{"id":5278,"date":"2020-04-30T16:02:27","date_gmt":"2020-04-30T14:02:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/?p=5278"},"modified":"2024-11-04T16:04:19","modified_gmt":"2024-11-04T14:04:19","slug":"kur-vdekja-e-zeze-goditi-evropen","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/kritike\/kur-vdekja-e-zeze-goditi-evropen\/","title":{"rendered":"Kur \u201cVdekja e Zez\u00eb\u201d goditi Evrop\u00ebn"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Sociolog\u00ebt argumentojn\u00eb se pandemit\u00eb nuk mund t\u00eb reduktohen vet\u00ebm n\u00eb fenomene biologjike q\u00eb p\u00ebrhapin s\u00ebmundjen dhe shkaktojn\u00eb vdekjen. Ato jan\u00eb edhe ngjarje q\u00eb kan\u00eb luajn\u00eb rol substancial historik dhe si t\u00eb tilla form\u00ebsojn\u00eb m\u00ebnyrat e t\u00eb menduarit t\u00eb njer\u00ebzve.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebr sa i p\u00ebrket impaktit, \u201cmurtaja\u201d \u00ebsht\u00eb pandemia q\u00eb m\u00eb s\u00eb shumti ka l\u00ebn\u00eb vrrag\u00eb n\u00eb kujtes\u00ebn kolektive t\u00eb njer\u00ebzimit e sidomos n\u00eb qytet\u00ebrimin evropian. Frank Snowden n\u00eb librin e tij monumental \u201cEpidemit\u00eb dhe Shoq\u00ebria\u201d ofron nj\u00eb investigim t\u00eb detajuar t\u00eb historis\u00eb s\u00eb pandemive. Ai vler\u00ebson se t\u00eb kuptuarit e pandemive \u00ebsht\u00eb po aq i r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm sa studimi i luft\u00ebrave, religjionit, ekonomis\u00eb, politik\u00ebs e kultur\u00ebs. Specifikisht, p\u00ebr \u201cmurtaj\u00ebn\u201d Snowden thot\u00eb se \u00ebsht\u00eb \u201cskenari m\u00eb i keq\u201d q\u00eb nj\u00eb shoq\u00ebri mund ta p\u00ebrjetoj\u00eb n\u00ebse ajo goditet nga nj\u00eb pandemi.<\/p>\n

Murtaja goditi Per\u00ebndimin n\u00eb tri val\u00eb p\u00ebr gjat\u00eb historis\u00eb dhe la gjurm\u00eb q\u00eb zor se do t\u00eb fshihen ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb nga kujtesa. Pandemia e par\u00eb u shfaq m\u00eb 540. Ajo zgjati dy shekuj dhe njihet si \u201cMurtaja e Justinianit\u201d. Q\u00eb n\u00eb goditjen e saj t\u00eb par\u00eb, Murtaja u imponua si lojtar serioz historik dhe teksa u shtri n\u00eb Afrik\u00eb, Azi dhe Evrop\u00eb, mori jet\u00ebt e af\u00ebr 100 milion\u00eb njer\u00ebzve dhe tkurri shtrirjen e perandoris\u00eb. Vala e dyt\u00eb u shfaq n\u00eb Azin\u00eb Qendrore, kurse n\u00eb Evrop\u00eb mb\u00ebrrijti m\u00eb 1347 dhe zgjati 300 vite, duke u shfaqur n\u00eb rreth 20 episode.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb Evrop\u00eb matjet tregojn\u00eb se diku mes 50% dhe 75% t\u00eb popullsis\u00eb vdiq si pasoj\u00eb e Murtaj\u00ebs. Kjo val\u00eb p\u00ebrfundoi m\u00eb 1670 dhe u quajt \u201cMurtaja e Madhe\u201d dhe \u201cVdekja e Zez\u00eb\u201d. Vala e tret\u00eb zgjati nga viti 1855 deri m\u00eb 1910 dhe u quajt \u201cVala Aziatike\/Man\u00e7uriane\u201d. P\u00ebr 5 vite vet\u00ebm n\u00eb Kin\u00eb kishte mbytur 13 milion njer\u00ebz. N\u00eb Indi poashtu p\u00ebraf\u00ebrsisht 15 milion\u00eb njer\u00ebz humb\u00ebn jet\u00ebn nga kjo pandemi.<\/p>\n

