Gary S. Becker: Teoria e Aksionit Racional<\/b><\/p>\n
Teoria Becker-it, e shtjelluar n\u00eb esen\u00eb e tij “The Economic Way of Looking at Behavior” trajton disa tema t\u00eb ndryshme, por p\u00ebr q\u00ebllimin e k\u00ebtij shkrimi do t\u00eb shqyrtohet vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb aspekt i k\u00ebsaj eseje, p\u00ebrkat\u00ebsisht teoria e aksionit racional e cila shikon sjelljet e njeriut jo vet\u00ebm si veprime t\u00eb nd\u00ebrmarra p\u00ebr p\u00ebrfitime personale, por n\u00eb t\u00eb cilat nd\u00ebrthuren nj\u00eb s\u00ebr\u00eb faktor\u00ebsh dhe treguesish racional q\u00eb dikush t\u00eb arrij\u00eb tek nj\u00eb vendim p\u00ebrfundimtar. K\u00ebto vendime nuk vijn\u00eb domosdoshm\u00ebrisht nga nj\u00eb nevoj\u00eb e ndryshme e agjent\u00ebve social p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrfituar personalisht, por q\u00eb ekziston nj\u00eb grup i vlerave dhe ideve q\u00eb nj\u00eb agjent disponon e t\u00eb cilat n\u00eb fund t\u00eb fundit p\u00ebrkthehen n\u00eb vendimmarrje optimale, dhe \u00e7far\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme p\u00ebr Beckerin, aft\u00ebsia p\u00ebr vendimmarrje racionale. <\/span>[1]<\/span> \u201cKapitali njer\u00ebzor\u201d, nj\u00eb\u00a0 term shum\u00eb i r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm i zgjeruar nga Becker, i referohet aft\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb njer\u00ebzve p\u00ebr t\u00eb qen\u00eb produktiv, si dhe akumulimit t\u00eb kapitalit nga individ\u00ebt p\u00ebrgjat\u00eb jet\u00ebs s\u00eb tyre.\u00a0 E p\u00ebrkthyer n\u00eb terma praktik\u00eb, kjo do t\u00eb n\u00ebnkuptonte investimin e individ\u00ebve n\u00eb arsim, n\u00eb kujdes sh\u00ebndet\u00ebsor etj, t\u00eb cilat n\u00eb fund t\u00eb fundit prodhojn\u00eb jo vet\u00ebm p\u00ebrfitime monetare, por edhe p\u00ebrfitime kulturore. Sipas Becker-it, ky koncept nuk ka t\u00eb b\u00ebj\u00eb vet\u00ebm me aspektet q\u00eb sipas tij jan\u00eb pozitive, si ato q\u00eb p\u00ebrmend\u00ebm m\u00eb lart, por edhe investimin e njer\u00ebzve n\u00eb veset e tyre. <\/span>[3]<\/span><\/a> Pra, n\u00eb nj\u00eb far\u00eb m\u00ebnyre, kapitali njer\u00ebzor mund t\u00eb shihet si t\u00ebr\u00ebsia e akumulimit t\u00eb kapitalit nga nj\u00eb agjent social .<\/span><\/p>\n Sipas Becker-it, edhe pse teoria e tij mbi aksionin racional mund t\u00eb rrjedh\u00eb nga v\u00ebzhgimi i individ\u00ebve n\u00eb situata t\u00eb ndryshme, nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb metod\u00eb q\u00eb mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoret ekskluzivisht n\u00eb at\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb. Kjo teori\u00a0 sipas tij mund t\u00eb sh\u00ebrbej\u00eb si nj\u00eb lidhje me nivelin makro, i cili mund t\u00eb bazohet n\u00eb sjelljen individuale q\u00eb mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrkthehet n\u00eb kuptimin e marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnieve m\u00eb t\u00eb gjera shoq\u00ebrore. <\/span>[4]<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n Nj\u00eb shpjegim tjet\u00ebr p\u00ebr kapitalin njer\u00ebzor, n\u00eb nj\u00eb artikull q\u00eb diskuton metodologjin\u00eb dhe konceptet e Becker-it, “Gary