{"id":5567,"date":"2020-07-11T11:47:28","date_gmt":"2020-07-11T09:47:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/?p=5567"},"modified":"2024-10-08T11:08:04","modified_gmt":"2024-10-08T09:08:04","slug":"lufte-tregtare-apo-lufte-mes-klasash","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/opinion\/lufte-tregtare-apo-lufte-mes-klasash\/","title":{"rendered":"Luft\u00eb tregtare apo luft\u00eb mes klasash?"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Me plot merit\u00eb, libri i ri i\u00a0Matthew C. Klein<\/em>\u00a0dhe\u00a0Michael Pettis<\/em>, i titulluar\u00a0\u201cLuft\u00ebrat tregtare jan\u00eb luft\u00ebra n\u00eb mes t\u00eb klasave\u201d<\/em>, \u00a0ka marr\u00eb v\u00ebmendje t\u00eb madhe n\u00eb qarqet akademike dhe n\u00eb revistat prestigjioze t\u00eb ekonomis\u00eb. Z. Klein \u00ebsht\u00eb ekonomist q\u00eb ka punuar p\u00ebr gazetat si:\u00a0Financial Times, The Economist<\/em>\u00a0dhe\u00a0Bloomberg<\/em>; nd\u00ebrsa\u00a0z. Pettis<\/em>\u00a0\u00ebsht\u00eb profesor i financave n\u00eb Universitetin e Pekinit.<\/p>\n

Luft\u00ebrat tregtare, zakonisht, portretizohen si konflikte mes vendeve. Nj\u00ebri vend pretendon q\u00eb marr\u00ebveshja e tregtis\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb duke e favorizuar vendin partner. Udh\u00ebheq\u00ebsi demokrat n\u00eb Senatin Amerikan, Charls Schumer, duke i p\u00ebrkrahur tarifat e vendosura n\u00eb vitin 2018, tha q\u00eb \u201cKina \u00ebsht\u00eb armik i v\u00ebrtet\u00eb tregtar\u201d dhe \u201ck\u00ebrc\u00ebnon miliona vende pun\u00eb n\u00eb Amerik\u00eb\u201d. Ndryshe nga kjo narrativ\u00eb, ekonomist\u00ebt\u00a0Matthew C. Klein<\/em>\u00a0dhe\u00a0Michael Pettis<\/em>, argumentojn\u00eb q\u00eb konfliktet tregtare jan\u00eb kryesisht konflikte n\u00eb mes t\u00eb bankiereve dhe zot\u00ebruesve t\u00eb aseteve financiare n\u00eb nj\u00ebr\u00ebn an\u00eb, dhe familjeve t\u00eb zakonshme n\u00eb an\u00ebn tjet\u00ebr. Me fjal\u00eb tjera, jan\u00eb konflikte n\u00eb mes t\u00eb njer\u00ebzve shum\u00eb t\u00eb pasur kundrejt t\u00eb gjith\u00eb t\u00eb tjer\u00ebve.<\/p>\n

Argumenti kryesor i autor\u00ebve \u00ebsht\u00eb q\u00eb rritja e pabarazis\u00eb ka ndikuar n\u00eb rritjen e tepric\u00ebs s\u00eb mallrave t\u00eb prodhuara, humbjen e vendeve t\u00eb pun\u00ebs, dhe rritjen enorme t\u00eb borxhit. Ky argument vlen pothuajse p\u00ebr \u00e7do vend. Si rrjedhoj\u00eb, jan\u00eb shkaktuar disa kriza financiare, kriza t\u00eb borxhit dhe disbalanca t\u00eb ekonomis\u00eb globale.<\/p>\n