Mir\u00ebpo \u00ebsht\u00eb vala e dyt\u00eb e pandemis\u00eb ajo q\u00eb pati impaktin m\u00eb t\u00eb madh n\u00eb histori, prandaj fokusi do t\u00eb jet\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00eb. Etiologjia, shkenca q\u00eb trajton kushtet e lindjes s\u00eb dhe shp\u00ebrndarjes s\u00eb s\u00ebmundjeve, tregon se patogjeni i \u201cVdekjes s\u00eb Zez\u00eb\u201d ishte nj\u00eb bakter vezak q\u00eb fillimisht u quajt\u00a0Pasteurella pestis<\/em>, e pastaj\u00a0Yersinia pestis.<\/em><\/p>\n

Fillimisht bakteret infektonin minjt\u00eb e zi. Pastaj vijn\u00eb pleshtat parazit\u00eb q\u00eb ushqeheshin me gjakun e minjve e m\u00eb pas edhe me gjakun e njer\u00ebzve. Pra minjt\u00eb e zi dhe pleshtat ishin vektor\u00ebt p\u00ebrmes t\u00eb cil\u00ebve bakteret mb\u00ebrrinin deri tek njer\u00ebzit. Pleshtat nuk udh\u00ebtojn\u00eb nga nj\u00ebri vend n\u00eb tjet\u00ebr, por minjt\u00eb po. Kjo b\u00ebhej kryesisht n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet anijeve q\u00eb udh\u00ebtonin n\u00ebp\u00ebr lumenj, q\u00eb shpesh bartnin edhe minj t\u00eb zi. P\u00ebrhapja b\u00ebhej shum\u00eb m\u00eb e leht\u00eb p\u00ebr shkak q\u00eb n\u00eb ato koh\u00eb sht\u00ebpit\u00eb ishin t\u00eb vogla dhe shum\u00eb njer\u00ebz flinin n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtin shtrat dhe dyshemet\u00eb nd\u00ebrtoheshin prej balt\u00ebs.<\/p>\n

Minjt\u00eb e infektuar dhe t\u00eb etur nga s\u00ebmundja u afroheshin edhe m\u00eb shum\u00eb sht\u00ebpive t\u00eb njer\u00ebzve n\u00eb k\u00ebrkim t\u00eb ujit, duke e zgjeruar edhe m\u00eb shum\u00eb kompasin e infeksionit. Nd\u00ebrkoh\u00eb pleshtat, menj\u00ebher\u00eb pas vdekjes s\u00eb nj\u00eb njeriu apo miu, k\u00ebrcenin nga kufoma e ftoht\u00eb tek nj\u00eb njeri i gjall\u00eb dhe k\u00ebshtu p\u00ebrmes kafshimit infektonin t\u00eb tjer\u00ebt. Kjo p\u00ebrmendet edhe n\u00eb librin \u201cMurtaja\u201d nga Albert Camus ku minjt\u00eb e ngordhur n\u00ebp\u00ebr rrug\u00ebt e Oranit p\u00ebrhapin s\u00ebmundjen.<\/p>\n

Virusi ishte shum\u00eb i fuqish\u00ebm. Simptomat e para p\u00ebrfshinin ethet, temperatur\u00ebn, lodhjen, kllap\u00ebn, kom\u00ebn, kok\u00ebdhimbjen, gangren\u00ebn, vjelljen dhe diarrhen\u00eb. Vuajtjet ishin agonizuese dhe dehumanizuese. N\u00eb disa raste s\u00ebmundja degjeneronte muskujt e zemr\u00ebs, veshk\u00ebve dhe t\u00eb nervave t\u00eb sistemit nervor. Tri-kat\u00ebr dit\u00eb pas shfaqjes s\u00eb simptomave vdekja ishte e pashmangshme.<\/p>\n