Becker: Model Economic Scientist”, shpjegon teorin\u00eb e tij si nj\u00eb metod\u00eb abduktive e marrjes s\u00eb fenomeneve t\u00eb ndryshme brenda nj\u00eb konteksti social, si\u00e7 jan\u00eb rezultatet dhe pasojat e arsimit, trajnimeve n\u00eb pun\u00eb etj, duke i lidhur k\u00ebta faktor\u00eb me nj\u00ebri-tjetrin, duke mos i trajtuar si fenomene t\u00eb izoluara. <\/span>[5]<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n N\u00ebse argumentojm\u00eb p\u00ebrmes ides\u00eb se \u00e7do agjent social merr vendime racionale p\u00ebr jet\u00ebn e tij, gj\u00eb q\u00eb nuk rrjedh domosdoshm\u00ebrisht nga egoizmi dhe p\u00ebr q\u00ebllim p\u00ebrfitimi, at\u00ebher\u00eb hendeku midis shkollave urbane dhe rurale mund t\u00eb v\u00ebrehet p\u00ebrmes vendimeve t\u00eb prind\u00ebrve q\u00eb t\u00eb d\u00ebrgojn\u00eb f\u00ebmij\u00ebt e tyre n\u00eb nj\u00eb shkoll\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb ul\u00ebt p\u00ebr t\u00eb mbajtur funksional komunitetin dhe fshatin. N\u00eb nj\u00eb far\u00eb m\u00ebnyre, mund t\u00eb shihet nj\u00eb gatishm\u00ebri e prind\u00ebrve p\u00ebr t\u00eb sakrifikuar arsimimin e mir\u00eb p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb nj\u00eb lidhjeje emocionale dhe vlerave q\u00eb i bashkangjiten vendit ku ata jetojn\u00eb.<\/span><\/p>\n Nj\u00eb argument tjet\u00ebr q\u00eb mund t\u00eb lind\u00eb nga teoria e aksionit racional \u00ebsht\u00eb v\u00ebshtrimi i agjent\u00ebve social\u00eb q\u00eb jan\u00eb pjes\u00eb e qeverive dhe p\u00ebrpiqen t\u00eb kuptojn\u00eb se si e shohin ata k\u00ebt\u00eb boshll\u00ebk. Ata mund t\u00eb besojn\u00eb se vendimi optimal p\u00ebr shkoll\u00ebn mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb investimi n\u00eb infrastruktur\u00eb dhe cil\u00ebsin\u00eb e m\u00ebsuesve, por duke qen\u00eb se kufizimet buxhetore i pamund\u00ebsojn\u00eb k\u00ebto investime, vendimi i balancuar mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb mbajtja e shkollave ashtu si\u00e7 jan\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb garantuar paqen sociale brenda komunitetit dhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb vet\u00ebm investime t\u00eb vogla q\u00eb mund ta ruajn\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb paqe.<\/span><\/p>\n Por ky argument ka nj\u00eb aspekt tjet\u00ebr: nga nj\u00ebra an\u00eb kemi vendimin optimal q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb investimi m\u00eb i vog\u00ebl n\u00eb k\u00ebto shkolla krahasuar me shkollat urbane t\u00eb cilat kan\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb nx\u00ebn\u00ebs, pra jan\u00eb n\u00eb avantazh duke qen\u00eb se jan\u00eb shumic\u00eb, dhe g\u00ebzojn\u00eb frytet e investimeve kapitale q\u00eb ndodhin nga komuna. Kjo mund t\u00eb sh\u00ebrbej\u00eb edhe si argument se numri i njer\u00ebzve q\u00eb jetojn\u00eb n\u00eb zon\u00ebn rurale nuk i plot\u00ebson kriteret p\u00ebr investime eventuale n\u00eb krahasim me shkollat urbane q\u00eb kan\u00eb nj\u00eb fluks m\u00eb t\u00eb madh.