i U\u00c7K-s\u00eb, si\u00e7 argumentojn\u00eb\u00a0Mulaj<\/a>\u00a0dhe\u00a0Perrit<\/a>, i atribuohet simbioz\u00ebs s\u00eb legjitimitetit komb\u00ebtar dhe nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar: n\u00eb planin komb\u00ebtar\u2014p\u00ebrmes sfidimit t\u00eb l\u00ebvizjes paq\u00ebsore t\u00eb Ibrahim Rugoves dhe t\u00eb Lidhjes Demokratike t\u00eb Kosov\u00ebs (LDK), dhe n\u00eb at\u00eb nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar\u2014duke i rezistuar shtypjes s\u00eb vazhdueshme t\u00eb regjimit t\u00eb Serbis\u00eb ndaj shqiptar\u00ebve etnik\u00eb t\u00eb Kosov\u00ebs.<\/p>\n

Ushtria \u00c7lirimtare e Kosov\u00ebs ishte vazhdim i luft\u00ebs s\u00eb shqiptar\u00ebve p\u00ebr \u00e7lirim dhe pavar\u00ebsi nga Serbia\u2014e njohur n\u00eb thelb si regjim shtyp\u00ebs. Misioni i saj, sipas Mulajt, \u201cduhet t\u00eb kuptohet n\u00eb kontekstin e shtypjes s\u00eb vazhdueshme t\u00eb shqiptar\u00ebve t\u00eb Kosov\u00ebs nga qeverit\u00eb serbe.\u201d Shfaqja e U\u00c7K-s\u00eb ishte ndikuar nga dy faktor\u00eb: l\u00ebvizja e pafrytshme, paq\u00ebsore e Rugov\u00ebs dhe LDK-s\u00eb, n\u00eb nj\u00ebr\u00ebn an\u00eb, dhe d\u00ebshtimi i\u00a0Marr\u00ebveshjes s\u00eb Dejtonit<\/a>\u00a0(1995) p\u00ebr t\u00eb zgjidhur statusin e Kosov\u00ebs krahas atij t\u00eb Bosnje dhe Hercegovin\u00ebs, n\u00eb an\u00ebn tjet\u00ebr. Organizata zgjodhi dhun\u00ebn\u2014si mjet i fundit\u2014si p\u00ebrgjigje ndaj\u00a0dhun\u00ebs dhe terrorit t\u00eb Sllobodan Millosheviqit<\/a>\u00a0kund\u00ebr shqiptar\u00ebve\u2014e lansuar n\u00eb fillim t\u00eb vitit 1990 dhe e riaktualizuar gjat\u00eb gjith\u00eb dekad\u00ebs. Ishte\u00a0vrasja masive<\/em>\u00a0n\u00eb Likoshan dhe \u00c7irez (28 shkurt-1 mars, 1998) dhe vrasja e Adem Jasharit dhe e familjes s\u00eb tij (5-7 mars, 1998), megjithat\u00eb, q\u00eb sh\u00ebnuan\u00a0pik\u00eb kthese<\/a>.\u00a0Lufta ishte e pashmangshme<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Ushtria\u00a0<\/em>\u00c7<\/em>lirimtare e Kosov\u00ebs: Pal\u00eb n\u00eb Konflikt, An\u00ebtar\u00ebt e Saj\u2014Luft\u00ebtar\u00eb<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Historikisht,\u00a0l\u00ebvizjet\/kryengritjet guerile<\/a>\u00a0kan\u00eb qen\u00eb subjekt i diskutimeve p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb legjitimitetit dhe pajtueshm\u00ebris\u00eb s\u00eb tyre me ligjin dhe zakonet e luft\u00ebs.\u00a0P\u00ebr dallim nga\u00a0luft\u00ebtar\u00ebt e ligjsh\u00ebm<\/em><\/a>,\u00a0gueril\u00ebt<\/em>\u00a0konsiderohen t\u00eb\u00a0paligjsh\u00ebm\u00a0<\/em>ose\u00a0ilegal\u00eb<\/em>, shpesh jan\u00eb etiketuar si\u00a0luft\u00ebtar\u00eb t\u00eb paprivilegjuar<\/em>,\u00a0luft\u00ebtar\u00eb t\u00eb armikut<\/em>,\u00a0terrorist\u00eb<\/em>,\u00a0kryengrit\u00ebs<\/em>, madje edhe\u00a0kriminel\u00eb<\/em>. Si pasoj\u00eb, ata nuk g\u00ebzojn\u00eb mbrojtje ligjore nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare, respektivisht nuk e g\u00ebzojn\u00eb statusin e\u00a0luft\u00ebtarit\u00a0<\/em>dhe t\u00eb t\u00eb\u00a0burgosurit t\u00eb luft\u00ebs<\/em>. T\u00eb definuar si\u00a0luft\u00ebtar\u00eb t\u00eb paligjsh\u00ebm<\/em>\u00a0dhe t\u00eb\u00a0paprivilegjuar<\/em>,\u00a0luft\u00ebtar\u00ebt e paligjsh\u00ebm t\u00eb armikut<\/em><\/a>, bazuar n\u00eb p\u00ebrshkrimin e Shteteve t\u00ebBashkuara t\u00eb Amerik\u00ebs (SHBA), jan\u00eb aktor\u00eb joshtet\u00ebror\u00eb q\u00eb e p\u00ebrdorin forc\u00ebn ushtarake p\u00ebr p\u00ebrfitime personale\u2014pa autorizimin e duhur\u2014dhe duke i shkelur normat dhe rregullat e luft\u00ebs, ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht Rregullat e Hag\u00ebs.<\/p>\n