Libri fillon me nj\u00eb th\u00ebnie t\u00eb analistit britanik,\u00a0John Hobson<\/em>, \u00a0i cili n\u00eb vitin 1902, propozoi teorin\u00eb e \u2018n\u00ebnkonsumit\u2019. Sipas k\u00ebsaj teorie, shp\u00ebrndarja e t\u00eb ardhurave n\u00eb mes t\u00eb klasave, e atill\u00eb q\u00eb iu mund\u00ebson atyre plot\u00ebsimin e k\u00ebrkes\u00ebs p\u00ebr mallra dhe sh\u00ebrbime, garanton se nuk do t\u00eb ket\u00eb prodhim t\u00eb tepruar, papun\u00ebsi apo edhe nevoj\u00eb p\u00ebr tregje t\u00eb jashtme \u2013 kjo e fundit jo shum\u00eb e arsyeshme. Me gjith\u00eb mang\u00ebsit\u00eb, kjo teori u diskutua seriozisht nder vite, dhe sipas autor\u00ebve \u00ebsht\u00eb relevante edhe n\u00eb dit\u00ebt e sotme.<\/p>\n

Autor\u00ebt n\u00eb lib\u00ebr argumentojn\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb pabarazia e krijuar, apo t\u00eb ardhurat q\u00eb kalojn\u00eb tek njer\u00ebzit shum\u00eb t\u00eb pasur, nuk po shpenzohen \u2013 duke krijuar k\u00ebshtu nj\u00eb lloj \u201cteprice t\u00eb kursimeve\u201d. P\u00ebr shembull, shumica e fitimeve t\u00eb kompanive amerikane investohet n\u00eb \u2018parajsa fiskale\u2019. N\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb specifike, n\u00eb mes viteve 2012-2017, k\u00ebto kompani riinvestuan rreth 1.2 trilion\u00eb dollar\u00eb n\u00ebp\u00ebr korporata q\u00eb funksionojn\u00eb n\u00eb \u2018parajsa fiskale\u2019. Ky lloj modeli, me tepric\u00eb n\u00eb kursime, i detyron njer\u00ebzit e zakonsh\u00ebm t\u00eb harxhojn\u00eb m\u00eb pak, duke krijuar hap\u00ebsir\u00eb p\u00ebr shpenzime nga bizneset. N\u00eb Kin\u00eb, familjet konsumojn\u00eb m\u00eb pak se 40 p\u00ebr qind t\u00eb asaj \u00e7ka prodhojn\u00eb. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb, standardi jet\u00ebsor \u00ebsht\u00eb rritur shum\u00eb m\u00eb pak sesa prodhimi si t\u00ebr\u00ebsi. Kjo pasi q\u00eb elitat e shoq\u00ebris\u00eb kineze kan\u00eb realizuar p\u00ebrfitimin m\u00eb t\u00eb madh, duke zotuar tepric\u00ebn e prodhimit n\u00eb fjal\u00eb. P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, n\u00eb vitin 2000, dy t\u00eb tretat e vler\u00ebs s\u00eb eksporteve kineze vinin nga vendet e huaja, por produkti finalizohej n\u00eb Kin\u00eb. N\u00eb dit\u00ebt e sotme, shumica e vler\u00ebs s\u00eb k\u00ebtyre eksporteve p\u00ebrdorin kapitalin fizik dhe human vendor. Gjithsesi, p\u00ebrfitimi nga suficiti tregtar nuk duket t\u00eb jet\u00eb p\u00ebr familjet e zakonshme, por p\u00ebr elitat q\u00eb investojn\u00eb parat\u00eb e tyre n\u00ebp\u00ebr tregjet financiare.<\/p>\n