<\/span> Termi “<\/span>verstehen<\/span><\/i>“, i cili af\u00ebrsisht p\u00ebrkthehet\u00a0 “t\u00eb kuptosh”, \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb term i p\u00ebrdorur nga Weber p\u00ebr t\u00eb njohur veprimin social nga pik\u00ebpamja e agjentit i cili nd\u00ebrmerr veprime t\u00eb caktuara, n\u00eb situata t\u00eb caktuara. <\/span>[6]<\/span><\/a> P\u00ebr t\u00eb kuptuar veprimin shoq\u00ebror, duhet t\u00eb p\u00ebrpiqemi t\u00eb kuptojm\u00eb arsyen q\u00eb q\u00ebndron prapa asaj q\u00eb e motivon nj\u00eb individ t\u00eb veproj\u00eb.<\/span> Si\u00e7 u p\u00ebrmend m\u00eb lart, n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb shqyrtohen fenomene t\u00eb ndryshme shoq\u00ebrore dhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb kuptuar motivin e veprimit shoq\u00ebror t\u00eb individ\u00ebve, grupeve dhe organizatave brenda nj\u00eb situate t\u00eb caktuar, Weber shpjegon dhe kategorizon lloje t\u00eb ndryshme t\u00eb veprimit shoq\u00ebror n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb jap\u00eb nj\u00eb p\u00ebrgjigje m\u00eb adekuate p\u00ebr \u00e7far\u00eb i motivon agjent\u00ebt shoq\u00ebror\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrfshihen n\u00eb veprime t\u00eb caktuara shoq\u00ebrore. N\u00eb baz\u00eb t\u00eb k\u00ebtij shpjegimi ekzistojn\u00eb veprime shoq\u00ebrore q\u00eb jan\u00eb racionale dhe iracionale. <\/span>[8]<\/span><\/a> Fillimisht kemi dy lloje t\u00eb veprimit racional social: ai i aksionit vleror-racional, i cili shpjegohet si nj\u00eb motiv i nj\u00eb individi ose grupi bazuar n\u00eb vlera t\u00eb caktuara q\u00eb mish\u00ebrohen te individ\u00ebt q\u00eb sh\u00ebrbejn\u00eb si motivim p\u00ebr veprim shoq\u00ebror. Kjo form\u00eb e veprimit shoq\u00ebror bazohet n\u00eb vlera t\u00eb internalizuara q\u00eb nuk k\u00ebrkojn\u00eb asgj\u00eb n\u00eb k\u00ebmbim, si\u00e7 \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrfitimi monetar. <\/span>[9]<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n Lloji i dyt\u00eb i veprimit shoq\u00ebror, i cili poashtu kategorizohet si racional, \u00ebsht\u00eb aksioni racional instrumental q\u00eb shpjegohet p\u00ebrmes motivimit t\u00eb individit p\u00ebr shkak p\u00ebrfitimeve personale ose monetare n\u00eb k\u00ebmbim. <\/span>[10]<\/span><\/a> Dy llojet e tjera t\u00eb veprimeve shoq\u00ebrore vendosen n\u00eb kategorin\u00eb joracionale, t\u00eb cilat ndahen n\u00eb dy n\u00ebntipe, q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb aksioni shoq\u00ebror i motivuar nga emocionet dhe tjetri i motivuar nga traditat. <\/span>[11]<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n N\u00ebse p\u00ebrpiqemi t\u00eb kuptojm\u00eb hendekun q\u00eb ka ndodhur n\u00eb mes t\u00eb shkollave rurale dhe urbane n\u00eb Kamenic\u00eb n\u00eb baz\u00eb t\u00eb Weber na nevojitet t\u00eb konstruktojm\u00eb nj\u00eb ‘tip ideal’ p\u00ebr t\u00eb kuptuar se pse nj\u00eb situat\u00eb ka arritur aty ku \u00ebsht\u00eb. Duhet t\u00eb definojm\u00eb sistemin e arsimor brena Kosov\u00ebs pastaj\u00a0 n\u00eb raport me vendet e tjera t\u00eb ngjashme, t\u00eb cilat p\u00ebr hir t\u00eb krahasimit mund t\u00eb jen\u00eb vende tjera n\u00eb Ballkan, me situata t\u00eb ngjashme ekonomike, si dhe ngjarjet t\u00eb krahasueshme historike, si ato t\u00eb luft\u00ebrave.