Ushtria \u00c7lirimtare e Kosov\u00ebs, e njohur p\u00ebr metodat guerile t\u00eb luft\u00ebs, si dhe\u00a0sulmet dhe kund\u00ebr-sulmet<\/a>, i sfidon k\u00ebto supozime.U\u00c7K,\u00a0argumenton Humanitarian Rights Watch<\/a>, ishte forc\u00eb e organizuar ushtarake konform p\u00ebrshkrimit t\u00eb s\u00eb drejt\u00ebs nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare humanitare. D\u00ebshmit\u00ebekzistuese tregojn\u00eb se rezistencae armatosur i plot\u00ebsonte t\u00eb gjitha kriteret e Rregullavet\u00eb Hag\u00ebs:\u00a0ajo kishte struktur\u00eb dhe organizim relativisht t\u00eb mir\u00eb<\/a>\u2014hierarkin\u00eb dhe organet udh\u00ebheq\u00ebse; kishte shenja dalluese\u2014emblema dhe uniforma; dilte publikisht me arm\u00eb; dhe zhvillone operacione luftarake n\u00eb p\u00ebrputhje me rregullat dhe zakonet e luft\u00ebs. Si\u00e7 kishte deklaruar Jakup Krasniqi n\u00eb cil\u00ebsin\u00eb e z\u00ebdh\u00ebn\u00ebsitt\u00ebU\u00c7K-s\u00eb: \u201cU\u00c7K-ja \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb ushtri \u00e7lirimtare dhe formacion i rregullt ushtarak […].Veprimet tona jan\u00eb pak m\u00eb t\u00eb gjera dhe m\u00eb shum\u00eb kan\u00eb karakter t\u00eb ushtrive t\u00eb rregullta\u201d. (Koha Ditore, 11 korrik 1998)<\/p>\n

S\u00eb dyti, Ushtria \u00c7lirimtare e Kosov\u00ebs ishte e ligjshme dhe legjitime!\u00a0L\u00ebvizja e armatosur<\/a>\u00a0i takonte\u00a0Gjenerat\u00ebs s\u00eb Kat\u00ebrt t\u00eb Luft\u00ebs<\/em>\u00a0q\u00eb simbolizon integrimin e aspektit politik dhe ushtarak t\u00eb luft\u00ebs: U\u00c7K-ja i ngjasonte\u00a0l\u00ebvizjeve nacionaliste<\/em>\u00a0t\u00eb shekullit t\u00eb nj\u00ebzet\u00eb q\u00eb kishin b\u00ebr\u00eb\u00a0luft\u00eb \u00e7lirimtare<\/em>\u00a0kund\u00ebr\u00a0qeverive shtyp\u00ebse<\/em>m\u00eb q\u00ebllim realizimin e s\u00eb\u00a0drejt\u00ebs p\u00ebr vet\u00ebvendosje<\/em>\u2014e garantuar me Kart\u00ebn e Kombeve t\u00eb Bashkuara dhe Protokollin I. Duke iu p\u00ebrmbajtur dispozitave t\u00eb Rregullavet\u00eb Hag\u00ebs, pjes\u00ebtar\u00ebt e U\u00c7K-s\u00eb nuk ishin t\u00eb\u00a0paligjsh\u00ebm<\/em>e as\u00a0terrorist\u00eb<\/em>\u00a0si\u00e7 ishin etiketuar nga regjimi i Serbis\u00eb. N\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb, U\u00c7K\u2014ndryshe nga l\u00ebvizjet tjera kryengrit\u00ebse\u2014sipas Perrit,p\u00ebrdori relativisht pak sulme terroriste ndaj civil\u00ebve dhe fitoi relativisht pak beteja kund\u00ebr forcave ushtarake kund\u00ebrshtare p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb suksesit q\u00eb arriti n\u00eb aren\u00ebn politike nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare. An\u00ebtar\u00ebt e saj p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsonin\u00a0luft\u00ebn e popullit<\/em>; ata ishin\u00a0luft\u00ebtar\u00eb t\u00eb liris\u00eb<\/em>. Si\u00e7 shkruante nj\u00ebra\u00a0nga komunikatat e U\u00c7K-s\u00eb<\/a>, e l\u00ebshuar n\u00eb dhjetor t\u00eb vitit 1997, dhe e drejtuar ndaj bashk\u00ebsis\u00eb nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare,\u201cU\u00c7K lindi si domosdoshm\u00ebri e koh\u00ebs dhe q\u00ebllimi i saj i vet\u00ebm \u00ebsht\u00eb \u00e7lirimi i territoreve tona\u201d, nd\u00ebrsa shtonte se \u201clufta jon\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb luft\u00eb e drejt\u00eb p\u00ebr \u00e7lirim\u201d.<\/p>\n