Historiani Yuval Noah Harari shkruan se mes 75 dhe 200 milion\u00eb njer\u00ebzve vdiq\u00ebn nga murtaja. N\u00eb Angli vdiq 40% e popullsis\u00eb, kurse n\u00eb Franc\u00eb 50% deri n\u00eb 60%. Qyteti i Firenc\u00ebs humbi 50 mij\u00eb njer\u00ebz, nga 100 mij\u00eb sa i kishte. Paleologjisti Per Lageras konsideron se Murtaja \u00ebsht\u00eb katastrofa m\u00eb e madhe q\u00eb ka goditur Evrop\u00ebn ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb. Nj\u00eb varg veprash literature u krijuan nga situata e krijuar.<\/p>\n

Nj\u00eb nga to ishte \u201cDitari i Vitit t\u00eb Murtaj\u00ebs\u201d nga Daniel Defoe i cili jetonte n\u00eb Lond\u00ebr at\u00eb koh\u00eb. Defoe shkruante:\u00a0\u201cMurtaja mbyti krejt dhembshurin\u00eb; vet\u00eb-ruajtja u b\u00eb ligji i par\u00eb. F\u00ebmij\u00ebt ik\u00ebn nga prind\u00ebrit p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb frik\u00ebs nga infektimi. N\u00eb disa vende, prind\u00ebrit ik\u00ebn nga f\u00ebmij\u00ebt. Rreziku i vdekjes ngulfati t\u00eb gjitha lidhjet e dashuris\u00eb dhe brengat p\u00ebr nj\u00ebri-tjetrin\u201d<\/em>. Orhan Pamuk e vler\u00ebson k\u00ebt\u00eb ditar si vepr\u00ebn m\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme t\u00eb shkruar p\u00ebr pandemin\u00eb ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb dhe jo rast\u00ebsisht kjo vep\u00ebr ishte m\u00eb e lexuara n\u00eb koh\u00ebn e shfaqjes s\u00eb Sarsit m\u00eb 2002-3.<\/p>\n

Defoe rr\u00ebfen se t\u00eb prekurit k\u00ebrcenin n\u00eb lum p\u00ebr t\u2019i shp\u00ebtuar s\u00ebmundjes. N\u00ebse tek libri i tij\u00a0\u201cRobinson Crusoe<\/em>\u201d Defoe vendosi themelet moderne p\u00ebr autonomin\u00eb e njeriut si individ q\u00eb dominon bot\u00ebn, tek ditari i tij p\u00ebr Murtaj\u00ebn ai ofron nj\u00eb situat\u00eb ku njeriu p\u00ebrballet me di\u00e7ka q\u00eb nuk e njeh dhe nuk e kontrollon dot. Derisa Crusoe k\u00ebnaqet me aft\u00ebsin\u00eb e tij p\u00ebr t\u00eb manipuluar rrethanat, Defoe n\u00eb Ditarin e tij vuan duke par\u00eb shthurjen e bot\u00ebs p\u00ebrtej fuqive t\u00eb tij. Derisa Crusoe \u00ebsht\u00eb prototipi i sunduesit kolonial q\u00eb mjesht\u00ebron bot\u00ebn e jashtme, n\u00eb ditar shihet impotenca p\u00ebr t\u00eb frenuar tsunamin e pandemis\u00eb brenda n\u00eb Angli.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb pjes\u00ebt tjera t\u00eb Evrop\u00ebs, Napoli ishte nj\u00ebri nga qytetet m\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdha t\u00eb koh\u00ebs dhe me nj\u00eb nga dend\u00ebsit\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdha t\u00eb popullsis\u00eb. Murtaja e shkretoi k\u00ebt\u00eb qytet dhe vrau 300 mij\u00eb njer\u00ebz, nga 500 mij\u00eb sa kishte. Historiani i vdekjes, Philippe Aries, n\u00eb librin e tij \u201cOra e vdekjes ton\u00eb\u201d shkruan se shoq\u00ebrit\u00eb evropiane kishin zhvilluar praktika e institucione p\u00ebr t\u00eb zbutur ankthin e vdekjes dhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjetur ngush\u00ebllim. Praktikat p\u00ebrfshinin rituale t\u00eb ndryshme fetare, kurse institucioni kryesor ishte Kisha. Ai thot\u00eb se k\u00ebto kode kishin sh\u00ebrbyer si strategji p\u00ebr t\u00eb leht\u00ebsuar makthin ekzistencial q\u00eb jep vdekja.<\/p>\n