<\/span><\/p>\n P\u00ebr t\u00eb kuptuar k\u00ebt\u00eb boshll\u00ebk sasior dhe cil\u00ebsor brenda shkollave urbane dhe rurale, duhet t\u00eb p\u00ebrpiqemi disi t\u00eb konceptojm\u00eb q\u00ebllimin e sistemit arsimor dhe cilat jan\u00eb karakteristikat m\u00eb tipike t\u00eb nj\u00eb sistemi arsimor, p\u00ebr t\u00eb matur realitetin arsimor brenda Kamenic\u00ebs. Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb sigurisht jasht\u00ebzakonisht komplekse, dhe n\u00eb rastin e sistemit arsimor duhet t\u00eb kombinohen t\u00eb gjitha faktor\u00ebt t\u00eb p\u00ebrmendur sip\u00ebr, nga nj\u00eb rishikim i holl\u00ebsish\u00ebm historik. M\u00eb pas duhet t\u00eb shqyrtojm\u00eb struktur\u00ebn ekonomike, kultur\u00ebn dhe vlerat n\u00eb Kosov\u00eb dhe se si kjo ndikon n\u00eb struktur\u00ebn e p\u00ebrgjithshme t\u00eb arsimit.<\/span><\/p>\n Bibliografi<\/b> Dillon, M, <\/span>Introduction to Sociological Theory: Theorists, Concepts, and their Applicability to the Twenty-First Century<\/span><\/i>. in , John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2014.<\/span><\/p>\n Heckman, J, “Gary Becker: Model Economic Scientist.”. in <\/span>Ftp.iza.org<\/span><\/i>, 2015, [accessed 7 October 2020].<\/span><\/p>\n “Kosovo PISA 2015”. in , 2015, [accessed 7 October 2020].<\/span><\/p>\n Parsons, T, <\/span>Social Structure and Personality<\/span><\/i>. in, London, The Free Press, 1970. 15<\/span><\/p>\n “Raport Mbi Riorganizimin E Shkollave Fillore Dhe t\u00eb Mesme t\u00eb Ul\u00ebta N\u00eb Komun\u00ebn e Kamenic\u00ebs”. i , 2019,\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n Richardson, J., <\/span>Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education<\/span><\/i>, 1986, Westport, CT: Greenwood, pp. 241\u201358<\/span><\/p>\n Sommers, M, & P Buckland, “Parallel worlds: rebuilding the education system in Kosovo.”. in <\/span>Unesdoc.unesco.org <\/span><\/i>, 2004, [accessed 7 October 2020].<\/span><\/p>\n Teixeira, P, “<\/span>Gary Becker\u2019s early work on human capital \u2013 collaborations and distinctiveness.”. <\/span><\/i>in <\/span>IZA Journal of Labor Economics<\/span><\/i>, 3, 2014, [accessed 7 October 2020].<\/span><\/p>\n “<\/span>Vler\u00ebsim: Popullsia e Kosov\u00ebs 2019<\/span><\/i>“., 2019, [accessed 7 October 2020].<\/span><\/p>\n Weber, M, H Gerth, & C Wright Mills, <\/span>From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology<\/span><\/i>. in, New York, Oxford Univ. Press, 1946.<\/span><\/p>\n Weber, M, <\/span>The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism<\/span><\/i>. in, London, Routledge Classics, 2005.<\/span><\/p>\n [1]<\/span><\/a> Becker, G, \u00b4<\/span>Nobel Lecture: The EconomicWay of Looking at Behavior,<\/span><\/i>\u2019 Chicago Journals, vol. 101,<\/span><\/p>\n [2]<\/span><\/a> Teixeira, P, “Gary Becker\u2019s early work on human capital \u2013 collaborations and distinctiveness.”. in IZA Journal of Labor Economics, 3, 2014, [accessed 7 October 2020].