Q\u00ebllimi kryesor i U\u00c7K-s\u00eb ishte \u00e7lirimi dhe pavar\u00ebsia e Kosov\u00ebs nga Serbia, e njohur si pushtues i huaj.\u00a0Strategjia dhe taktikat e organizat\u00ebs<\/a>\u00a0ishin t\u00eb ngjashme me ato q\u00eb ishin p\u00ebrdorur nga Marshall Tito gjat\u00eb luft\u00ebs nacional\u00e7lirimtare dhe ishin promovuar po ashtu nga regjimet e m\u00ebparshme p\u00ebrmes sistemeve t\u00eb mbrojtjes s\u00eb p\u00ebrgjithshme komb\u00ebtare dhe t\u00ebmbrojtjes civile. Ideologjia e saj nacionaliste ishte tipike p\u00ebr l\u00ebvizjet nacional\u00e7lirimtare t\u00eb shekullit nj\u00ebzet, q\u00eb synonin krijimin e nj\u00eb shteti t\u00eb lir\u00eb dhe t\u00ebpavarur, si\u00e7 ishte rasti i Tigrave \u00c7lirimtar\u00eb t\u00eb Tamil Elamit (T\u00c7TE\/LTTE) n\u00eb Shri Lank\u00eb ose L\u00ebvizja Kund\u00ebr Aparteidit (LKA\/AAM) n\u00eb Afrik\u00ebn e Jugut. Dhe, nd\u00ebrsa ekzistojn\u00eb probleme ligjore n\u00eb konfliktin nd\u00ebrmjet l\u00ebvizjes nacional\u00e7lirimtare dhe qeveris\u00eb legjitime,\u00a0historia na kujton<\/a>\u00a0se\u00a0lufta e \u00e7lirimit komb\u00ebtar<\/em>ka ekzistuar qysh n\u00eb shekullin tet\u00ebmb\u00ebdhjet\u00eb\u2014kolon\u00ebt amerikan\u00eb q\u00eb luftonin kund\u00ebr sundimtar\u00ebve t\u00eb tyre britanik\u00eb, dhe n\u00eb shekullin e n\u00ebnt\u00ebmb\u00ebdhjet\u00eb\u2014kur vendet e Amerik\u00ebs Latine luftonin kund\u00ebr sundimit t\u00ebSpanjes dhe Portugalis\u00eb.<\/p>\n

E v\u00ebrtet\u00eb, ka pasur\u2014dhe gjithmon\u00eb do t\u00eb ket\u00eb\u2014dyshimese individ\u00eb brenda U\u00c7K-s\u00eb ishin p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb n\u00eb krime n\u00eb kund\u00ebrshtim me rregullat dhe zakonet e luft\u00ebs, si\u00e7 kishin raportuar disa organizata nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare, dhe si\u00e7 konkludoi Tribunali i Hag\u00ebs n\u00eb gjykimet kund\u00ebr\u00a0Limaj dhe t\u00eb tjer\u00eb\u00a0<\/em>dhe\u00a0Haradinaj dhe t\u00eb tjer\u00eb<\/em>. Megjithat\u00eb, kjo nuk sugjeron se U\u00c7K, si organizat\u00eb, ishte infiltruar n\u00eb akte kriminale ose \u201cnd\u00ebrmarrje t\u00eb p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebt kriminale\u201d n\u00eb kund\u00ebrshtim me ligjin nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar. Ushtria \u00c7lirimtare e Kosov\u00ebs, si\u00e7 kishte th\u00ebn\u00eb\u00a0Jakup Krasniqi<\/a>,duke iu p\u00ebrgjigjur pretendimeve t\u00eb Dhomave t\u00eb Specializuara, nuk ishte \u201cnd\u00ebrmarrje e p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebt kriminale\u201d, ajo ishte \u201cnd\u00ebrmarrje e p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebt \u00e7lirimtare.\u201d<\/p>\n

P\u00ebr ta p\u00ebrmbyllur, Adem dhe Ham\u00ebz Jashari, pjes\u00ebtar\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00eb\u00a0populli t\u00eb shtypur<\/em>\u00a0dhe q\u00eb luftuan kund\u00ebr\u00a0pushtuesit t\u00eb huaj<\/em>\u00a0n\u00eb ushtrim t\u00eb s\u00eb\u00a0drejt\u00ebs s\u00eb tyre t\u00eb vet\u00ebvendosjes<\/em>, ligj\u00ebrisht e g\u00ebzojn\u00eb statusin e\u00a0luft\u00ebtarit<\/em>. Si pjes\u00ebtar\u00eb t\u00eb Ushtris\u00eb \u00c7lirimtare t\u00eb Kosov\u00ebs, ata p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsuan\u00a0forcat disidente\u00a0<\/em>ose\u00a0grupe tjera t\u00eb armatosura<\/em>\u00a0n\u00eb nj\u00eb konflikt jond\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar, ose ishin t\u00eb lidhur me nj\u00eb l\u00ebvizje \u00e7lirimtare\u2014lufta