Shoq\u00ebria kishte krijuar \u201cartin e t\u00eb vdekurit\u201d\u00a0(ars moriendi)<\/em>\u00a0p\u00ebr t\u00eb kuptim\u00ebsuar fundin e jet\u00ebs si p\u00ebr t\u00eb vdekurin, ashtu edhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb af\u00ebrmit e tij q\u00eb p\u00ebrballeshin me zin\u00eb dhe pik\u00ebllimin. P\u00ebrmes funeralit i ndjeri d\u00ebrgohej me rite n\u00eb varrin ku e kishte emrin n\u00eb epitaf. T\u00eb vdekurit ceremonialisht arkivoheshin dhe mbanin nj\u00eb vend t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm si lloj dosjeje n\u00eb vet\u00ebdijen kolektive. N\u00ebse religjioni ofronte besimin n\u00eb bot\u00ebn e p\u00ebrtejme, epitafi p\u00ebrjet\u00ebsonte kujtimin e t\u00eb vdekurit n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb bot\u00eb dhe ofronte nj\u00eb adres\u00eb ku t\u00eb af\u00ebrmit shkonin p\u00ebr t\u2019i rijetuar kujtimet.<\/p>\n

Gjat\u00eb murtaj\u00ebs krejt kjo ishte shkat\u00ebrruar. Kishte lindur shprehja e famshme \u201ckishin mbetur shum\u00eb pak njer\u00ebz t\u00eb gjall\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb varrosur t\u00eb vdekurit\u201d. Kufomat ishin braktisur si n\u00eb hap\u00ebsira t\u00eb mbyllura, ashtu edhe n\u00ebp\u00ebr rrug\u00eb dhe qent\u00eb ushqeheshin me to. Shum\u00eb mjek\u00eb e prift\u00ebrinj\u00eb ishin arrtisur nga frika dhe askush nuk mund t\u00eb ngush\u00ebllonte t\u00eb s\u00ebmur\u00ebt q\u00eb n\u00eb agoni po prisnin vdekjen. T\u00eb gjith\u00eb k\u00ebta ishin t\u00eb vetmuar si Robinson Crusoe, por pa mund\u00ebsi shp\u00ebtimi. Mij\u00ebra kufoma ishin djegur, kurse mij\u00ebra tjer\u00eb ishin hedhur n\u00eb det pa asnj\u00eb ceremoni. Funeralet ishin ndaluar. Mij\u00ebra tjer\u00eb hudheshin pa asnj\u00eb rit n\u00eb varreza masive dhe askush nuk kishte epitaf personal.<\/p>\n

Ndodhi ajo q\u00eb thot\u00eb kur Philip Strong e p\u00ebrshkruan impaktin psiko-social t\u00eb pandemis\u00eb:\u00a0\u201cversioni medicinal i makthit Hobsian \u2013 lufta e t\u00eb gjith\u00ebve kund\u00ebr t\u00eb gjith\u00ebve dhe situat\u00eb \u201cku jeta e njeriut \u00ebsht\u00eb e shkurt\u00ebr, e mjer\u00eb, e vetmuar dhe brutale\u201d.<\/em>\u00a0N\u00eb vizionin Hobsian t\u00eb gjith\u00eb njer\u00ebzit jan\u00eb t\u00eb barabart\u00eb vet\u00ebm n\u00eb di\u00e7ka: n\u00eb aft\u00ebsin\u00eb e tyre p\u00ebr t\u00eb vrar\u00eb njeri-tjetrin. Gjat\u00eb pandemis\u00eb kjo shkon p\u00ebrtej parametrave t\u00eb Hobbesit sepse edhe i vdekuri \u00ebsht\u00eb po aq i rreziksh\u00ebm sa i gjalli kur \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb pyetje kapaciteti p\u00ebr infektim.<\/p>\n