Ngjash\u00ebm me Kin\u00ebn, edhe Gjermania ka nj\u00eb suficit t\u00eb theksuar n\u00eb bilancin e pagesave. Nj\u00eb qytetar mesatar gjerman \u00ebsht\u00eb rreth 50 p\u00ebr qind m\u00eb i pasur se ai italian. Por, pabarazia \u00ebsht\u00eb aq e theksuar n\u00eb Gjermani, saq\u00eb n\u00ebse e krahasojm\u00eb median\u00ebn e nj\u00eb familje gjermane, del q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb e varf\u00ebr se edhe ajo spanjolle. Gjithashtu, rreth 90 p\u00ebr qind e firmave n\u00eb Gjermani jan\u00eb biznese t\u00eb 10 p\u00ebr qind t\u00eb top familjeve n\u00eb vend. Sipas autor\u00ebve, kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb arsyeja pse konsumi n\u00eb Gjermani n\u00eb mes t\u00eb viteve 2001 dhe 2005 nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb rritur fare. N\u00eb vend t\u00eb k\u00ebsaj, elita gjermane ka qen\u00eb e interesuar q\u00eb mjetet e kursyera t\u2019i investoj\u00eb n\u00ebp\u00ebr tregje financiare, kryesisht n\u00eb Amerik\u00eb. Ata gjithashtu argumentojn\u00eb q\u00eb vendi ka p\u00ebrfituar shum\u00eb pak nga suficiti, pasi tregu i sht\u00ebpive n\u00eb ShBA dhe obligacionet e shtetit grek \u2013 vende ku ishin investuar parat\u00eb gjermane \u2013 kan\u00eb humbur rreth 7 p\u00ebr qind t\u00eb vler\u00ebs gjat\u00eb viteve.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb fakt, parat\u00eb gjermane dhe kineze n\u00eb tregjet amerikane del se nuk kan\u00eb qen\u00eb t\u00eb dobishme as edhe p\u00ebr k\u00ebta t\u00eb fundit. K\u00ebto mjete kan\u00eb pasur rol t\u00eb madh n\u00eb p\u00ebrshpejtimin e Kriz\u00ebs Financiare t\u00eb vitit 2008. Ve\u00e7 k\u00ebsaj, familjet amerikane kan\u00eb p\u00ebrjetuar nj\u00eb rritje t\u00eb shpejt t\u00eb \u00e7mimit t\u00eb patundshm\u00ebrive, e cila doli t\u00eb jet\u00eb e pap\u00ebrballueshme p\u00ebr nivelin e tyre t\u00eb t\u00eb ardhurave. Me fjal\u00eb tjera, parat\u00eb e pashpenzuara n\u00eb vendet tjera si pasoj\u00eb e pabarazis\u00eb, ishin nj\u00eb prej shkaktar\u00ebve t\u00eb \u2018fllusk\u00ebs amerikane t\u00eb borxhit dhe deindustrializimit\u2019, argumentojn\u00eb\u00a0z. Klein<\/em>\u00a0dhe\u00a0Pettis<\/em>. \u00a0\u201cBankat e huaja qendrore dhe menaxher\u00ebt e fondeve investive harxhuan rreth 4.1 trilion\u00eb dollar\u00eb n\u00eb blerjen e aseteve t\u00eb dominuar nga dollari, kjo n\u00eb mes t\u00eb viteve 1998-2008\u201d.\u00a0 K\u00ebto hyrje t\u00eb m\u00ebdha t\u00eb kapitalit p\u00ebrkeq\u00ebsuan deficitin e madh n\u00eb ShBA.<\/p>\n

Si zgjidhje t\u00eb problemeve p\u00ebr vendeve me deficit e suficit, autor\u00ebt p\u00ebrmendin rishp\u00ebrndarjen e fuqis\u00eb bler\u00ebse brenda nj\u00eb vendi, e cila pastaj do t\u00eb ndikonte n\u00eb marr\u00ebdh\u00ebniet ekonomike me pjes\u00ebn tjet\u00ebr t\u00eb bot\u00ebs. Kjo shp\u00ebrndarje duhet t\u00eb jet\u00eb e atill\u00eb q\u00eb personat q\u00eb e shpenzojn\u00eb, nuk duhet t\u00eb hyjn\u00eb n\u00eb borxhe t\u00eb reja. Gjithashtu, p\u00ebr t\u00eb parandaluar flluskat potenciale, shum\u00eb vende kan\u00eb kufizuar apo ndaluar investimet e huaja n\u00eb disa sektor\u00eb t\u00eb ekonomis\u00eb. P\u00ebr shembull, Zelanda e Re ka ndaluar blerjen e sht\u00ebpive nga ata q\u00eb nuk jan\u00eb banor\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrhersh\u00ebm. Kufizim t\u00eb ngjash\u00ebm \u00ebsht\u00eb duke aplikuar edhe Australia, pasi q\u00eb kjo po shihet si alternativ\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u2019i zvog\u00ebluar aktivitetet spekuluese. N\u00eb lib\u00ebr, autor\u00ebt argumentojn\u00eb q\u00eb edhe ShBA duhet t\u00eb ndjek politik\u00eb t\u00eb ngjashme q\u00eb t\u00eb ndaloj hyrjen e kapitalit t\u00eb pad\u00ebshiruar.<\/p>\n