p\u00ebr\u00a0\u00e7lirim komb\u00ebtar\u00a0<\/em>e s\u00eb cil\u00ebs njihet si\u00a0konflikt nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar\u00a0<\/em>n\u00eb t\u00eb drejt\u00ebn nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare humanitare. Dhe, me Kosov\u00ebn si pjes\u00eb e RFJ-s\u00eb, pal\u00eb n\u00ebnshkruese e Konventave t\u00eb Gjenev\u00ebs dhe t\u00eb Protokolleve Shtes\u00eb, pjes\u00ebtar\u00ebt e U\u00c7K-s\u00eb si shtetas t\u00eb RFJ\/Serbis\u00eb ishin t\u00eb detyruar t\u2019i zbatonin rregullat dhe zakonet e luft\u00ebs, q\u00eb do t\u00eb thot\u00eb se U\u00c7K\u2014grup i armatosur<\/em>\u2014i njohur si\u00a0pal\u00eb n\u00eb konflikt<\/em>\u00a0sipas p\u00ebrkufizimit t\u00eb Protokollit I, paraqiste pal\u00eb n\u00eb konflikt edhe pa u njohur si e till\u00eb nga Serbia. N\u00eb fund, konflikti n\u00eb Kosov\u00eb, duke e arritur pragun e nj\u00eb\u00a0konflikti t\u00eb brendsh\u00ebm t\u00eb armatosur<\/em>, iu dha mund\u00ebsi Adem dhe Ham\u00ebz Jasharit t\u00eb fitojn\u00eb statusin e\u00a0luft\u00ebtarit<\/em>. Prandaj, vrasja e tyre duhet t\u00eb p\u00ebrjashtohet nga hetimi.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Adem dhe Ham\u00ebz Jashari, pjes\u00ebtar\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00eb \u201cpopulli t\u00eb shtypur\u201d dhe q\u00eb luftuan kund\u00ebr \u201cpushtuesit t\u00eb huaj\u201d p\u00ebr t\u00eb realizuar t\u00eb \u201cdrejt\u00ebn e tyre t\u00eb vet\u00ebvendosjes\u201d, ligj\u00ebrisht e g\u00ebzojn\u00eb statusin e \u201cluft\u00ebtarit\u201d. Si an\u00ebtar\u00eb t\u00eb Ushtris\u00eb \u00c7lirimtare t\u00eb Kosov\u00ebs, ata p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsuan \u201cforcat disidente ose grupe tjera t\u00eb armatosura\u201d n\u00eb nj\u00eb konflikt jond\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar, ose ishin t\u00eb […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":644,"featured_media":12386,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[13],"tags":[2446,2448,2447,2445],"ppma_author":[2444],"class_list":["post-4735","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-analize","tag-adem-jashari","tag-e-drejta-nderkombetare","tag-hamez-jashari","tag-statusi-juridik"],"authors":[{"term_id":2444,"user_id":644,"is_guest":0,"slug":"sebahate-shala","display_name":"Sebahate Shala","avatar_url":{"url":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/s200_sebahate.shala_.jpg","url2x":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/s200_sebahate.shala_.jpg"},"user_url":"","last_name":"Shala","first_name":"Sebahate","description":"Researcher & Analyst with 5+ years of experience in policy research and analysis, as well as 10 years of experience in journalism, reporting for newspapers."}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4735","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/644"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4735"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4735\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12387,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4735\/revisions\/12387"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/12386"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4735"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4735"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4735"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ppma_author?post=4735"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}