Njer\u00ebzit ishin t\u00eb bindur se po e vuanin nd\u00ebshkimin e Zotit p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb m\u00ebkateve t\u00eb tyre dhe disa ishin t\u00eb bindur se fundi i bot\u00ebs kishte mb\u00ebrrir\u00eb, kurse fallxhor\u00ebt p\u00ebrfitonin nga d\u00ebshp\u00ebrimi i tyre. Nj\u00eb portretizim t\u00eb k\u00ebsaj situate e b\u00ebn edhe Jules-\u00c9lie Delaunay n\u00eb piktur\u00ebn e tij \u201cMurtaja n\u00eb Rom\u00eb\u201d, ku shihet nj\u00eb lajm\u00ebtar i zem\u00ebruar i Zotit duke b\u00ebr\u00eb me gisht drejt sht\u00ebpis\u00eb s\u00eb m\u00ebkatarit.<\/p>\n

Besimet e tilla i shtyenin njer\u00ebzit q\u00eb ta gjejn\u00eb m\u00ebkatarin n\u00eb mesin e tyre. Prostitutat, lypsar\u00ebt, t\u00eb huajt dhe heretik\u00ebt ishin disa prej t\u00eb faj\u00ebsuar\u00ebve q\u00eb mbyteshin me gur\u00eb e digjeshin n\u00eb turr\u00ebn e druve. M\u00eb s\u00eb keqi e kishin p\u00ebsuar hebrenjt\u00eb dhe rom\u00ebt. Frank Snowden thot\u00eb se kjo logjik\u00eb mani\u00e7eane q\u00eb vendoste t\u00eb mir\u00ebn kund\u00ebr t\u00eb keqes forcoi histerin\u00eb q\u00eb i akuzonte rom\u00ebt e hebrenjt\u00eb p\u00ebr nj\u00eb komplot djall\u00ebzor kund\u00ebr njer\u00ebzimit.
\nSnowden p\u00ebrmend dy raste m\u00eb tragjike ku shihet se si frika vuri n\u00eb l\u00ebvizje spiralen e dhun\u00ebs. Nj\u00ebri ndodhi n\u00eb Strasburg, m\u00eb 1349, kur autoritetet lokale faj\u00ebsuan hebrenjt\u00eb p\u00ebr helmim t\u00eb puseve ku banor\u00ebt nxirrnin ujin. Gjysma pranuan konvertimin n\u00eb krisht\u00ebrim, kurse gjysma q\u00eb nuk pranoi u varros\u00ebn t\u00eb gjall\u00eb. Tjetri ishte n\u00eb Milan m\u00eb 1630, kur qyteti ishte n\u00eb luft\u00eb me spanjoll\u00ebt. Kat\u00ebr spanjoll\u00eb ishin shpallur fajtor\u00eb p\u00ebr helmim t\u00eb sht\u00ebpive t\u00eb milanez\u00ebve dhe ishin torturuar duke iu k\u00ebputur duart, para se t\u00eb ekzekutoheshin.<\/p>\n

Giovanni Boccaccio n\u00eb vepr\u00ebn e tij monumentale \u201cDekameroni\u201d gjall\u00ebrisht me fjal\u00eb ofroi nj\u00eb fotografi t\u00eb k\u00ebrdis\u00eb q\u00eb po b\u00ebnte Murtaja n\u00eb Firenc\u00eb. Dekameroni \u00ebsht\u00eb storie e dhjet\u00eb miqve, shtat\u00eb burrave dhe tri grave, q\u00eb arratisen nga qyteti tek nj\u00eb vil\u00eb n\u00eb periferi.<\/p>\n