<\/span><\/p>\n [3]<\/span><\/a> Becker, G, \u00b4<\/span>Nobel Lecture: The EconomicWay of Looking at Behavior,<\/span><\/i>\u2019 Chicago Journals, vol. 101,<\/span><\/p>\n [4]<\/span><\/a> Ibid. p. 402<\/span><\/p>\n [5]<\/span><\/a> Hilgers, Mathieu ; Mangez, Eric. <\/span>Introduction to Pierre Bourdieu’s social fields<\/span><\/i>. In: Hilgers M.,<\/span><\/p>\n Mangez E, Bourdieu’s Theory of Social Fields. Concepts and applications, 2014, p. 2<\/span><\/p>\n [6]<\/span><\/a> Weber, M, H Gerth, & C Wright Mills, <\/span>From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology<\/span><\/i>. in , New York, Oxford Univ. Press, 1946. p. 46<\/span><\/p>\n [7]<\/span><\/a> Dillon, M, <\/span>Introduction to Sociological Theory: Theorists, Concepts, and their Applicability to the Twenty-First Century<\/span><\/i>. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2014. p. 128<\/span><\/p>\n [8]<\/span><\/a> Weber, M, H Gerth, & C Wright Mills, <\/span>From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology<\/span><\/i>. in , New York, Oxford Univ. Press, 1946. p. 56<\/span><\/p>\n [9]<\/span><\/a> Dillon, M, <\/span>Introduction to Sociological Theory: Theorists, Concepts, and their Applicability to the Twenty-First Century<\/span><\/i>. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2014. p. 129<\/span><\/p>\n
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\n<\/span><\/a>Vepra e Beckerit konsiderohet si nj\u00eb nd\u00ebrthurje e teoris\u00eb ekonomike me \u00e7\u00ebshtje relevante sociale. <\/span>[2]<\/span><\/a> Kjo qasje subjektiviste ndryshon shum\u00eb nga ajo q\u00eb u diskutua m\u00eb par\u00eb, dometh\u00ebn\u00eb, qasja marksiste e cila mb\u00ebshtetet n\u00eb iden\u00eb se vendimet q\u00eb mund t\u00eb merren potencialisht p\u00ebrcaktohen nga marr\u00ebdh\u00ebniet e prodhimit si di\u00e7ka q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktuar tashm\u00eb nga nj\u00eb s\u00ebr\u00eb marr\u00ebdh\u00ebniesh shoq\u00ebrore\u00a0 q\u00eb jan\u00eb p\u00ebrtej mund\u00ebsive t\u00eb individ\u00ebve ve\u00e7 e ve\u00e7.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n
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\n<\/span>Max Weber: Sociologjia Interpretative<\/b><\/p>\n
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\n<\/span>Para se t\u00eb shqyrtojm\u00eb tipet e ndryshme t\u00eb veprimit social\u00a0 duhet s\u00eb pari t\u00eb diskutoj\u00eb \u201ctipin ideal\u201d, nj\u00eb term tjet\u00ebr i krijuar nga Weber. Tipi ideal sh\u00ebrben si nj\u00eb mjet krahasimi p\u00ebr t\u00eb kuptuar nj\u00eb lloj t\u00eb caktuar t\u00eb dukurive, pra mund\u00ebson studimin e nj\u00eb fenomeni shoq\u00ebror duke p\u00ebrcaktuar fillimisht\u00a0 karakteristikat e tij tipike. <\/span>[7]<\/span><\/a> P\u00ebr Weberin, q\u00ebllimi i k\u00ebsaj metodologjie nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb q\u00eb ajo t\u00eb korrespondoj\u00eb domodsoshm\u00ebrisht me realitetin shoq\u00ebror. N\u00eb fakt, ajo na ofron nj\u00eb mjet matjeje p\u00ebr t\u00eb na dh\u00ebn\u00eb nj\u00eb pamje m\u00eb t\u00eb qart\u00eb t\u00eb k\u00ebtyre fenomeneve. Tipi ideal mund t\u00eb sh\u00ebrbej\u00eb edhe si nj\u00eb ombrell\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb zb\u00ebrthyer dhe kuptuar veprimin shoq\u00ebror .<\/span><\/p>\n
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\n<\/b>Bowles, S, & H Gintis, <\/span>Schooling in capitalist America<\/span><\/i>. in, Chicago, Haymarket Books, 2011.<\/span><\/p>\n\n
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