Dhe e fundit, por jo p\u00ebr nga r\u00ebnd\u00ebsia, \u00ebsht\u00eb krijimi i nj\u00eb valute bot\u00ebrore, e cila do t\u00eb sh\u00ebrbente si valut\u00eb kryesore p\u00ebr shit-blerje. Kjo do ta z\u00ebvend\u00ebsonte dollarin amerikan. Gjithsesi, kjo mund t\u00eb mos ndodh\u00eb kurr\u00eb, por ideja p\u00ebr krijimin e k\u00ebsaj valute daton nga Keynes-i, i cili n\u00eb konferenc\u00ebn e Bretton Woods nuk mundi ta shtyj\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb ide p\u00ebrpara. N\u00eb rast t\u00eb nj\u00eb zbatimit t\u00eb nj\u00eb valute bot\u00ebrore, kostot e pabarazis\u00eb n\u00eb bot\u00eb nuk do t\u00eb ishin t\u00eb vendeve individuale. Por, nuk duhet harruar q\u00eb integrimi i ekonomis\u00eb bot\u00ebrore n\u00ebn nj\u00eb valut\u00eb do t\u00eb vinte me kostot e saj.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Me plot merit\u00eb, libri i ri i\u00a0Matthew C. Klein\u00a0dhe\u00a0Michael Pettis, i titulluar\u00a0\u201cLuft\u00ebrat tregtare jan\u00eb luft\u00ebra n\u00eb mes t\u00eb klasave\u201d, \u00a0ka marr\u00eb v\u00ebmendje t\u00eb madhe n\u00eb qarqet akademike dhe n\u00eb revistat prestigjioze t\u00eb ekonomis\u00eb. Z. Klein \u00ebsht\u00eb ekonomist q\u00eb ka punuar p\u00ebr gazetat si:\u00a0Financial Times, The Economist\u00a0dhe\u00a0Bloomberg; nd\u00ebrsa\u00a0z. Pettis\u00a0\u00ebsht\u00eb profesor i financave n\u00eb Universitetin e Pekinit. […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":441,"featured_media":7966,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[691],"ppma_author":[1012],"class_list":["post-5567","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-opinion","tag-economy"],"authors":[{"term_id":1012,"user_id":441,"is_guest":0,"slug":"albian-krasniqi","display_name":"Albian Krasniqi","avatar_url":{"url":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/albiani.png","url2x":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/albiani.png"},"user_url":"","last_name":"Krasniqi","first_name":"Albian","description":"Albian Krasniqi \u00ebsht\u00eb kandidat p\u00ebr doktoratur\u00eb n\u00eb Universitetin Teknologjik t\u00eb Dublinit, duke u specializuar p\u00ebr tregun e pun\u00ebs. Paraprakisht ka mbaruar studimet master p\u00ebr ekonomi t\u00eb zhvillimit, n\u00eb Universitetin e Sussexit, n\u00eb Angli. Albiani ka p\u00ebrvoj\u00eb pune si ekonomist n\u00eb institucionet vendore dhe organizatat nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare."}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5567","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/441"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5567"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5567\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8048,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5567\/revisions\/8048"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/7966"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5567"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5567"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5567"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sbunker.org\/sr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ppma_author?post=5567"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}