Q\u00eb n\u00eb fillim Boccaccio na jep nj\u00eb p\u00ebrshkrim grafik t\u00eb pasojave:\u00a0\u201cNj\u00eb qytetar shmang nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr, fqinji fare nuk brengoset p\u00ebr tjer\u00ebt, t\u00eb af\u00ebrmit nuk vizitojn\u00eb nj\u00ebri-tjetrin. Terrori i kishte shpuar mu n\u00eb zem\u00ebr dhe v\u00ebllez\u00ebrit braktis\u00ebn nj\u00ebri-tjetrin, xhaxhai nipin, motra v\u00ebllan\u00eb dhe gruaja burrin. M\u00eb e keqja, prind\u00ebrit refuzuan t\u00eb shohin dhe kujdesen p\u00ebr f\u00ebmij\u00ebt, sikur t\u00eb mos ishin t\u00eb tyr\u00ebt.\u201d\u00a0<\/em>Boccaccio shkruan p\u00ebr fuqin\u00eb sh\u00ebruese t\u00eb storieve n\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb krizave shoq\u00ebrore dhe flet p\u00ebr r\u00ebnd\u00ebsin\u00eb e ruajtjes s\u00eb af\u00ebrsis\u00eb me t\u00eb tjer\u00ebt n\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb tilla.<\/p>\n

Disa studime mb\u00ebshtesin Boccaccion sepse ato v\u00ebrtetojn\u00eb se kur njer\u00ebzit p\u00ebrkthejn\u00eb tronditjen emocionale n\u00eb fjal\u00eb, p\u00ebrjetojn\u00eb nj\u00eb katarsis psikologjik. T\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn e thot\u00eb edhe Richard Kearney n\u00eb librin e tij \u201cMbi tregimet\u201d, ku thot\u00eb se n\u00eb periudha t\u00eb thyerjeve t\u00eb m\u00ebdha, narrativat na ofrojn\u00eb potencial unifikues mbi nj\u00eb realitet t\u00eb fragmentuar dhe t\u00eb shkap\u00ebrderdhur. Tregimet jan\u00eb forma m\u00eb e thjesht\u00eb e mitit (mythos), q\u00eb n\u00eb greqishten e vjet\u00ebr do t\u00eb thot\u00eb tregim dhe p\u00ebrmes tyre traumat e kaosit i akomodojm\u00eb n\u00eb storie q\u00eb kan\u00eb kuptim. Prandaj dikush mund t\u2019i p\u00ebrkufizoj\u00eb religjionet si tregime t\u00eb m\u00ebdha (metanarrativa) p\u00ebr t\u2019i dh\u00ebn\u00eb dometh\u00ebnie bot\u00ebs.<\/p>\n

Kjo shpjegon edhe p\u00ebrhapjen e l\u00ebvizjeve e kultit p\u00ebr t\u00eb rritur shpres\u00ebn dhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb kuptim\u00ebsuar at\u00eb q\u00eb po ndodhte. Nj\u00eb nd\u00ebr to ishte edhe \u201cL\u00ebvizja e Fishkulluesve\u201d, nj\u00eb grup i asket\u00ebve q\u00eb nd\u00ebshkonin veten me kamxhik, nuk pastroheshin, nuk nd\u00ebrronin rrobat dhe nuk flisnin me personat e gjinis\u00eb tjet\u00ebr. Mir\u00ebpo kishte edhe prirje anti-semite dhe kur hasnin n\u00eb hebrenj\u00eb, i fshikullonin. Disa edhe u shpall\u00ebn shenjtor\u00eb. Sh\u00ebn Sebastiani ishte nj\u00eb martir i krishter\u00eb q\u00eb u d\u00ebnua me vdekje nga Diokleciani n\u00eb shek. III.<\/p>\n

Ai u b\u00eb popullor sepse ngjash\u00ebm sikur Krishti edhe ai ishte sakrifikuar p\u00ebr t\u00eb mir\u00ebn e njer\u00ebzimit dhe shihej si mburoj\u00eb nga e keqja. Tjetri ishte Sh\u00ebn Roku q\u00eb dha gjith\u00eb pasurin\u00eb e tij p\u00ebr t\u2019u ndihmuar njer\u00ebzve n\u00eb nevoj\u00eb dhe q\u00eb pasi u infektua nga Murtaja, shp\u00ebtoi. P\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb shkak shihej si kult i shpres\u00ebs dhe mund\u00ebsis\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb tejkaluar v\u00ebshtir\u00ebsin\u00eb. Kulti i tret\u00eb ishte ai i Maris\u00eb Virgjine q\u00eb shihej si figur\u00eb q\u00eb mund ta zbut\u00eb nd\u00ebshkimin e Zotit mbi njer\u00ebzit. K\u00ebshtu shoq\u00ebrit\u00eb p\u00ebrmes miteve ndihmonin veten p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrballuar tronditjen e traumat e pandemis\u00eb.
\nN\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha matjet, Murtaja e Madhe \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb nga ngjarjet m\u00eb definuese t\u00eb historis\u00eb s\u00eb Evrop\u00ebs. Masat q\u00eb mor\u00ebn proto-shtetet e koh\u00ebs gradualisht dhe pas shum\u00eb vuajtjeve Evropa triumfoi mbi k\u00ebt\u00eb pandemi. Madje masat q\u00eb u nd\u00ebrmor\u00ebn, si Karantina dhe Lazaretot, vendos\u00ebn edhe themelet e modelit t\u00eb shtetit modern q\u00eb jo vet\u00ebm sundon qytetar\u00ebt, por edhe kujdeset p\u00ebr jet\u00ebt e tyre. K\u00ebto masa, do t\u00eb thoshte Michel Foucault, hap\u00ebn rrug\u00ebn p\u00ebr lindjen e biopolitik\u00ebs, prandaj edhe duhet t\u00eb trajtohen si tem\u00eb n\u00eb vete n\u00eb shkrimin e radh\u00ebs.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Sociolog\u00ebt argumentojn\u00eb se pandemit\u00eb nuk mund t\u00eb reduktohen vet\u00ebm n\u00eb fenomene biologjike q\u00eb p\u00ebrhapin s\u00ebmundjen dhe shkaktojn\u00eb vdekjen. Ato jan\u00eb edhe ngjarje q\u00eb kan\u00eb luajn\u00eb rol substancial historik dhe si t\u00eb tilla form\u00ebsojn\u00eb m\u00ebnyrat e t\u00eb menduarit t\u00eb njer\u00ebzve. P\u00ebr sa i p\u00ebrket impaktit, \u201cmurtaja\u201d \u00ebsht\u00eb pandemia q\u00eb m\u00eb s\u00eb shumti ka l\u00ebn\u00eb vrrag\u00eb n\u00eb […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":415,"featured_media":9520,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[14],"tags":[1629],"ppma_author":[778],"class_list":["post-5278","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-kritike","tag-vdekja-e-zeze-evrope"],"authors":[{"term_id":778,"user_id":415,"is_guest":0,"slug":"shkodran-ramadani","display_name":"Shkodran Ramadani","avatar_url":{"url":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/shkodran-e1729253403162.jpeg","url2x":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/shkodran-e1729253403162.jpeg"},"user_url":"","last_name":"Ramadani","first_name":"Shkodran","description":"Shkodran Ramadani \u00ebsht\u00eb hulumtues n\u00eb Institutin \u201cCompass\u201d n\u00eb Prishtin\u00eb. Ai ka p\u00ebrfunduar studimet Bachelor n\u00eb Shkenca Politike n\u00eb Universitetin e Evrop\u00ebs Juglindore n\u00eb Tetov\u00eb t\u00eb Maqedonis\u00eb dhe studimet Master n\u00eb Sociologji n\u00eb Universitetin e Prishtin\u00ebs. Shkodrani \u00ebsht\u00eb aktiv n\u00eb fush\u00ebn e hulumtimeve t\u00eb siguris\u00eb, drejt\u00ebsis\u00eb tranzicionale, marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnieve nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare, populizmit, sekularizmit, demokracis\u00eb konsociacionale dhe autonomis\u00eb."}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5278","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/415"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5278"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5278\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9521,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5278\/revisions\/9521"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/9520"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5278"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5278"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5278"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ppma_author?post=5278"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}